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SCIENCE & INGREDIENTS:
Â-Carotene
Male CBA mice received graded doses (450–750 rad) of total-body γ-radiation (TBR) from a dual-beam 137CS irradiator. Commencing directly after TBR, 2 days later, or 6 days later, groups of mice received supplemental vitamin A (V it A) or β-carotene (β-Car), compounds previously found to reduce radiation disease in mice subjected to partial-body X-irradiation. Given directly after TBR, supplemental Vit A decreased mortality, evidenced by increases in the radiation dose required to kill 50% of the mice within 30 days (LD50/30). In one experiment, Vit A increased the LD50/30 from 555 to 620 rad; in another experiment, Vit A increased the dose from 505 to 630 rad. Similarly, in a third experiment, supplemental β-Car increased the LD50/30 from 510 to 645 rad. Additionally, each compound increased the survival times, even of those mice that died within 30 days. In addition to reduction of mortality and prolongation of survival time, supplemental Vit A moderated weight loss, adrenal gland hyperemia, thymus involution, and lymphopenia-all signs of radiation toxicity. Delaying the supplementation for 2 days after irradiation did not greatly reduce the efficacy of Vit A; however, delaying supplementation for 6 days decreased its effect almost completely.
There is a debate concerning the effects of antioxidant vitamins during radiation therapy: Can they reduce the adverse effects of therapy without reducing treatment efficacy? We examined whether dietary and plasma beta carotene and alpha tocopherol were related to severe acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and to cancer local recurrence. We conducted a prospective study of 540 head and neck cancer patients treated by radiation therapy. Dietary intakes of beta carotene and alpha tocopherol were measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire and plasma levels were determined. Acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and local recurrence were documented. A higher beta carotene dietary intake was associated with fewer severe acute adverse effects: odds ratio (OR) = 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40–0.93]. There was a tendency for a similar effect for plasma beta carotene: OR = 0.73 (95% CI = 0.48–1.11). Participants with higher plasma beta carotene had a significantly lower rate of local recurrence (hazard ratio = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.45–0.99). Alpha tocopherol was not related to severe adverse effects or to cancer recurrence. This study suggests that a higher usual dietary beta carotene intake can reduce the occurrence of severe adverse effects of radiation therapy and decrease local cancer recurrence.
An update on the potential health benefits of carotenes
Carotenes, which are yellow-orange pigments, are a class of related organic compounds classified as hydrocarbons, more specifically as terpenoids, with the molecular formula C40H56. Plants, fungi, and photosynthetic bacteria synthesize carotenes, while animals must obtain them as a dietary nutrient (Vrolijk et al., 2015). plants are capable of synthesizing sev-eral isomers of carotene. Alpha-carotene (α-carotene) and beta-carotene (β-carotene) are the two primary isomers found in plants; other carotene isomers found in plants are gamma-, del-ta-, epsilon-, and zeta-carotene (γ, δ, ε, and ζ-carotene) (Hammond and Renzi, 2013). β– Carotene is the most common form of carotene in plants and can be found in yellow, orange, and green leafy vegetables and fruits. It is an important dietary resource and a precursor of vitamin A in humans (Haskell, 2012; Tang, 2012; Sommer and Vyas, 2012). Carotenes show a range of biological activity and health benefits for animals, making it an interesting material for the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. We have reviewed
the most recent studies on carotenes and its biological and pharmacological activities.
Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms extract
Bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, flavones, syringin and eleutheroside E were extracted from wild Acanthopanax senticosus to obtain purities of 88.4% ± 3.2%, 90.8% ± 2.0%, 92.5% ± 1.5% and 82.7% ± 4.7% respectively. In vitro antioxidant activities and in vivo anti-radiation activities of the compounds were investigated and compared. The results demonstrated that polysaccharides and flavones extracted from A. Senticosus were more effective than syringin and eleutheroside E in their radical scavenging activity in vitro. In vivo studies showed that polysaccharides and flavones were also effective in protecting mice from heavy ion radiation induced tissue oxidative damage. Furthermore, the activities of polysaccharides and flavones in repressing expression changes of radiation response proteins including heat shock protein, disulfide-isomerase and glutathione S-transferase, were also identified by our results. These radioprotective effects were more significant when polysaccharides and flavones were administered together.
Bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, flavones, syringin and eleutheroside E were extracted from wild Acanthopanax senticosus and purified by chromatography. In vitro and in vivo anti-radiation activities of the compounds were compared. In vitro radical scavenging results showed that polysaccharides and flavones were more effective than syringin and eleutheroside E in In vivo study proved that polysaccharides and flavones were effective in protecting mice from heavy ion radiation induced oxidative damages. Also, the activity of polysaccharides and flavones in repressing expression changes of radiation response proteins including heat shock protein, disulfide-isomerase and glutathione S-transferase were also found by our results. Moreover, the radioprotective effects were more significant when polysaccharides and flavones were used together.
Acanthopanax senticosus reduces brain injury in mice exposed to low linear energy transfer radiation
Conclusion: AS is a promising approach to reduce radiation–induced brain injury. Further studies are warranted to examine the potential of AS to reduce the side effects caused by chemotherapeutics.
Acanthopanax senticosus( Rupr. et Maxim)Harms extract Eleutheroside B+E
Eleutheroside E (EE), a principal active compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, has been shown to have a certain neuromodulation effect. Our previous study indicates that EE protects nerve damage caused by radiation. However, its specific function and underlying mechanism remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study is to apply the C. elegans model to illuminate the property and mechanism of EE protecting against nerve damage caused by radiation. Here, we found that EE significantly improved the long-term memory of radiation–damaged C. elegans. Through transcriptome sequencing, the results showed that EE protected radiation–damaged C. elegans mainly through G-protein-coupled receptor and neuropeptide signaling pathways. Further research indicated that EE affected the activity of CREB by cAMP-PKA, Gqα-PLC, and neuropeptide signaling pathways to ultimately improve the long-term memory of radiation–damaged C. elegans. In addition, the activity of Gqα and neuropeptides in AWC neurons and the activity of CREB in AIM neurons might be crucial for EE to function.
radiation affects not only cognitive function but also gut microbiota. Eleutheroside E (EE), a principal active compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, has a certain protective effect on the nervous system. Here, we find a four-week EE supplementation to the 60Co-γ ray irradiated mice improves the cognition and spatial memory impairments along with the protection of hippocampal neurons, remodels the gut microbiota, especially changes of Lactobacillus and Helicobacter, and altered the microbial metabolites including neurotransmitters (GABA, NE, ACH, 5-HT) as well as their precursors. Furthermore, the fecal transplantation of EE donors verifies that EE alleviated cognition and spatial memory impairments, and activates the PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling via gut microbiota. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism of EE effect on the gut-brain axis and underpin a proposed therapeutic value of EE in cognitive and memory impairments induced by radiation.
acemannan
Acemannan (poly-acetylated mannose) is an active component of Aloe vera gel and has been reported to have anticancerous, antimicrobial and shown to stimulate the development and proliferation of the hematopoietic cells. The anticancerous properties of acemannan have been attributed to the modulation of immune system rather then cytotoxicity. Therefore objective of the present study was to evaluate radioprotective efficacy of acemannan against radiation induced immune suppression using Swiss albino mice as a model system. For In-vivo studies mice were treated for 7 days orally prior to irradiation (5 Gy). Animals were sacrificed at different time point to study the effect on cellular proliferation, DNA damage, apoptosis and ROS level, cytokines level, antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide and protein expression. For survival studies mice were treated with acemannan for 7 days pre or post irradiation and survival was monitored for 30 days. Acemannan showed a significant induction of proliferation of splenocytes in radiation treated groups. Beside a decrease in radiation induced ROS and DNA damage resulted in the reduction of apoptosis in murine splenocytes. Acemannan restored the antioxidant enzyme level (catalase, SOD, DTD and GST) and maintained the proper redox status via GSH, in irradiated mice.
Eight dogs and five cats with histopathologically confirmed fibrosarcomas were treated with Acemannan Immunostimulanta in combination with surgery and radiation therapy. These animals had recurring disease that had failed previous treatment, a poor prognosis for survival, or both. Following four to seven weekly acemannan treatments, tumor shrinkage occurred in four (greater than 50%; n = 2) of 12 animals, with tumors accessible to measurement. A notable increase in necrosis and inflammation was observed. Complete surgical excision was performed on all animals between the fourth and seventh week following initiation of acemannan therapy. radiation therapy was instituted immediately after surgery. Acemannan treatments were continued monthly for one year. Seven of the 13 animals remain alive and tumor-free (range, 440+ to 603+ days) with a median survival time of 372 days. The data suggests that Acemannan Immunostimulant may be an effective adjunct to surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of canine and feline fibrosarcomas.
Acemannan-containing wound dressing gel reduces radiation–induced skin reactions in C3H mice
Purpose: To determine (a) whether a wound dressing gel that contains acemannan extracted from aloe leaves affects the severity of radiation–induced acute skin reactions in C3H mice; (b) if so, whether other
commercially available gels such as a personal lubricating jelly and a healing ointment have similar effects; and (c) when the wound dressing gel should be applied for maximum effect.
Methods and Materials: Male C3H mice received graded single doses of gamma radiation ranging from 30 to 47.5 Gy to the right leg. In most experiments, the gel was applied daily beginning immediately after irradiation. To determine timing of application for best effect, gel was applied beginning on day -7, 0, or +7 relative to the day of irradiation (day 0) and continuing for 1,2,3,4, or 5 weeks. The right inner thigh of each mouse was scored on a scale of 0 to 3.5 for severity of radiation reaction from the seventh to the 35th day after irradiation. Dose-response curves were obtained by plotting the percentage of mice that reached or exceeded a given peak skin reaction as a function of dose. Curves were fitted by logit analysis and EDS0 values, and 95% confidence limits were obtained.
Results: The average peak skin reactions of the wound dressing gel-treated mice were lower than those of the untreated mice at all radiation doses tested. The ED,, values for skin reactions of 2.0-2.75 were approximately 7 Gy higher in the wound dressing gel-treated mice. The average peak skin reactions and the EDSo values for mice treated with personal lubricating jelly or healing ointment were similar to irradiated control values. reduction in the percentage of mice with skin reactions of 2.5 or more was greatest in the groups that received wound dressing gel for at least 2 weeks beginning immediately after irradiation. There was no effect if gel was applied only before irradiation or beginning 1 week after irradiation.
Conclusion: Wound dressing gel, but not personal lubricating jelly or healing ointment, reduces acute radiation–induced skin reactions in C3H mice if applied daily for at least 2 weeks beginning immediately.
Acorus calamus Linn
Acorus calamus, an ethnomedicinally important plant, was investigated for its protecting activity against radiation induced DNA and membrane damage. The in vitro free radical scavenging activity of the extract (water:ethanol, 1:1) of A. calamus was studied by parameters viz DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and superoxide radical scavenging activity. Membrane damage due to radiation exposure was measured as the peroxidation of lipids in terms of thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS). The in vitro DNA damage was monitored by assessing the radiation induced relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA (pBR322). damage to cellular DNA induced by γ-radiation (6 Gy) was monitored by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay in murine cells and human peripheral blood leukocytes.
Enhancement of DNA repair mechanism was also monitored. The extract effectively scavenged free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. Presence of A. calamus extract during irradiation prevented peroxidation of membrane lipids in mouse liver homogenate. It helped to reduce the disappearance of the covalently closed circular (ccc) form of plasmid DNA following exposure to γ-radiation. Also the A. calamus extract effectively protected DNA from radiation induced strand breaks and enhanced the DNA repair process. Hence A. calamus extract can be used as a good source of natural radioprotecting agent.
The radioprotecting activity of Acorus calamus extract after whole body exposure of mice to lethal and sub-lethal doses of γ-irradiation in terms of radiation induced mortality and damages to cellular DNA and tissue antioxidant levels were studied. A. calamus extract (250 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to mice 1 h prior to whole body γ-radiation exposure. The antioxidant levels in the tissue homogenates of brain, liver and kidney of the irradiated mice were determined and cellular DNA damage was monitored by comet assay.
effect of administration of the extract on survival of the animals exposed to acute lethal dose of 10 Gy whole body γ-radiations was also monitored. Administration of the extract significantly increased the activities of major enzymes of the antioxidant defense system specially SOD, catalase and GPx and levels of GSH in 2, 6 and 10 Gy irradiated mice and decreased the formation MDA. The extract also decreased DNA strand breaks. The survival rate was found to be increased up to 5%.
These studies highlight the role of A. calamus extract as good source of natural radioprotecting agent and its therapeutic implications for radiation–induced injuries.
Increased uv-B radiation due to depletion of stratospheric ozone has potentially harmful effects on plant growth and development. The present study uses a field experiment to examine the effect of long-term supplemental uv– B radiation at two intensities (+1.8 and +3.6 kJ m-2 d-1 above ambient) on the growth and physiology of the medicinal plant Acorus calamus L. (sweet flag). Plant height and leaf area were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with greater inhibition at the higher dose. At the lower dose the net photosynthetic rate increased, with an increase in stomatal conductance and water use efficiency. Stimulation of physiological functions in plants under the lower dose resulted in increased biomass production. At the higher dose, total chlorophyll content showed no marked variation, whereas carotenoids and uv-B-screening pigment flavonoids increased significantly after treatment. Increased flavonoid content under lower exposure correlates well with higher activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, a key enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis.
This study clearly showed that the lower dose of supplemental uv-B promoted rhizome growth in A. calamus, perhaps due to improved photosynthesis. Plant defense was stronger under the lower dose.
Actinidia Chinensis extract
Anthocyanins are synthesized in the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum but accumulate predominantly in the vacuole. Previous studies in model and ornamental plants have suggested that a member of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family is involved in sequestration of anthocyanins into the vacuole. However, little is known about anthocyanin-related GST protein in kiwifruit. Here, four putative AcGSTs were identified from the genome of the red-fleshed Actinidia chinensis cv ‘Hongyang’. expression analyses reveal only the expression of AcGST1 was highly consistent with anthocyanin accumulation. Molecular complementation of Arabidopsis tt19 demonstrates AcGST1 can complement the anthocyanin-less phenotype of tt19.
Transient expression in Actinidia arguta fruits further confirms that AcGST1 is functional in anthocyanin accumulation in kiwifruit. In vitro assays show the recombinant AcGST1 increases the water solubility of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (C3Gal) and cyanidin-3-O-xylo-galactoside (C3XG). We further show that AcGST1 protein is localized not only in the ER but also on the tonoplast, indicating AcGST1 (like AtTT19) may functions as a carrier protein to transport anthocyanins to the tonoplast in kiwifruit. Moreover, the promoter of AcGST1 can be activated by AcMYBF110, based on results from transient dual-luciferase assays and yeast one-hybrid assays. EMSAs show that AcMYBF110 binds directly to CAGTTG and CCGTTG motifs in the AcGST1 promoter.
These results indicate that AcMYBF110 plays an important role in transcriptional regulation of AcGST1 and, therefore, in controlling accumulation of anthocyanins in kiwi fruit.
natural Herbs as Anticancer Drugs (Mentions herb name in article
This article has been with the aim to review some medicinal plants used in various types of cancerous diseases in relation with treatment as well as prevention of cancer. as cancer is worldwide threat to human beings and there are no of therapies are available such as chemotherapy, antibiotic therapy, immunotherapy etc, but problem with these therapy are they are costly, side effect ,pain-full etc. herbal treatment having less side effect and they are economic and easily available.
Cardiac hypertrophy is frequently accompanied by ischemic heart disease. Actinidia chinensis planch polysaccharide (ACP) is the main active compound from Actinidia chinensis planch. In the present study, a cardiac hypertrophy model was produced by treating cells with Angiotensin II (Ang II), which was used to investigate whether ACP protected against cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. It was demonstrated that ACP alleviated Ang II‑induced cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, pretreatment with ACP prior to hypoxic culture reduced the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential as investigated by flow cytometry. cell Counting kit‑8 analysis demonstrated that ACP maintained the cell viability of cardiomyocytes.
The flow cytometric analysis revealed that ACP inhibited hypoxia‑induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes treated with Ang II. Additionally, reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assays demonstrated that ACP decreased the expression of apoptosis‑associated genes including apoptosis‑inducing factor mitochondria associated 1, the cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinases caspases‑3/8/9, and cleaved caspases‑3/8/9. The results of the present study also demonstrated that ACP inhibited the activation of the extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways. Furthermore, the specific activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT reversed the apoptotic‑inhibitory effect of ACP. In conclusion, the protective effects of ACP against hypoxia‑induced apoptosis may depend on depressing the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes treated with Ang II.
Adhatoda vasica (L) Nees leaves
The study was executed to assess individual and interactive effects of elevated ultraviolet-B (euv-B) radiation and chromium (Cr) on a medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica Nees. The experiment was conducted under field conditions involving control, Cr, euv-B, and Cr+euv-B treatments.
The results showed that Cr content was the highest in roots as compared to other parts under Cr+euv-B. significant reductions in photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and stomatal conductance were observed under all treatments with maximum under Cr+euv-B. Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters showed variable responses under Cr and Cr+euv-B. Chl content showed reductions under all treatments whereas Chl a/b ratio and carotenoids showed increment under euv-B and reductions under Cr and Cr+euv-B. The ultrastructure of leaves showed changes in chloroplasts under treatments. Vasicine (medicinally important secondary metabolite) increased under treatments.
Our study revealed that A. vasica showed variable responses towards individual and interactive stress of Cr and euv-B.
The science of radiation protection is a fundamental outgrowth of peaceful and military applications of ionizing radiation. The various chemicals that have been used as radio protectors as free radical scavengers are effective if given prior to or during irradiation. Several chemical agents/synthetic radio protectors have been used against the hazardous effects of ionizing radiation in experimental studies with success. medicinal plants play an important role in pharmacology and medicine for many years.
The objective of present study was to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme activities in pectoralis muscle of mice. Mice were divided into four groups i.e. Group (i) containing normal mice served as control; group (ii) mice given 900 mg/kg body wt. of Adhatoda vasica extract orally; group (iii) mice were exposed to gamma radiation (6Gy) and group (iv) mice given Adhatoda vasica leaf extract plus gamma radiation (6 Gy).
Present study demonstrated that Adhatoda vasica leaf extract provides protection against free radical damage.
prevention of radiation induced histopathological changes in mice biceps muscle by Adhatoda vasica
Ionizing radiation has a diversity of beneficial uses in medicine including radiotherapy, radiographs etc. Scientific and technological advancements have further increased the radiation burden in humans. Adhatoda vasica is well known plant drug in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine well documented for therapeutic potential. The present study was designed to evaluate histopathological responses of biceps muscle after Adhatoda extract treatment, irradiation and extract + irradiation
Aegle marmelos fruit
Fruit extract of Aegle marmelos protects mice against radiation–induced lethality
radiation–induced hematological alterations and their inhibition by Aegle Marmelos fruit extract
This study was carried out to observe the radio protective potential of Aegle Marmelos fruit extract (AME) against radiation–induced hematological and biochemical alterations in blood and liver of mice. For this purpose, adult Swiss albino mice were exposed to 6 Gy gamma radiation in the presence (experimental) or absence (control) of the extract (100 mg/kg body weight animal/day). exposure to radiation resulted in a significant decline in the count of erythrocyte, hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) in peripheral blood. In contrast, extract–pretreated irradiated animals had a significant rise in all of these blood constituents, as compared with the irradiated control. Furthermore, a significant elevation in lipid peroxidation over normal was recorded in the irradiated control, whereas such increase was considerably lesser in extract–pretreated animals. Likewise, pretreatment with AME caused a significant increase in glutathione levels in the serum, as well as in the liver, in comparison to irradiated controls.
These results indicate that AME may be responsible for the protection of stem cells in bone marrow, subsequently resulting in a rise of hematological constituents in peripheral blood. The present study affirms the prophylactic use of AME against radiation–induced hematological and biochemical alterations in mammals.
Debilitation of radiation induced intestinal injury by Aegle marmelos fruit extract in mice
Protection of intestinal constituents by Aegle marmelos extract (AME) was studied after exposure to 6 Gy gamma radiations in mice. irradiation produced a significant decrease in crypt survival, mitotic figures and villus length; whereas a significant increase in goblet and apoptotic cells from Sham irradiated animals. Maximum alterations in all the parameters were observed on day 3rd of irradiation but without restoring to normal even till the end of experimentation. AME pretreated irradiated animals resulted in a noticeable increase in the number of crypt cells, mitotic figures and villus length; whereas the counts of apoptotic and goblet cells showed a significant decrease from respective control at all the autopsy intervals. Furthermore, AME administration significantly inhibited radiation–induced elevation in lipid peroxidation and a reduction in glutathione levels in blood, liver and intestine.
The results from the present study demonstrate the inhibitory role of Aegle marmelos fruit extract against radiation induced intestinal alterations in mammals.
Ageratum conyzoides Linn.
The effect of various doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 300, 600 and 900 mg kg−1) of the alcoholic extract of the plant Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (ACE), on the alteration of radiation–induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of gamma radiation was studied. The acute toxicity studies showed that the drug was non-toxic up to a dose of 3000 mg kg−1, the highest dose that could be tested for acute toxicity. Administration of ACE resulted in a dose-dependent decline in radiation–induced mortality up to a dose of 75 mg kg−1, the dose at which the highest number of survivors (70.83%) was observed. Thereafter, the number of survivors declined with increasing doses of ACE and a nadir was reached at 900 mg kg−1 ACE. Since the number of survivors was highest for 75 mg kg−1 ACE, this was considered the optimum dose for radioprotection and used in further studies in which mice were treated with 75 mg kg−1 ACE before exposure to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 Gy of gamma radiation. The treatment of mice with 75 mg kg−1 ACE reduced the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality at all exposure doses, and a significant increase in survival was observed compared with the non-treated irradiated group.
The ACE treatment effectively protected mice against the gastrointestinal as well as bone marrow related death, as revealed by the increased number of survivors at all irradiation doses. The dose reduction factor was found to be 1.3. To understand the mechanism of action, various doses of ACE were evaluated for their in-vitro scavenging action on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a chemically stable free radical. ACE was found to scavenge DPPH radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that the radioprotection afforded by ACE may be in part due to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species induced by ionizing radiation.
Aloe barbadensis
Cutaneous exposure to ultraviolet radiation suppresses the induction of T cell mediated responses such as contact and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) by altering the function of immune cells in the skin and causing the release of immunoregulatory cytokines. extracts of crude Aloe barbadensis gel prevent this photosuppression. Because the regulation of contact hypersensitivity and DTH responses differ, we investigated whether protection was afforded by a single or multiple agents in Aloe and the mechanism by which this material prevents suppression of DTH immunity. The ability of Aloe gel to prevent suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses to hapten decayed rapidly after manufacture. In contrast, agents that protected against systemic suppression of DTH responses to Candida albicans were stable over time. Oligosaccharides prepared from purified Aloe polysaccharide prevented suppression of DTH responses in vivo and reduced the amount of IL-10 observed in ultraviolet irradiated murine epidermis.
To assess the effect of Aloe extracts on keratinocytes, Pam 212 cells were exposed in vitro to ultraviolet radiation and treated for 1 h with Aloe oligosaccharides. Culture supernatants were collected 24 h later and injected into mice. Supernatants from ultraviolet irradiated keratinocytes suppressed the induction of DTH responses, whereas Aloe oligosaccharide treatment reduced IL-10 and blocked the suppressive activity of the supernatants. These results indicate that Aloe contains multiple immunoprotective factors and that Aloe oligosaccharides may prevent ultraviolet induced suppression of DTH by reducing keratinocyte derived immunosuppressive cytokines.
We investigated the ability of Aloe barbadensis gel extract to prevent suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in mice by ultraviolet (uv) irradiation. Local immune suppression was induced in C3H mice by exposure to four daily doses of 400 J/m2 uv-B (280 – 320 nm) radiation from FS40 sunlamps, followed by sensitization with 0.5% fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) through the irradiated skin. Topical application of 0.167-1.67% Aloe gel after each irradiation significantly reduced this suppression.
Aloe treatment partially preserved the number and morphology of Langerhans and Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in skin, compared to those in the skin of mice given only uvR or uvR plus the vehicle. Experiments using a single (2 kJ/m2) dose of uvR followed by Aloe treatment showed that the effect of Aloe was not due to screening of the uvR. Systemic suppression of DTH to Candida albicans or CHS to FITC was induced in C3H mice exposed to 5 or 10 kJ/m2 uv-B radiation, respectively, on shaved dorsal skin and sensitized 3 d later with a subcutaneous injection of formalin-fixed Candida or FITC painted on unirradiated, ventral skin. treatment of the uv–irradiated skin with Aloe immediately after irradiation prevented suppression of both DTH to Candida and CHS to FITC. Aloe treatment did not prevent the formation of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of uv–irradiated skin or accelerate the repair of these lesions.
These studies demonstrate that topical application of Aloe barbadensis gel extract to the skin of uv–irradiated mice ameliorates uv–induced immune suppression by a mechanism that does not involve DNA damage or repair.
Aloe barbadensis Mill. Syn. Aloe vera Tourn. ex Linn.(Liliaceae) has been used in variety of diseases in traditional Indian system of medicine in India and its use for hepatic ailments is also documented. In the present study an attempt has been made to validate its hepatoprotective activity. The shade dried aerial parts of Aloe barbadensis were extracted with petroleum ether (AB-1), chloroform (AB-2) and methanol (AB-3). The plant marc was extracted with distilled water (AB-4). All the extracts were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity on limited test models as hexobarbitone sleep time, zoxazolamine paralysis time and marker biochemical parameters. AB-1 and AB-2 were observed to be devoid of any hepatoprotective activity.
Out of two active extracts (AB-3 and AB-4), the most active AB-4 was studied in detail. AB-4 showed significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity as evident by restoration of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and triglycerides. Hepatoprotective potential was confirmed by the restoration of lipid peroxidation, glutathione, glucose-6-phosphatase and microsomal aniline hydroxylase and amidopyrine N-demethylase towards near normal. Histopathology of the liver tissue further supports the biochemical findings confirming the hepatoprotective potential of AB-4.
The present study shows that the aqueous extract of Aloe barbadensis is significantly capable of restoring integrity of hepatocytes indicated by improvement in physiological parameters, excretory capacity (BSP retention) of hepatocytes and also by stimulation of bile flow secretion. AB-4 did not show any sign of toxicity up to oral dose of 2 g/kg in mice
Aloe vera extract polysaccharide
Plant polysaccharides have been reported to stimulate growth, differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells to protect against the deleterious effects of radiations. This study evaluated the radioprotective potential of acemannan, a major polysaccharide component of aloe vera gel. treatment of mice with 50 mg/kg body weight of acemannan by oral gavage for 7 days was able to protect against the radiation–induced mortality. Seven-day pretreatment or post-treatment of mice with acemannan resulted in the increase in median survival by 60 and 20%, respectively. The decrease in mortality can be attributed to the induction of hematopoiesis (peripheral lymphocytes counts, spleen cellularity, spleen index) and the upregulation of cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1 by acemannan in irradiated mice.
Data indicate that acemannan has the ability to protect mice against radiation–induced mortality by immunomodulation and can be developed as a radiation damage mitigation agent.
Aloe polysaccharides mediated radioprotective effect through the inhibition of apoptosis
Polysaccharides from aloe are always considered an effective radioprotector on irradiation–induced skin damage.
The aim of this study was to determine if aloe polysaccharides (AP) have radioprotective effects on normal human cells in vitro and mouse survival in vivo and to explore the mechanism. pretreatment with 50 μg/ml AP could improve the surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF 2 ) of three normal cell lines 293, ECV304, and C. liver from 41.5%, 46.5%, and 40.9% to 49.4%, 72.1%, and 89.1%, respectively. AP could also reduce the apoptotic rate of C. liver cells from 9.5% and 43.0% to 2.2% and 10.9% 48 h and 72 h after 2 Gy irradiation, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that pretreatment with AP could block the upregulation of pro-apoptotic p53, Bax, and Bad and the downregulation of Bcl-2 by irradiation. AP could lower thymocyte apoptosis of mice in vivo after 6 Gy irradiation and abrogate the cell cycle perturbation. Fifty mg/kg of AP treatment for 30 min before 7.5 Gy irradiation provided the best radioprotective effect and improved the 30-day survival rate of mice to 86.0%, from 10.0%. AP exerted radioprotective effects in vitro and in vivo through an inhibition of apoptosis.
radioprotective effects and mechanisms of animal, plant and microbial polysaccharides
Ionizing radiation is increasingly used to successfully diagnose many human health problems, but ionizing radiation may cause damage to organs/tissues in the living organisms such as the spleen, liver, skin, and brain. Many radiation protective agents have been discovered, with the deepening of radiation research. Unfortunately, these protective agents have many side effects, which cause drug resistance, nausea, vomiting, osteoporosis, etc. The polysaccharides extracted from natural sources are widely available and low in toxicity. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that polysaccharides have anti-radiation activity through anti-oxidation, immune regulation, protection of hematopoietic system and protection against DNA damage.
Recently, some studies have shown that polysaccharides were resistant to radiation. In the review, the anti-radiation activities of polysaccharides from different sources are summarized, and the anti-radiation mechanisms are discussed as well. It can be used to develop more effective anti-radiation management drugs.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge extract
Extracts and fractions of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge were prepared and their physiological activities and components were analyzed. Antimicrobial activities of the ethyl acetate and aglycone fractions were and , respectively, for Staphylococcus aureus and and , respectively, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activities () of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and aglycone fraction of A. asphodeloides extracts were , , and , respectively. The total antioxidant capacity () in an -EDTA/hydrogen peroxide () system were , , and , respectively.
The cytoprotective effect () in –induced erythrocyte hemolysis was 181 min with of the aglycone fraction. The of the aglycone fraction was approximately 4-times higher than that of (+)--tocopherol (, 41 min). Analysis of –induced damage of HaCaT cells revealed that the maximum cell viabilities for the 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and aglycone fraction were 86.23%, 86.59%, and 89.70%, respectively. The aglycone fraction increased cell viability up to 11.53% at compared to the positive control treated with . Analysis of ultraviolet B radiation–induced HaCaT cell damage revealed up to 41.77% decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species in the aglycone fraction compared with the positive control treated with ultraviolet B radiation.
The findings suggest that the extracts and fractions of A. asphodeloides Bunge have potential applications in the field of cosmetics as natural preservatives and antioxidants.
Three known phenolic compounds, (−)-(R)-nyasol (=4,4′-(1Z,3R)-Penta-1,4-diene-1,3-diyldiphenol; 1), its derivative 2, and broussonin A (3) – isolated from the rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides – were for the first time identified as the active principles capable of efficient respiratory-syncytial-virus (RSV) inhibition. The IC50 values of 1–3 against the RSV-A2 strain, propagated in HEp-2 cells, were determined, their activities being higher than that of the standard antiviral drug ribavirin (IC50=1.15 μM). In addition, the known, but inactive, compound ‘trans-N-(para-coumaroyl)tyramine’ (=(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]prop-2-enamide; 4) was isolated from this plant for the first time.
To investigate the antiallergic effect of the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides (AA, family Liliaceae), which was found to inhibit the mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction induced by the antigen-immunoglobulin E (IgE) complex in preliminary experiments, main steroidal saponins, timosaponins AIII, BIII, and D, were isolated and their inhibitory effects against PCA reaction and scratching behaviors investigated in mice. Oral administration of three main steroidal sapogenins blocked the PCA reaction and scratching behaviors, timosaponin AIII was the most potent. However, intraperitoneal administration of timosaponin AIII showed weak inhibition. To understand its metabolism and antiallergic mechanism, timosaponin AIII was anaerobically incubated with human intestinal microflora to afford a main metabolite, sarsasapogenin. Intraperitoneal administration of sarsasapogenin inhibited allergic reaction more potently than timosaponin AIII.
In addition, sarsasapogenin more potently inhibited degranulation and IL-4 protein expression of RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE-antigen complex than timosaponin AIII. On the basis of these findings, antiallergic effect of AA may be due to those of its steroidal constituents, and that of timosaponin AIII may be activated by using intestinal microflora.
We investigated the protective effects against acute renal failure (ARF) of Anemarrhena asphodeloides (AA) and performed simultaneous analysis of three compounds, neomangiferin (1), mangiferin (2), and isomangiferin (3) in AA using a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array. To measure the protective effect of ARF, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione depletion were determined using a kit. HPLC analysis was performed using a Gemini C18 column at 40°C. The mobile phase used gradient elution with 1.0% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid (A) and 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid in acetonitrile (B). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. In our assay, AA extract inhibits cisplatin-induced production of intracellular ROS. Pre-incubation of AA extracts (10–200 μg/mL) markedly maintained cell viability compared with controls in the noncisplatin-treated cells. Calibration curves of all compounds showed good linearity (r2 0.9992).
Recoveries of the three compounds were 98.9–103.4%. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day precision were 0.07–1.73% and 0.12–1.49%, respectively. The amounts of the three components were 1.22–20.63 mg/g. The AA extract has potential as a therapeutic agent for treatment of ARF. In addition, the established method will help to improve quality control of AA.
Angelica sinensis extract polysaccharide
Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) is a biomacromolecule that isolated from the roots of Angelica sinensis. This study aims to investigate its protective effect on kidney injury and its influence on BMP- 7/Smads/TGF-β1 signal pathway in irradiated rats. Total 60 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the normal (normal saline), model (normal saline), and low, medium, high dose of ASP groups (9.0, 18.0 and 36.0 mg/mL, 2.0 mL/kg·d, intragastric gavage once a day for 14 days). On the 15th day, all other groups received 60Co γ-ray irradiation with a total dose of 4.0 Gy except the normal group. The levels of NO synthase (NOS) and NO in serum, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in kidney of each group were detected with ELISA after 24 h of irradiation, and the protein expression levels of TGF-β1, phosphorylated (p-) Smad2, p-Smad2, p-Smad1, p-Smad5 and BMP7 in kidney were detected by western blotting.
In the results, compared with the model group, NOS, NO and MDA contents were decreased in the middle and high dose groups while SOD contents were increased in low, middle and high dose groups. The levels of TGF-β, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 were increased in low, middle and high dose groups while the levels of BMP7, p-Smad1 and p-Smad5 were decreased in middle and high dose groups.
In conclusion, ASP can reduce the expression levels of TGF-β, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in kidney of rats induced by radiation, increase the expression levels of BMP7, p-Smad1 and p-Smad5, and resist the body injury caused by radiation by regulating BMP-7/Smads/ TGF-β1 signal pathway.
To investigate the protective effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) on spleen injury and its influence of Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 signal pathway in radiation rats, 60 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 5 groups randomly: the normal group, the model group, low-, middle- and high- dose of ASP groups. On the 15th day after the appropriate medication, all the rats except the normal group received the 60Co γ-ray irradiation once with a total dose of 4.0Gy. The levels of NF-kBp65 and IKKa in serum, the contents of MDA, GSH and SOD in spleen of each group were detected with ELISA after 24 h of irradiation, and the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, HSPBP1 and TIMM8B in spleen of each group were detected by western blotting.
The results showed that compared with the model group, NF-kBp65, IKKa and MDA contents were decreased while GSH and SOD contents were increased in the middle and high dose groups. The level of Bcl-2 and TIMM8B were increased while Bax, caspase-3 and HSPBP1 were decreased in all groups. In conclusion, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide can reduce the expression levels of Bax and caspase-3, while increase the level of Bcl-2 in spleen of rats induced by radiation and antagonize the body injury caused by radiation by regulating Bcl 2/Bax/Caspase 3 signaling pathway.
Conclusion: The results presented here suggest that Angelica sinensis polysaccharide has the potential to inhibit CaOx crystallization in vitro and may present anti-urolithiatic effects in vivo.
anthocyanin present in grape skin
Grape extract protect against ionizing radiation–induced DNA damage
Grape extracts of different cultivars (Flame seedless, Kishmish chorni, Red globe and Thompson seedless) were investigated for in vitro antioxidant activity by ABTS assay, and compared protective efficacy against radiation–induced DNA damage. Seed extract showed the highest scavenging activity, followed by skin extract. Among different cultivars, ‘flame seedless’ skin extract showed higher scavenging activity followed by ‘Kishmish chorni’ skin extract. Grape extracts significantly prevented radiation–induced plasmid DNA damage. Super-coiled pBR 322 plasmid DNA (~93%) is completely converted to open circular (~97%) and linear (~2%) form at a dose of 150 Gy γ-radiation.
Pretreatment with different grape extracts showed various degree of protection against radiation–induced DNA damage. pretreatment with 1.6 µg grape skin extract of ‘Thompson seedless’ cultivar or grape flesh extract of any tested cultivar diminished the DNA strand breaks, and there was an increase in the super coiled form of DNA against 150 Gy of γ-radiation. However, pretreated pBR 322 DNA with the skin of ‘Kishmish chorni’ cultivars or seed of ‘red globe’ grape cultivars remained static during electrophoresis and confined in the groove on exposure to 150 Gy γ-radiation treatment. Co-treatment with the skin of red globe cultivar also partially confined plasmid DNA in the groove.
The same trend was observed when plasmid DNA was exposed to 1.2 kGy γ-radiation. Our investigation revealed that anthocyanin present in grape skin was probably involved in radio protective activities through the formation of co-pigmentation with DNA.
To study the role of infrared (IR) radiation in the color change of the grape berry, field screening (IR−) and in vitro culture irradiation (IR+) were used. Acylated anthocyanin biosyntheses, including the biosynthesis of malvidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and their derivatives (acetylation and p-coumaroylation), were inhibited by IR–. IR+ promoted the biosynthesis of malvidin 3-O-glucoside and its derivatives, and IR+ inhibited the biosynthesis of peonidin 3-O-glucoside and its derivatives. WGCNA analysis revealed that the red module positively correlated with the flavonoid pathway. The hub genes were related to the anthocyanin pathway, including VvF3′5′H, VvANS, VvOMT1, VIT_18s0001g09400, and VvGST4.
Further, the results revealed that transcription factors like RLK-Pelle, MYB, and C2H2 families were involved in response to IR radiation. Therefore, these results provide a complete understanding of IR radiation in grape skin color formation and the prospect of using supplemental light to improve the overall color of berries.
artemisia integrifolia L. extract
The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents of petroleum ether extract from Artemisia integrifolia L (AIPEE) and to evaluate its hepatoprotective potential and in vivo antioxidant effects. Six compounds, namely eugenol (1), linolenic acid (2), 6,7–epoxy–linolenic acid (3), linoleic acid (4), oleic acid (5) and hexadecanoic acid (6) were isolated from the AIPEE. Oral administration of AIPEE significantly reduced carbon tetrachloride–induced elevations in the levels of plasma markers of hepatic damage and lipid peroxidation. It also rescued histopathologic alterations observed in the liver and levels of oxidative stress markers.
AIPEE exhibited antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities in vivo, which may be attributable to its chemical constituents such as five fatty acids and eugenol.
Artemisiae Herba
This study was performed to examine the effects of DA-9601, a novel antiulcer agent extracted from Artemisiae Herba, on radiation colitis in the rat. Female Wistar rats received a 30 Gy dose of irradiation to the 2 cm of distal colon in length using an intrarectal applicator system. 30 mg/tg or 100 mg/kg of DA- 9601 was administered orally 30 min before and 4 h after radiation on day 1. And the same dose of DA-9601 was given to the animals twice a day from day 2 to 14.
As a reference control, sucralfate suspension (100 or 300 mg/head) was given as an enema based on the same treatment schedule of DA-9601. Body weight change and the frequency of diarrhea were recorded during the observation period as markers of radiationinduced injury, All animals were sacrificed on day 15 for evaluation of macro- and microscopic findings and mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Radiated animals showed diarrhea, mucosal redness and histologic changes characterized by edema and eosinophilic infiltration of the periglandular lamina propria with loss of colonic epithelium. radiation also significantly increased mucosal MfO activity of affected colon. However, most of these changes were completely protected by oral administration with DA-9601. DA-9601 reduced radiation–induced histologic alteration significantly in a dose-related manner (P<0.05). In addition, mucosal MPO activity in rats receiving high dose of DA-9601 decreased significantly when compared with that in radiated control. High dose of sucralfate (300 mg/head) alleviated radiation–induced histologic lesion, but failed to reach statistical significance.
The results of this study suggest that DA-9601 can be useful for the prevention of acute clinical symptoms of radiation proctocolitis and that decrease of mucosal MPO by DA-9601 plays a role in its protective mechanism(s), at least in part.
DA-9601 is an extract obtained from Artemisia asiatica, which has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects on gastrointestinal lesions; however, its possible anti-inflammatory effects on the small intestine have not been studied yet. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effects of DA-9601 against the ACF-induced small intestinal inflammation. inflammation of the small intestine was confirmed by histological studies and the changes in the CD4+ T cell fraction induced by the inflammation-related cytokines, and the inflammatory reactions were analyzed.
Multifocal discrete small necrotic ulcers with intervening normal mucosa were frequently observed after treatment with ACF. The expression of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α genes was increased in the ACF group; however, it was found to have been significantly decreased in the DA-9601 treated group. In addition, DA-9601 significantly decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α; the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, on the other hand, was observed to have increased. It is known that inflammatory mediators related to T cell imbalance and dysfunction continuously activate the inflammatory response, causing chronic tissue damage. The fractions of IFN-γ+ Th1 cells, IL-4+ Th2 cells, IL-9+ Th9 cells, IL-17+ Th17 cells, and Foxp3+ Treg cells were significantly decreased upon DA-9601 treatment.
These data suggest that the inflammatory response induced by ACF is reduced by DA-9601 via lowering of the expression of genes encoding the inflammatory cytokines and the concentration of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, DA-9601 inhibited the acute inflammatory response mediated by T cells, resulting in an improvement in ACF-induced enteritis.
Astragalus membranaceus
In this work, Astragalus membranaceus hairy root cultures (AMHRCs) were exposed to ultraviolet radiation (uv-A, uv-B, and uv-C) for promoting isoflavonoid accumulation. The optimum enhancement for isoflavonoid production was achieved in 34-day-old AMHRCs elicited by 86.4 kJ/m2 of uv-B. The resulting isoflavonoid yield was 533.54 ± 13.61 μg/g dry weight (DW), which was 2.29-fold higher relative to control (232.93 ± 3.08 μg/g DW). uv-B up-regulated the transcriptional expressions of all investigated genes involved in isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway. PAL and C4H were found to be two potential key genes that controlled isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, a significant increase was noted in antioxidant activity of extracts from uv-B-elicited AMHRCs (IC50 values = 0.85 and 1.08 mg/mL) in comparison with control (1.38 and 1.71 mg/mL).
Overall, this study offered a feasible elicitation strategy to enhance isoflavonoid accumulation in AMHRCs and also provided a basis for metabolic engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in the future.
Objective: The research aimed to study the tissue culture technology and callus induction by radiation mutation of A. membranaceus Bge
Method: With the different parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao aseptic seedling as explants (leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls) induced callus, and cotyledon and hypocotyls taken by the method of radiation mutation were studied.[Result]The results showed that the three explants had relatively high callus induced rate in the medium which respectively made up of MS +6-BA 2.0 mg/L + NAA 2.0 mg/L,LS +6-BA 2.0 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L,MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg/L + NAA 2.0 mg/L; the optimum mutation time of hypocotyls and cotyledons was 15 minutes; the growth of the callus induced from hypocotyls would be better as the mutation time increased, but when it reached a certain time the growth would be weaken, the induction rate also would be reduced.
Conclusion: This study will provide the scientific reference in tissue culture and mutation breeding of A. membranaceus Bge.
With rapidly increased construction of nuclear power plants worldwide to reduce energy shortage and subsequent environment contamination, routine use of radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis equipment in the clinical medicine, the research on the health effect of radiation exposure has become a very important area to explore.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be an ideal candidate therapy as it usually produces fewer side effects even with long-term administration. In this paper, we reviewed current therapeutic approaches to prevent radiation–induced brain neuropathological and functional changes. neuroprotective effects of TCM in different brain injury models have been briefly summarized. We then reviewed the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM in different radiation exposure models and discussed the potential molecular mechanism(s) of the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM.
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi complex extract(Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract) on the mediators related to degenerative arthritis in a monosodium iodoacetate-induced rat model of degenerative arthritis. Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract was administered orally at doses of 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks before direct injection of monosodium iodoacetate (3 mg/50 µl of 0.9% saline) into the intra-articular space of the rats’ right knees. The rats subsequently received the same doses of oral Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract for another 4 weeks. It was evaluated that the treatment effects based on serum bio-markers, and morphological and histopathological analysis of the knee joints.
Compared with those in negative control rats, the Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract treatments significantly reduced the serum levels of inflammation, bone metabolism markers (i.e., TNF-α, MMP-3, COX-2, PGE2, COMP, and Aggrecan). Otherwise, it was significantly increased the production of CTX-2 in cartilage absorption mediators. In addition, the Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract treatments effectively preserved the knee cartilage and synovial membrane.
As a result, it indicates that the Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex extract improved degenerative arthritis symptoms. Thus, the Perilla frutescens var. crispa complex can be used in food material for the management of degenerative arthritis.
The rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala has been used mainly in Traditional Chinese medicine for invigorating the functions of the stomach and spleen. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the 70% ethanol extract of the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala (AMEE) on osteoclast differentiation. We found that AMEE inhibits osteoclast differentiation from its precursors induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), an essential cytokine required for osteoclast differentiation. AMEE attenuated RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, subsequently inhibiting the induction of osteoclastogenic transcription factors, c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1. Consistent with the in vitro results, administration of AMEE protected RANKL-induced bone loss in mice. We also identified atractylenolide I and II as active constituents contributing to the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of AMEE.
Taken together, our results demonstrate that AMEE has a protective effect on bone loss via inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and suggest that AMEE may be useful in preventing and treating various bone diseases associated with excessive bone resorption.
Auricularia auricula
This paper reports on a water-soluble acid polysaccharide (AAP) and in how it was extracted from Auricularia auricular, acquired by CTAB, and prepared it’s carboxymethylation. Chemical characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography/gel permeation chromatograph (HPLC/GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS) were investigated.
Chemical analysis indicated that C AAAP was composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with the molar ratio at 0.04: 0.13: 1.00: 0.59: 0.29. Moreover, radiation protection against UVB in vitro indicated that at the dose range of 200–500 μg/mL, C AAAP enhanced the protection of HepG2 cells against UVB cytotoxicity than AAAP. However, but at the dose range of 50–150 μg/mL the result was just opposite.
The potential effects of Auricularia auricula melanin (AAM) on the intestinal flora and liver metabolome in mice exposed to alcohol intake were investigated for the first time. The results showed that oral administration of AAM significantly reduced the abnormal elevation of serum total triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis in mice exposed to alcohol intake. Besides, the abnormally high levels of bile acids (BAs) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver of mice with alcohol intake were significantly decreased by AAM intervention, while the hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were appreciably increased. Compared with the model group, AAM supplementation significantly changed the composition of intestinal flora and up-regulated the levels of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Romboutsia, Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, etc.
Furthermore, liver metabolomics demonstrated that AAM had a significant regulatory effect on the composition of liver metabolites in mice with alcohol intake, especially the metabolites involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling system, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. At the gene level, AAM treatment regulated the mRNA levels of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response related genes in liver, including ACC-1, FASn, CPT-1, CD36, IFN-γ, LDLr and TNF-α.
Conclusively, these findings suggest that AAM has potential beneficial effects on alleviating alcohol-induced liver injury and is expected to become a new functional food ingredient.
The objectives of this work are to investigate the protective effect of polyphenols from pinecones of Pinus koraiensis (PPPK) on damage caused by radiation in mice, and to test for its potential synergism with Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schröt Polysaccharides (AAP). Male mice are administered for 30 days prior to radiation, and the combination index (CI) is used for the synergistic effect analysis. The results show that PPPK exhibited significant radioprotective effects compared with radiation group (P < 0.01); PPPK in combination with AAP had higher anti-radiation effects, as evident by improved white blood cells (P < 0.01), organ indexes (P < 0.05 or 0.01), splenic lymphocytes proliferation activity (P < 0.01), bone marrow DNA content (P < 0.01), and monocyte phagocytic activity (P < 0.05), relative to other groups; the combination also reduced bone marrow micronucleus rate (P < 0.01) and chromosome distortion rate (P < 0.01).
These data for the first time demonstrated the radioprotective effect of PPPK and its synergistic effect with AAP.
Azadirachta indica
Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. fam. Meliaceae) has been extensively employed to combat diverse pathologies. Moreover, it has been described that its leaf extract present anticarcinogenic action. Thus, the neem extract (NE) chemical and antioxidant properties was evaluated, and also, the capacity of two dermatological formulations incorporated with neem extract (F1 and F2) to avoid oxidative UVB–induced skin injury in hairless mice. NE constituents were investigated and free radical scavenging ability were determined by different methods in vitro. skin from mice treated with F1 and F2 and submitted to UVB radiation were tested for different parameters of inflammation and oxidative injury. results show that the NE polyphenol and flavonoid content were 135.30 and 37.12mg/g, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results demonstrated the existence of azarachtin, rutin, ursolic acid and tannic acid. NE presented scavenging ability by ABTS radical, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), inhibition of lipid peroxidation and iron chelation.
In vivo, it was observed that mice treated with F1 and F2 showed amelioration of the inflammation by reducing UVB induced skin edema. However, only samples from animals treated with F1 had lower neutrophil recruitment (measured by myeloperoxidase activity), and returning the oxidative status to baseline levels in parameters such as reduced glutathione level, ferric reducing ability (FRAP), and scavenging of free radical (ABTS). Concluding, NE demonstrated a good antioxidant property in vitro, and the data suggest the use of NE added F1 to prevent skin damage caused by UVB irradiation.
Head and neck cancer is the eighth common type among all cancer types around the world. Its treatment comprises surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and /or a combination of restoration therapy and social support Conventional fraction size ranges from 1.8 to 3 Grays (Gy) per fraction over 4–6 weeks. The accumulative dose of radiation for the primary treatment of head and neck cancer treatment is 60 to 70 Gy, depending on the irradiation of the tumor.
Ionizing Radiotherapy is used along with concurrent chemotherapy which is the standard treatment in locally advanced head and neck cancers. radiation treatment is commonly delivered in the form of high energy photons through an external beam. These results in ionization of electrons that cause direct strand breaks of cellular DNA and the release of free radicals, resulting in cellular damage to both normal and tumor cells. radiation disrupts the normal process of wound healing at various stages.
Biodegradable nanoparticles have been widely explored as carriers for controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules; however, studies describing the development of nanoparticles as carriers for biopesticide products are few. In this work, a new method to prepare nanoparticles loaded with neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts is presented. In this study, nanoparticles were formulated as colloidal suspension and (spray-dried) powder and characterized by evaluating pH, particle size, zeta potential, morphology, absolute recovery, and entrapment efficiency. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for nanoparticle characterization. The best formulations presented absolute recovery and entrapment efficiencies of approximately 100% and a release profile based on swelling and relaxation of the polymer or polymer erosion. The biological data of the formulated products against Plutella xylostella showed 100% larval mortality.
The nanoparticle information improved the stability of neem products against ultraviolet radiation and increased their dispersion in the aqueous phase.
Bamboo leaf
Conclusion: BLE can be a good source of natural antioxidants. Administration of BLE prior to radiation exposure provided considerable protection in terms of reduction of in vitro radiation induced cytogenetic damage. This study also forms a basis for further analysis of the possible mode of action of the extract.
Leaves of Bamboo species are rich sources of antioxidants. Many papers have reported that antioxidant fraction of bamboo leaves are used to treat many free radial mediated diseases. The present study was undertaken to examine the radio protective effect of the hydro alcoholic leaf extract of Phyllostachysparvifolia against gamma radiation (5gy) induced genomic damage in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes by cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay.
The ionizing radiation is a known carcinogen as well as cancer therapeutic agent however, the side effect on normal tissue is a limiting factor and inadequate doses necessitates search for an ideal radioprotective agent. Bamboo species are rich source of antioxidants hence have therapeutic value in many free radical mediated diseases. This is the first report regarding in vitro protective effect of bamboo leaf extract against radiation induced genetic damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by cytokinesis blocked micronuclei (CBMN) assay. Fresh whole blood was exposed to 5Gy of cobalt-6o gamma radiation with or without 30 min pre-treatment with 3 μl and 5 μl of hydro alcoholic leaf extract of Phyllostachys parvifolia.
In addition to whole extract the effect of potential active compound orientin was also assessed. The frequency of radiation induced micronuclei decreased significantly in a dose dependent manner following treatment with whole extract as well as orientin. The extent of reduction in micronuclei frequency was higher with whole bamboo leaf extract as compared to orientin alone.
Blueberry anthocyanins
Uv–induced DNA damage plays a key role in the etiology of certain diseases. The ability of blueberry anthocyanins and anthocyanidins (BA) to protect cellular DNA from uv–induced damage was investigated. BA were extracted by water (BAW), ethanol (BAE) or methanol (BAM). These extracts partially restored proliferation of uv–irradiated HepG2 cells as shown by MTT assay. Treatment with BA extracts at 75 μg/ml decreased reactive oxygen species and decreased DNA damage by tail moment of comet assay and expression of γH2AX in situ. BAM significantly decreased gene and protein expression of p53, phospho-p53 (Ser15), and p21 in uv–irradiated HepG2 cells. BA thus efficiently protects cells from DNA damage in vitro. Blueberry may potentially be used as a good source of naturally radioprotective agents.
radioprotective effects of blueberry on the liver of radiation irradiated rats
Radiation were seriously damaged on liver functions. Blueberry was fruits that contains Vit A, Vit c, Vit E, follic acid, -carotene, and anthocyanin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protection effects of blueberry the liver functions. irradiation dose was used to 4 Gy (Linac 6 Mev) X-ray treatment device Experiment animals was used to 7 rats in each groups. It was investigated liver functions that contains TP, ALB, GLOB, ALT, ALKP and CHOL. We showed that Blueberry was not recovery effects on radiation–induced liver functions. But, Statistically significant value was showed ALB (p>0.01) and ALT (p>0.1). It was concluded that blueberry was not used to recovery materials on radiation–induced liver functions.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of blueberry anthocyanins (BA) on radiation–induced lung injury and investigate the mechanism of action. Seven days after BA(20 and 80 mg/kg/d)administration, 6 weeks old male Sprague–Dawley rats rats were irradiated by LEKTA precise linear accelerator at a single dose of 20 Gy only once. and the rats were continuously treated with BA for 4 weeks. Moreover, human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) were transfected with either control-siRNA or siRNA targeting protein kinase R (PKR). cells were then irradiated and treated with 75 μg/mL BA for 72 h.
The results showed that BA significantly ameliorated radiation–induced lung inflammation, lung collagen deposition, apoptosis and PKR expression and activation. In vitro, BA significantly protected cells from radiation–induced cell death through modulating expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3. Suppression of PKR by siRNA resulted in ablation of BA protection on radiation–induced cell death and modulation of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins, as well as Caspase-3 expression. These findings suggest that BA is effective in ameliorating radiation–induced lung injury, likely through the PKR signaling pathway.
Boerhaavia diffusa
The radioprotective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was studied using the in vivo mice model. The sublethally irradiated mice (600 rads, single dose) were treated intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg of the extract. The animals were sacrificed at different time periods after the whole-body radiation. The most affected tissues—bone marrow and intestine—were considerably protected by the intraperitoneal administration of B. diffusa as estimated by bone marrow cellularity, maturing monocytes, and intestinal glutathione. Total white blood cell count was lowered drastically after radiation exposure (ninth day, 1500 ± 500 cells/ mm3). When the animals were exposed to radiation and treated with B. diffusa, the total white blood cell count was lowered only to 4000 ± 400 cells/mm3 on the third day, and it reached an almost normal level (6250 ± 470 cells/mm 3) by the ninth day. The elevated level of serum and liver alkaline phosphatase after radiation exposure was reduced in the B. diffusa—treated group.
The serum and liver glutamate pyruvate transferase, which were elevated after radiation exposure, were also reduced by treatment with B. diffusa compared to the control. The lipid peroxidation level also increased in the irradiated animals both in the liver and serum, but in B. diffusa —treated animals, there was a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation levels. The agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA isolated from bone marrow of mice exposed to gamma radiation showed heavy damage that was reduced by treatment with B. diffusa. These results are indicative of the radioprotective effect of the whole-plant extract of B. diffusa.
Pharmacological properties of Boerhavia diffusa: A review
Phytochemical analysis and mineral composition of Methanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa L
The present study was carried out to characterize the bioactive constituents present in leaf extracts of Boerhavia diffusa L by using TLC. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols. The highly polar compounds would not appear as a distinct spot by TLC but would remain at the origin. Quantitatively mineral composition estimation revealed the presence of minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc and magnesium. In the present study Mg, Ca, Na are in large quantity while Cu and Zn are relatively low compared to the other elements.
Bonnemaisonia hamifera
The present study investigated the photoprotective properties of an ethanol extract derived from the red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cell damage in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The Bonnemaisonia hamifera ethanol extract (BHE) scavenged the superoxide anion generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and the hydroxyl radical generated by the Fenton reaction (FeSO4 + H2O2), both of which were detected by using electron spin resonance spectrometry. In addition, BHE exhibited scavenging activity against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that were induced by either hydrogen peroxide or UVB radiation. BHE reduced UVB–induced apoptosis, as shown by decreased apoptotic body formation and DNA fragmentation. BHE also attenuated DNA damage and the elevated levels of 8-isoprostane and protein carbonyls resulting from UVB-mediated oxidative stress. Furthermore, BHE absorbed electromagnetic radiation in the UVB range (280–320 nm). These results suggest that BHE protects human HaCaT keratinocytes against UVB–induced oxidative damage by scavenging ROS and absorbing UVB photons, thereby reducing injury to cellular components.
potential applications of radioprotective phytochemicals from marine algae
The use of ionizing radiation and radioactive elements is becoming increasingly popular with the rapid developments in nuclear technology, radiotherapy, and radio diagnostic methods. However, ionizing radiation can directly or indirectly cause life-threatening complications such as cancer, radiation burns, and impaired immunity. Environmental contamination with radioactive elements and the depletion of ozone layer also contribute to the increased levels of radiation exposure. radioprotective natural products have particularly received attention for their potential usefulness in counteracting radiation–induced damage because of their reduced toxicity compared with most drugs currently in use. Moreover, radioprotective substances are used as ingredients in cosmetic formulations in order to provide protection against ultraviolet radiation.
Over the past few decades, the exploration of marine algae has revealed the presence of radioprotective phytochemicals, such as phlorotannins, polysaccharides, carotenoids and other compounds. With their promising radioprotective effects, marine algae could be a future source for discovering potential radioprotective substances for development as useful in therapeutics.
It has previously been shown that the red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera is less fouled by bacteria relative to co-occurring seaweeds and that surface extracts of B. hamifera inhibit bacterial growth at natural concentrations. In the present study, we isolated the antibacterial metabolite by bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts of B. hamifera using standard chromatographic methods. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used for molecular identification. The antibacterial activity in the extracts was caused by a previously described poly-halogenated 2-heptanone: 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone.
To further investigate the role of this compound as an ecologically relevant antifoulant against bacterial colonisation, we quantified it on the surface of B. hamifera specimens collected in the field. levels of 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone on the surface of the algae were on average 3.6 µg cm–2. natural surface concentrations of this secondary metabolite were used to test for growth-inhibiting effects against 18 bacterial strains isolated from red algae co-occurring with B. hamifera. The test indicated a phylogenetic specificity of the metabolite, and gram-positive bacteria and flavobacteria proved to be particularly sensitive. In a further test, natural surface concentrations of 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone were applied to artificial panels and incubated in the sea. After 4 and 7 d, the number of settled bacteria was significantly lower on all treated panels compared to controls.
Thus, this study shows that 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone has an ecologically relevant role as an antifoulant against bacterial colonisation on the surface of B. hamifera. This study is also one of only a few to quantify natural surface concentrations of a seaweed secondary metabolite.
Broken Ganoderma lucidum spores powder
radioprotective effect of Ganoderma Lucidum (Leyss, ex. Fr.) Karst after X-ray irradiation in Mice
Six to seven week old male mice of ICR strain were exposed to 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray during experiments to determine if Ganoderma lucidumcould be a factor in modification of radiation damage. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of the extract from Ganoderma lucidum before of after irradiation of 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray was found to improve the 30-day survival fractions of ICR mice, but wasn’t significant by statistical analysis.
The administration also enhanced the recoveries of the body weights and increased the recovery of hemograms of irradiated mice from radiation damage by injecting before or after radiation exposure, especially for the treatment of 500 cGy irradiation. The 10-day CFUs was significantly higher for Ganoderma lucidum treated groups than for untreated groups. However, the differences of radioprotective effect between the X-ray irradiated groups with Ganoderma lucidum pretreated and post-treated were not significant (p>0.05).
radioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on irradiated mice
Radiation can cause multiple damages to tissues and organs.This study aimed to explore the protec-tive effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ( GLPs) against the 60 Co-γray radiation injury in mice and provide an experimental basis for the clinical use of GLPs. Methods One hundred mice were randomly divided into five groups of equal number normal control, gavage control, radiation control, high-dose GLPs, and low-dose GLPs.Models of radiation injury were made in the mice by whole-body exposure to 60 Co-γrays.Three days before and after mod-eling, the animals in the high-dose and low-dose GLPs groups were given GLPs intragastrically at the dose of 100 and 50 mg/kg respec-tively, once daily for 14 days.Then the 30 day survival rate and sur-vival time of the model mice were recorded and the changes in the pe-ripheral blood index, spleen index, and serum superoxide dismutase( SOD) activity were observed. results GLPs significantly increased the 30-day survival rate and the mean survival time of the mouse models (P<0.05), decreased the reduction of WBC count in the peripheral blood, and shortened the time of WBC restoration ( P<0.05 ).
Furthermore, GLPs obviously improved the spleen index and SOD activity of the Co-γray irradiated animals. Conclusion GLPs, with a significant anti-radiation effect, can effectively raise the survival rate of the mice exposed to a lethal dose of 60 Co-γrays, reduce radiation injury to WBC and platelets, and increase the activity of SOD in irradiated mice.
radioprotective and Anticancer Efficacies of Ganoderma Lucidum in a Mouse tumor Model
Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate the antitumor and radioprotective efficacies of GL, which are likely mediated by protection against oxidative stress and preservation of immune cell populations.
Brownea grandiceps (Jacq.)
Radiation enteritis is the most common complication of radiotherapy in patients with pelvic malignancies. Thus, the radioprotective activity of the total hydro-alcoholic extract (BGE) and the ethyl acetate soluble fraction (EAF) of Brownea grandiceps leaves was evaluated against ϒ–radiation–induced enteritis in rats. (BGE) and (EAF) were characterized using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also quantified. In vivo administration of (BGE) (400 mg/kg) and (EAF) (200 & 400 mg/kg) prevented intestinal injury and maintained the mucosal integrity of irradiated rats through increasing villi length and promoting crypt regeneration. Also, (EAF) showed more potent antioxidant activity than (BGE) through reduction of MDA level and enhancement of GSH content and catalase enzyme activity. (BGE) and (EAF) down-regulated intestinal NF-κB expression leading to diminished expression of downstream inflammatory cytokine TNF-α.
Moreover, (EAF) markedly reduced the expression of profibrotic marker TGF-β1. Seventy-nine compounds were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, polar lipids and phenolic acids. (EAF) showed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as compared to (BGE). results revealed remarkable radioprotective activity of (BGE) and (EAF), with significantly higher activity for (EAF). The chemical constituents of (BGE) and (EAF) strongly supported their radioprotective activity. To the best of our knowledge, the present study describes for the first time the radioprotective activity of B. grandiceps leaves in relation to its secondary metabolome fingerprint; emphasizing the great promise of B. grandiceps leaves, especially (EAF), to be used as natural radio-protective agent.
Brownea species were used in folk medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis in South America. Volatile oils prepared by hydro-distillation from fresh leaves and stems of Brownea grandiceps Jacq. (Fabaceae) collected in different seasons were analyzed separately by GC/MS. The anti-mycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of the volatile oils were also assessed. A total of 60 compounds were identified in the leaves and stems volatile oils accordingly. The most abundant components were methyl salicylate (53.06% – 9.56%), hexanal (38.27% – 0.26%), n-nonacosane (21.23% – 0.46%) and (E)-2-hexenal (31.2%- 0.91%). results revealed a remarkable influence of the season of collection on the yield and chemical composition of the obtained oils. The leaf volatile oil exerted higher anti-mycobacterial and anti-inflammatory effects compared to stem volatile oil. The leaf volatile oil showed remarkable inhibition of M. tuberculosis ATCC 27294 (MIC 3.9 μg/mL) comparable to standard isoniazid. It also exerted a promising membrane stabilizing anti-inflammatory effect (IC50 value of 27.1 μg/mL) comparable to methyl salicylate and standard indomethacin.
From these findings, it may be concluded that the leaf volatile oil represents a promising anti-mycobacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. To the best of our knowledge, the present study describes the first to characterize B. grandiceps volatile oils and to emphasize the great promise for treatment of tuberculosis and inflammatory disorders.
Caffeic acid
In this study, we evaluated whether caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has a radioprotective effect on the damage in the rat brain tissue induced by gamma radiation, considering that it may inhibit the ionizing radiation damage.
Methods: A total of 36 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups to test the radioprotective effect of CAPE administered by intraperitoneal injection. An appropriate control group was also studied. On day 11, the brain tissue of all rats was removed and homogenized in phosphate buffer, and the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE), ceruloplasmin (CER), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), and total-SH parameters were measured to determine if CAPE had a protective effect.
Results: The ARE and PON activity and the total-SH level were statistically increased compared to the IR group, whereas the LOOH, TOS, and OSI levels were significantly decreased.
Conclusion: The data obtained in the study suggest that the CAPE administration prior to irradiation may prevent the irradiation brain damage.
Total body irradiation (TBI) serves as an effectively curative therapy for cancer patients and adversely causes long-term residual bone marrow (BM) injury with premature senescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which is mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated how the exposure time of TBI in a mouse model affects HSCs and whether the treatment of caffeic acid (CA), a known dietary phenolic antioxidant, has a radioprotective effect. Single (S)-TBI at a sublethal dose (5 Gy) caused relatively higher induction of mitochondrial ROS and senescence-related factors in HSCs than those in hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and Lineage–Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cells, as well as reduced clonogenic formation and donor cell-derived reconstituting capacity. Repetitive double (D)-TBI (two months after the S-TBI at a dose of 5Gy) further weakened HSPC function via mitochondrial ROS accumulation and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity.
Oral administration of CA (20 mg/kg) five times before and once immediately after TBI ameliorated ROS generation and TBI-induced HSC senescence and its radioprotective effect was long lasting in S-TBI mice but not in D-TBI mice. Further, supplementation of CA also induced apoptotic cell death of colon cancer cells.
Collectively, these findings indicate that CA has a dual effect, ameliorating HSC senescence-accompanied long-term BM injury in S-TBI mice and stimulating apoptotic cell death of colon cancer cells.
Head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy suffer severe side effects during and following their treatment. Efforts to decrease toxicity of irradiation to normal tissue, organs and cells have led to searching for cytoprotective agent. Investigations for effective and non-toxic compounds with radioprotective capability led to increasing interest in antioxidant such as Propolis and Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and radioprotective effects of Propolis and CAPE on radiation–induced oxidative/nitrosative stress in the brain tissue. Fourty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 (irradiation (IR) + Propolis) received total cranium irradiation and propolis was given orally through an orogastric tube daily. Group 2 (IR+CAPE) received total cranium irradiation plus CAPE, was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) just before giving to the rats, intraperitoneally (IP) every day. Group 3 (IR) received 5 Gy of gamma irradiation as a single dose to total cranium plus 1 ml saline daily. Group 4 received daily plain DMSO. Group 5 received daily plain saline. At the end of the 10 day time period, xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities, nitric oxide (NO●) and peroxynitrite (ONOO–) levels were significantly higher in IR group compared to all other groups.
In conclusion, the results suggest the radioprotective ability of Propolis and CAPE involving prevention of radiation–induced oxidative/nitrosative damage.
calendula officinalis flowers
This study was designed to determine the effect of Calendula officinalis flowers extract mouthwash as oral gel on radiation–induced oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Forty patients with neck and head cancers under radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy protocols were randomly assigned to receive either 2% calendula extract mouthwash or placebo (20 patients in each group). Patients were treated with telecobalt radiotherapy at conventional fractionation (200 cGy/fraction, five fractions weekly, 30–35 fractions within 4–7 weeks). The oropharyngeal mucositis was evaluated by two clinical investigators (a radiation oncologist and a dentist), using the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). Trying to find out the possible mechanism of action of the treatment, total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and quercetin concentration of the mouth wash were measured. Calendula mouthwash significantly decreased the intensity of OM compared to placebo at week 2 (score: 5.5 vs. 6.8, p = 0.019), week 3 (score: 8.25 vs. 10.95, p < 0.0001) and week 6 (score: 11.4 vs. 13.35, p = 0.031).
Total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents and quercetin concentration of the 2% extract were 2353.4 ± 56.5 μM, 313.40 ± 6.52 mg/g, 76.66 ± 23.24 mg/g, and 19.41 ± 4.34 mg/l, respectively. Calendula extract gel could be effective on decreasing the intensity of radiotherapy- induced OM during the treatment and antioxidant capacity may be partly responsible for the effect.
To determine the effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract mouthwash as gel formulation on radiation–induced oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Forty patients with neck and head cancers who were treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either 2% calendula extract mouthwash or placebo (20 patients in each group). The subjects were treated with telecobalt radiotherapy at conventional fractionation (2 Gy/fraction, five fractions weekly, 20–35 fractions within 4–7 weeks). Oropharyngeal mucositis was evaluated by two doctors (a radiation oncologist and a dentist), using the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). The patients also received concurrent chemotherapy. Calendula mouthwash significantly decreased the intensity of OM compared to placebo at week 2 (score: 5.5 vs. 6.8, p = 0.019), week 3 (score: 8.25 vs. 10.95, p < 0.0001) and week 6 (score: 11.4 vs. 13.35, p = 0.031).
Total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents and quercetin concentration of the 1% extract were 2353.4 ± 56.5 µM, 76.66 ± 23.24, 313.40 ± 6.52 mg/g and 19.41 ± 4.34 mg/l, respectively. Calendula extract gel could be effective on decreasing the intensity of radiotherapy- induced OM during the treatment and antioxidant capacitiy may be partly responsibe for the effect.
Conclusion: This randomised controlled trial showed no difference between Calendula and standard of care (Sorbolene) for the prevention of radiation–induced dermatitis. However, the study was underpowered (limited recruitment) for the primary comparison.
Camellia sinensis
Positive health effects of tea (Camellia sinensis) on a wide range of physiological problems and diseases are well known and are in part due to its copious antioxidant content. The effect of black tea extract (BTE), which is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, against the consequences of radiation exposure has not been properly identified. The functional properties of BTE were analyzed and its radioprotective effect on V79 cells was explored in the present study. BTE scavenged free radicals and inhibited Fenton reaction-mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent fashion, establishing its antioxidant properties.
The radioprotective effects of BTE on strand break induction in pBR322 plasmid DNA were 100 % at 80 μg/ml and higher. In V79 cells, BTE was effective in decreasing the frequency of radiation–induced micronucleated cells and the yields of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also in restoring the integrity of cellular mitochondrial membrane potential significantly. BTE exerted maximum protection against radiation–induced damage in V79 at a dose of 5 μg/ml. Due to the functional properties of BTE-flavonoids, which have been identified by HPLC, it is envisaged that the key player in radioprotection is elimination of ROS.
We evaluated the effects green and mate teas on oxidative and DNA damages in rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Were utilized 70 adult male Wistar rats that received daily oral or topic green or mate tea treatment during exposed to radiation by seven days. After, animals were killed by decapitation. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive species levels, protein oxidative damage were evaluated in skin and DNA damage in blood. Our results show that the rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation presented DNA damage in blood and increased protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation in skin. Oral and topic treatment with green tea and mate tea prevented lipid peroxidation, both treatments with mate tea also prevented DNA damage. However, only topic treatment with green tea and mate tea prevented increases in protein carbonylation.
Our findings contribute to elucidate the beneficial effects of green tea and mate tea, here in demonstrated by the antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties presented by these teas.
Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.
effect of a chamomile extract in protecting against radiation‐induced intestinal mucositis
Compounds that prevent radiation–induced mucositis may offer new therapeutic strategies for maintaining intestinal integrity in patients undergoing radiotherapy. A specially formulated chamomile extract was studied with the hope of proving efficacy in this regard. Intestinal mucositis was induced in rats by exposing them to whole body gamma–irradiation. Rats were treated orally with the extract for 5 days before and 2 days after radiation exposure. One day later, rats were sacrificed. Histological examination of segments of small intestine showed shortening and fusion of villi, activation of mucus secreting glands, inflammatory cell infiltration of lamina propria, and mucosal atrophy. Intestinal homogenates showed an increase in tumor necrosis factor, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and myeloperoxidase, an indicator of cellular infiltration, as well as in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and a reduction in glutathione content. Intestinal injury was further evidenced by an increase in diamine oxidase and a reduction in citrulline levels in the serum. A rise in apoptosis was evidenced by an increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, caspase-3, and depletion of mitochondrial B-cell lymphoma-2/ Bax ratio.
Most histological changes and associated derangement in related parameters were largely prevented by the chamomile extract, thus paving the way to a new therapeutic approach towards the management of radiation–induced intestinal mucositis.
Conclusion: Chamomile had no prophylactic effect on the onset of oral mucositis, but it was proven to be effective in decreasing the severity of this condition during treatment in most patients
Tea is a traditional plant extract with important cultural ties. It is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Tea consumption has some health benefits including antioxidant stimulus. gamma radiation is currently used to control of postharvest pathogens on tea herb. However, free radicals can be generated, which consumes antioxidant molecules. A positive relation was found between radiation doses used and free radicals generation in green tea (Camellia sinensis), yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), and chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita).
Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of aqueous and methanol extracts of these herbs was determined by various methods to compare the effect of irradiation of herb on antioxidant capacity of the extracts. TAC was evaluated by measuring: total phenols (decreased with irradiation in mate and green teas), total flavonoids (stable in aqueous extracts and decreased with irradiation in methanol extract of mate and chamomile), Trolox equivalent or ABTS (unchanged under irradiation), DPPH* scavenging capacity (stable on aqueous extract but diminished in methanol extract after irradiation), β carotene/acid linoleic ability (stable with the exception of chamomile tea that increased after irradiation) and, capacity to chelate ferrous ions (unchanged with irradiation). In conclusion, gamma irradiation reduced the capacity of some antioxidants but preserved the capacity of others.
This study showed that one isolated test does not suffice to perform this evaluation reliably, which is a reflection of the diversity and complexity of the effects of irradiation on antioxidant molecules present in different samples.
Chrysanthemum indicum L.
Wild chrysanthemum extract prevents UVB radiation–induced acute cell death and photoaging
Wild chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) is traditionally used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. It is also used in the southwest plateau region of China to prevent ultraviolet–induced skin damage. However, the role and mechanism by which wild chrysanthemum prevents uv–induced skin damage and photoaging have never been investigated in vitro. In the present study, we found that aqueous extracts from wild chrysanthemum strongly reduced high-dose UVB–induced acute cell death of human immortalized keratinocytic HaCat cells. Wild chrysanthemum extract was also demonstrated to reduce low-dose UVB–induced expression of the photoaging-related matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. The ROS level elevated by UVB irradiation was strongly attenuated by wild chrysanthemum extract.
Further study revealed that wild chrysanthemum extract reduced UVB-triggered ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and their protective role, which is partially dependent on inhibiting p38 activation. These results suggest that wild chrysanthemum extract can protect the skin from UVB–induced acute skin damage and photoaging by reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The present study confirmed the protective role of wild chrysanthemum against uv–induced skin disorders in vitro and indicated the possible mechanism.
Further study to identify the active components in wild chrysanthemum extract would be useful for developing new drugs for preventing and treating skin diseases, including skin cancer and photoaging, induced by uv irradiation.
This research demonstrated and compared the effects of shade and far infrared drying (FIRD) of gamguk (Chrysanthemum indicum L., CE) flowers extract on total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF) content, Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The research data revealed that the TP and TF contents were highest in FIRD treated CE flower extracts. Similarly, the effect of CE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells showed in a dose dependent manner. Further, the CE inhibited the tumor necorsis factor (TNF)-α, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and prostaglandis E2 (PGE2) production. The Anticancer activity was monitored in A549 lung cancer cell, which showed that FIRD treated CE inhibited cell proliferation significantly (p<0.05) higher in dose and time dependent manner.
It is known that solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation to human skin causes photo-aging, including increases in skin thickness and wrinkle formation and reduction in skin elasticity. uv radiation induces damage to skin mainly by superfluous reactive oxygen species and chronic low-grade inflammation, which eventually up-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this study, the super-critical carbon dioxide extract from flowers and buds of Chrysanthemum indicum Linnén (CISCFE), which has been reported to possess free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, was investigated for its photo-protective effect by topical application on the skin of mice.
Moreover, CISCFE effectively suppressed the uv–induced increase in skin thickness and wrinkle grading in a dose-dependent manner, which was correlated with the inhibition of loss of collagen fiber content and epidermal thickening. Furthermore, we observed that CISCFE could obviously decrease uv–induced skin inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α), alleviate the abnormal changes of anti-oxidative indicators (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and down-regulate the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3.
The results indicated that CISCFE was a novel photo-protective agent from natural resources against uv irradiation.
Chrysophyllum cainito L
This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using the crude methanolic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves (C. cainito L.); as a source of natural antioxidant compounds; to compensate the oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation exposure in male rats. Phytochemical investigations of C. cainito L. leaves extract led to the isolation of phytocobstituents such as: Gallic acid (1), together with six flavonoids; 3//Galloyl myrecetrin (2), Rutin (3), Quercetrin (4), Myrecetrin (5), Myricetin (6), and Quercetin (7). In addition to two triterpenoids; β –amyrin (8), and Lupeol (9). All metabolites were isolated for the first time from the genus Chrysophyllum. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (uv, ESI-MS, 1H and 13CNMR).
These compounds reflected its beneficial effect to ameliorate the alterations induced by γ-irradiation via the adjustment of the antioxidant status, decreasing of MDA level, and an improvement in liver, kidney functions and lipid profile, as well as histological alterations of liver were reduced. We can conclude that C. cainito L. extract reduces the liver and kidney toxicity induced by exposure to gamma radiation.
UVB exposure causes DNA mutation and ROS generation, which lead to skin photoaging, skin wrinkling, skin sagging, and uneven skin pigmentation. ROS activate the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways leading to production of inflammatory molecules such as COX-2, collagen-degrading proteins such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and moisture-deficiency-related proteins such as hyaluronidases (HYALs). UVB exposure also induces irregular skin pigmentation though melanin overproduction, related to CREB transcription factor activity and transcription of melanogenesis genes.
Here, we demonstrate that Chrysophyllum lucentifolium methanol extract (Cl-ME) has antioxidant activity; it dose-dependently decreased the expression of COX-2, MMP-1, MMP-9, HYAL-1, and HYAL-4 by downregulating the NF-κB (IKKα/β, IκBα) and MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38) pathways and increased the expression of Col1a1, which encodes a protein important for maintaining skin elasticity. Cl-ME also showed promising antimelanogenic activity by decreasing the expression of CREB, a transcription factor, which in turn inhibited the expression of genes encoding tyrosinase, MITF, TYRP1, and TYRP2.
In summary, a methanol extract of C. lucentifolium exhibited antiphotoaging and antimelanogenic activity and could be useful in the cosmeceutical industry.
Conclusions: This data suggests that the CME effect involves interference in the production, release or action of some chemical mediators, such as PGE2, sympathetic amines, cytokines, etc. Part of these effects was observed with the CHCl3 fraction, emphasizing the prominent inhibition of neuropathic pain. The results also demonstrated that part of the CME effects are due to the presence of the triterpenes 1 and 2, but it is important to mention that we cannot discard the effects of countless other compounds presented in the crude extract, acting in a synergic way.
Cistanche deserticola Ma extract
The senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 substrain (SAM-P8), widely accepted as an animal model for studying aging and antiaging drugs, was used to examine the effects of dietary supplementation with extracts of Cistanche deserticola (ECD) which has been used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine because of its perceived ability to promote immune function in the elderly. Eight-month-old male SAM-P8 mice were treated with ECD by daily oral administrations for 4 weeks. The results showed that dietary supplementation of 150 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg of ECD could extend the life span measured by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis in dose-dependent manner. Dietary supplementation of SAM-P8 mice for 4 weeks with 100, 500, and 2500 mg/kg of ECD was shown to result in significant increases in both naive T and natural killer cells in blood and spleen cell populations.
In contrast, peripheral memory T cells and proinflammatory cytokine, IL-6 in serum, were substantially decreased in the mice that ingested 100 and 500 mg/kg of ECD daily. Additionally, Sca-1 positive cells, the recognized progenitors of peripheral naive T cells, were restored in parallel.
Our results provide clear experimental support for long standing clinical observational studies showing that Cistanche deserticola possesses significant effects in extending life span and suggest this is achieved by antagonizing immunosenescence.
In the present study, the pharmacological effects of oligosaccharides from Cistanche deserticola extract on inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in male albino rats with spinal cord injury were investigated. lipid peroxidation, GSH, catalase, superoxide dismutase, acetylcholine esterase, GPx, ROS, and nitric acid were significantly altered in the rats with spinal cord injury. The mRNA expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-2, iNOS, p53, caspase-3, bax, and pro-NGF were reduced by >20% following extract supplementation. Protein expression levels of caspase-3 and pro-NGF were also reduced by >20%. The number of p53 positive cells was 1, 79, 54, 33, and 19 in groups GI–GV, respectively, and the corresponding numbers of caspase-3 positive cells were 2, 87, 51, 23, and 14.
Based on the present results, the use of oligosaccharides from Cistanche deserticola extract was effective against inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in spinal cord injury male albino rats.
Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides protects PC12 cells against OGD/RP-induced injury
Ischemia stroke is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides (CDP) possess a wide range of beneficial effects, including hepatoprotection and immune homeostasis. As far as we know, the protective effect of CDP on neurons injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP) has not been investigated. In this study, OGD/RP injured a PC12 cell model. Briefly, CDP (0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/ml) was administered before reperfusion. The protective effect of CDP was then evaluated on the basis of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)and cell apoptosis, and redox status after reperfusion was evaluated by assaying reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity. Basing on the fact that Parkinson’s disease-associated protein DJ-1 participates in endogenous antioxidation and performs neuroprotective effects after ischemia stroke, we investigated the interaction between CDP and DJ-1. DJ-1 expression was detected through ELISA and Western blot analysis, and the translocation of DJ-1 was evaluated through immunofluorescence.
Result showed that CDP (0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/ml) attenuated PC12 cell death, preserved MMP and calcium homeostasis; inhibited oxidative stress and decreased cell apoptosis. Moreover, CDP (5 μg/ml) markedly stimulated DJ-1 secretion and expression. Overall, the results suggested that CDP exerts neuroprotective effect against OGD/RP-induced injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating the DJ-1 pathway.
Citrus reticulata extract
Conclusions: Citrus reticulata peel extract can alleviate the reproductive toxicity triggered by potassium dichromate via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Citrus reticulata peel extract may act as a new natural prophylactically agent for the treatment of potassium dichromate-induced testicular damage.
Excessive exposure to solar radiation is associated with several deleterious effects on human skin. These effects vary from the occasional simple sunburn to conditions resulting from chronic exposure such as skin aging and cancers. Secondary metabolites from the plant kingdom, including phenolic compounds, show relevant photoprotective activities. In this study, we evaluated the potential photoprotective activity of a phytocomplex derived from three varieties of red orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck).
We used an in vitro model of skin photoaging on two human cell lines, evaluating the protective effects of the phytocomplex in the pathways involved in the response to damage induced by uvA-B. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined at the same time as evaluating its influence on the cellular redox state (ROS levels and total thiol groups). In addition, the potential protective action against DNA damage induced by uvA-B and the effects on mRNA and protein expression of collagen, elastin, MMP1, and MMP9 were investigated, including some inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, and total and phospho NFkB) by ELISA. The obtained results highlight the capacity of the extract to protect cells both from oxidative stress—preserving RSH (p < 0.05) content and reducing ROS (p < 0.01) levels—and from uvA-B-induced DNA damage.
Furthermore, the phytocomplex is able to counteract harmful effects through the significant downregulation of proinflammatory markers (p < 0.05) and MMPs (p < 0.05) and by promoting the remodeling of the extracellular matrix through collagen and elastin expression. This allows the conclusion that red orange extract, with its strong antioxidant and photoprotective properties, represents a safe and effective option to prevent photoaging caused by uvA-B exposure.
Aging of the skin is a complicated bioprocess that is affected by constant exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. The application of herbal-based anti-aging creams is still the best choice for treatment. In the present study, Citrus sinensis L. fruit peels ethanolic extract (CSPE) was formulated into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) anti-aging cream. Eight different formulations of CSEP-LNPs were prepared and optimized using 23 full factorial designs. In vivo antiaging effect of the best formula was tested in Swiss albino mice where photo-aging was induced by exposure to uv radiation. HPLC-QToF-MS/MS metabolic profiling of CSPE led to the identification of twenty-nine metabolites. CSPE was standardized to a hesperidin content of 15.53 ± 0.152 mg% using RP-HPLC.
It was suggested that the optimized formulation (F7) had (245 nm) particle size, (91.065%) EE, and (91.385%) occlusive effect with a spherical and smooth surface. The visible appearance of uv–induced photoaging in mice was significantly improved after topical application on CSPE-NLC cream for 5 weeks, levels of collagen and SOD were significantly increased in CSPE- NLC group, while levels of PGE2, COX2, JNK, MDA, and elastin was reduced. Finally, The prepared anti-aging CSPE-NLC cream represents a safe, convenient, and promising skincare cosmetic product.
Clerodendron infortunatum
Several phytoceuticals and extracts of medicinal plants are reported to mitigate deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. The potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum (CIE) for providing protection to mice exposed to gamma radiation was investigated. Oral administration of CIE bestowed a survival advantage to mice exposed to lethal doses of gamma radiation. radiation–induced depletion of the total blood count and bone marrow cellularity were prevented by treatment with CIE. damage to the cellular DNA (as was evident from the comet assay and the micronucleus index) was also found to be decreased upon CIE administration. radiation–induced damages to intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by CIE. Studies on gene expression in intestinal cells revealed that there was a marked increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in mice exposed to whole-body 4 Gy gamma radiation, and that administration of CIE resulted in significant lowering of this ratio, suggestive of reduction of radiation–induced apoptosis. Also, in the intestinal tissue of irradiated animals, following CIE treatment, levels of expression of the DNA repair gene Atm were found to be elevated, and there was reduction in the expression of the inflammatory Cox-2 gene.
Thus, our results suggest a beneficial use of Clerodendron infortunatum for mitigating radiation toxicity.
prevention of ionizing radiation induced damages by Clerodendron infortunatum
Several phytoceuticals and extracts of medicinal plants are reported to mitigate deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. The potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum (CIE) was investigated for providing protection to mice exposed to gamma radiation. Oral administration of CIE bestowed survival advantage to mice exposed to lethal doses of gamma–radiation. The radiation – induced depletion of total blood count and bone marrow cellularity were prevented by treatment with CIE. The damage to cellular DNA, as evidenced from comet assay, and micronucleus index was also found to be decreased upon CIE administration. radiation induced damages to intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by CIE. Studies on gene expression in intestinal cells revealed that there was a marked increase in bax/bcl-2 ratio in mice exposed to whole body 4 Gy gamma radiation and administration of CIE resulted in significant lowering of this ratio, suggestive of reduction of radiation induced apoptosis.
Levels of expression of the DNA repair gene, atm was found to be elevated along with a reduction in the inflammatory cox-2 following CIE treatment in the intestinal tissue of irradiated animals. Thus the results suggest the beneficial use of Clerodendron infortunatum for mitigating radiation toxicity.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the leaves of C. infortunatum had remarkable preclinical antihyperglycemic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Codonopsis pilosula
Polysaccharides have many functions in aquatic animals and are widely used as immunopotentiators. However, despite the emergence of serious diseases, few studies have explored the effects of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (CPP) on crustaceans. We studied the effects of CPP on the growth performance, nonspecific immunity, antioxidant activity and disease resistance of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Healthy crayfish (5.80 ± 0.1 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.20%, and 0.30% CPP for 8 weeks.
At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, the optimal final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in the crayfish fed the diets with 0.15% and 0.20% CPP, followed by those fed the diet with 0.30% CPP and then those fed the diet with 0.10% CPP, whereas the values of these parameters were obtained with the control crayfish (P < 0.05). The crayfish fed the diets with 0.15% and 0.20% CPP exhibited a significantly higher total hemocyte count (THC) and significantly increased phenoloxidase (PO), lysozyme (LZM), hemocyte (Hc), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) compared with those belonging to the other groups (P < 0.05). The crayfish fed the diets with 0.15% and 0.2% CPP exhibited significantly higher total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, a significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and a significantly lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared with the other groups (P < 0.05), which indicated that antioxidant capacity was significantly induced by the CPP-supplemented diets. significantly upregulated expression of immune-related genes (anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (alf), peroxiredoxin (prx5), cathepsin B (ctsb), mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (mtMnsod), cyclophilin A (cypa), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), Toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3), and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70)) was detected in the crayfish fed the diets supplemented with 0.15% and 0.20% CPP diet compared with the levels observed in the control crayfish.
These results showed that dietary CPP supplementation greatly improved the growth, immunity and antioxidant capacities of crayfish, and according to the observed results, 0.15%–0.2% is the recommended optimal level of CPP dietary supplementation for crayfish.
With rapidly increased construction of nuclear power plants worldwide to reduce energy shortage and subsequent environment contamination, routine use of radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis equipment in the clinical medicine, the research on the health effect of radiation exposure has become a very important area to explore. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be an ideal candidate therapy as it usually produces fewer side effects even with long-term administration. In this paper, we reviewed current therapeutic approaches to prevent radiation–induced brain neuropathological and functional changes.
neuroprotective effects of TCM in different brain injury models have been briefly summarized. We then reviewed the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM in different radiation exposure models and discussed the potential molecular mechanism(s) of the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM. The conclusions and future research directions were made in the last part of the paper.
In this study, we purified a homogeneous polysaccharide (S-CPPA1) with a molecular weight (Mw) of 133.2 kDa from the stem of Codonopsis pilosula for the first time. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis identified that S-CPPA1 contained glucose, galactose, and arabinose with a molar ratio of 10.5:3.4:1.7, along with a trace of mannose. Methylation analysis suggested S-CPPA1 was a branched polysaccharide, with five glucosidic linkage forms, namely (1→4)-linked Glcp (residue A), (1→6)-linked Galp (residue B), (1→2,6)-linked Glcp (residue C), (1→5)-linked Araf (residue D), and non-reducing terminal (1→)-linked Glcp (residue E). The protective effect of S-CPPA1 on kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was also evaluated. blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and TNF-α levels, as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine transaminase (AST) activities were elevated in the I/R group as compared to the sham group. On the other hand, S-CPPA1 treatment reversed all these biochemical indices, as well as histopathological alterations, which were induced by I/R.
The findings imply that S-CPPA1 plays a causal role in the protection against I/R-induced renal injury and its renoprotective effect is probably mediated by inhibiting the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α release.
Collagen protein
Conclusions: Adherence to col(I) appears to be a relevant environmental cue enhancing RR in RCC cells, act dependently. Our results support inhibition of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway as a radiosensitizing approach.
Radiation–induced fibrosis (RIF) occurs after radiation therapy in normal tissues due to excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and collagen, possibly resulting in organ function impairment.
This study investigates the effects of low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) on irradiated NIH3T3 cells. Specifically, we quantified cellular metabolic activity, fibrosis-related mRNA expression, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), and collagen-1 protein expression, and fibroblast contractility in response to LMF. LMF pre + post-treatment could more effectively increase cellular metabolic activity compared with LMF post-treatment. LMF pre + post-treatment inhibited TGF-β1 expression, which mediates negative activation of phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3) and Smad4 complex formation and suppresses downstream collagen I accumulation. In addition, LMF pre + post-treatment significantly reduced actin-stress fibers in irradiated NIH3T3 cells. LMF, a natural substance obtained from brown seaweed, may be a candidate agent for preventing or inhibiting RIF.
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a gram-positive bacterium that ranks within the top 10 of human pathogens responsible for mortalities every year. The human innate immune system combats and kills GAS through the enlistment of macrophages and neutrophils. Neutrophils can kill bacteria intracellularly via the generation of reactive oxygen species and release of antimicrobial granule contents. These molecules also contribute to a specific mechanism of neutrophil death, resulting in the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which can kill bacteria extracellularly. We have shown that the GAS virulence factor Streptococcal collagen-like protein (Scl-1) increases bacterial survival in NETs while simultaneously lowering the overall production of NETs. In this work, we are exploring the mechanism by which Scl-1 prevents NET formation, specifically investigating whether Scl-1 decreases the production, activity or availability of antimicrobial factors that eventually lead to the formation of NETs. While the release of granules were not significantly different between cells infected with strains expressing or lacking Scl-1, the content of the granules was shown to be an important factor in Scl-1 mediated GAS survival. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is released by the granules and subsequently aids in direct bacterial killing and NET formation. We found that Scl-1 mediates protection against LL-37 mediated bacterial killing in vitro.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of bacteria within phagocytic cells indicates that strains expressing Scl-1 are more intact, further supporting the idea that Scl-1 is protective against LL-37. We are currently exploring whether there is a linkage between LL-37 activity within the phagocytic cells and extracellular trap formation. Our results shape our understanding of not only Scl-1 prevention of NET formation, but also the general mechanism of NET generation in phagocytic cells.
crocetin from gardenia fruit
A strategy for attenuation of acute radiation–induced lung injury using crocetin from gardenia fruit
Conclusion: Crocetin inhibits necroptosis through transcriptional regulation of the Tnfrsf10b gene, thereby preventing radiation–induced lung injury. This work may provide a new strategy for the prevention of lung radiation injury by the extract from Chinese herbal medicine.
protective effects of crocetin against radiation–induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells
Background and Aims: treatment options for radiation–induced intestinal injury (RIII) are limited. Crocetin has been demonstrated to exert antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects on various diseases. Here, we investigate the effects of crocetin on RIII in vitro.
Materials and Method: IEC-6 cells exposed to 10 Gy of radiation were treated with different doses of crocetin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM), and cell viability was assessed by CCK-8. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in culture supernatants were measured using colorimetric and ELISA kits, respectively. cellular apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V/PI double staining.
Results: Crocetin dose-dependently improved the survival of irradiated IEC-6 cells with the optimal dose of 10 μM, as indicated by the reduction of cellular apoptosis, decreased levels of MDA, MPO, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ), and increased activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx).
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that crocetin alleviated radiation–induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells, offering a promising agent for radioprotection.
radiation and crocetin therapy for cancer
This thesis is concerned with the effect of crocetin on the radiosensitivity of cancer. It is also concerned with a study of the mechanism of action of crocetin, which presumably increases radiosensitivity by increasing oxygen diffusivity. In vivo studies were conducted using a Walker-256 carcinoma grown in the thigh muscles of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The minimum dose of X-rays necessary to induce cancer regression was first determined. It was then found that lower dosages of irradiation would also cure the tumors provided crocetin was also given to the animals.
Further, it was found that there is an optimum crocetin concentration which is most effective in inducing the cure, as well as an optimum scheduling of the dosages. The data were found to be statistically significant, and crocetin was found to be most effective in the salt form when given on the day before, and immediately after, irradiation. In vitro studies were made using cell cultures of both normal and cancerous rat muscle cells. This was done to determine whether or not crocetin acts on a purely cellular level in the animal or on a systemic level. The first tests showed that crocetin increased cell growth rates, for both normal and cancer cells. Then a similar approach to the in vivo work was adopted for utilizing both radiation and crocetin with the cultures. It was found that the crocetin concentration which induced maximum growth of the tumor cells caused the cells to also be more radiosensitive.
Thus it would appear that the beneficial effects of crocetin are due to an interaction on the cellular level, presumably by causing increased growth due to increased oxygen transport.
Curcuma longa
radioprotective effect of Curcuma longa extract on γ-irradiation–induced oxidative stress in rats
This study was conducted to evaluate the modulatory effect of aqueous extract of species“>Curcuma longa (L.) against γ-irradiation (GR), which induces biochemical disorders in male rats. The sublethal dose of GR was determined in primary hepatocytes. Also, the effect of C. longa extract was examined for its activity against GR. In rats, C. longa extract was administered daily (200 mg/kg body mass) for 21 days before, and 7 days after GR exposure (6.5 Gy). The lipid profile and antioxidant status, as well as levels of transaminases, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) were assessed. The results showed that in hepatocytes, the aqueous extract exhibited radioprotective activity against exposure to GR. exposure of untreated rats to GR resulted in transaminase disorders, lipid abnormalities, elevation of lipid peroxidation, trace element alterations, release of IL-6 and TNF, and decrease in glutathione and protein level of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX-1).
However, treatment of rats with this extract before and after GR exposure improved antioxidant status and minimized the radiation–induced increase in inflammatory cytokines. Changes occurred in the tissue levels of trace elements, and the protein levels of SOD-1 and PRDX-1 were also modulated by C. longa extract. Overall, C. longa exerted a beneficial radioprotective effect against radiation–induced oxidative stress in male rats by alleviating pathological disorders and modulating antioxidant enzymes.
Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that curcumin can be used as an effective radioprotective agent to inhibit acute and chronic effects, but not mortality, after irradiation.
Dendrobium nobile Lindl extract
Conclusion: DNLP can effectively inhibit uvA damage to HFF-1 and prevent cell senescence. Its mechanism of action may increase antioxidant enzyme activity while inhibiting JNK pathway activation and MMPs expression.
Conclusion: Our results suggest D. nobile extract protects retinal pigment epithelia cells from uv– and oxidative stress–damage, which may have a beneficial effect on eye diseases.
An efficient genetically stable regeneration protocol with increased phytochemical production has been established for Dendrobium nobile, a highly prized orchid for its economic and medicinal importance. Protocorm like bodies (PLBs) were induced from the pseudostem segments using thidiazuron (TDZ; 1.5 mg/l), by-passing the conventional auxin–cytokinin complement approach for plant regeneration. Although, PLB induction was observed at higher concentrations of TDZ, plantlet regeneration from those PLBs was affected adversely. The best rooting (5.41 roots/shoot) was achieved in MS medium with 1.5 mg/l TDZ and 0.25% activated charcoal.
Plantlets were successfully transferred to a greenhouse with a survival rate of 84.3%, exhibiting normal development. Genetic stability of the regenerated plants was investigated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism markers which detected 97% of genetic fidelity among the regenerants. The PIC values of RAPD and SCoT primers were recorded to be 0.92 and 0.76 and their Rp values ranged between 3.66 and 10, and 4 and 12 respectively. The amplification products of the regenerated plants showed similar banding patterns to that of the mother plant thus demonstrating the homogeneity of the micropropagated plants. A comparative phytochemical analysis among the mother and the micropropagated plants showed a higher yield of secondary metabolites.
The regeneration protocol developed in this study provides a basis for ex-situ germplasm conservation and also harnesses the various secondary metabolite compounds of medicinal importance present in D. nobile.
Dioscorea opposita extract
effect of dioscorea pills on immunity of mice receiving chemotherapy for ovarian cancer
Objective: To observe the effect of Dioscorea pills on the immunity of mice with ovarian cancer after chemotherapy and its mechanism of action.
Methods: BALB/C mice were randomly divided into blank group, ovarian cancer model group, chemotherapy group and chemotherapy plus TCM (Traditional Chinese medicine) group with 20 mice in each group. Except the blank group, 60 mice in other groups were subcutaneously injected with SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell suspension at the right buttock to build a tumor-bearing mouse model. After tumor formation, the chemotherapy group and the chemotherapy plus TCM group were intraperitoneally injected with Docetaxel. Next day, the chemotherapy plus TCM group was given Dioscorea pills by gavage, while the other three groups were given equal quantity of normal saline. All mice were sacrificed 21 days after treatment. The white blood cell count and serum levels of IL-2 and TNF-α were measured.
Results: Compared with the model group and the ovarian cancer model group, the levels of IL-2 and white blood cell count of the chemotherapy group and the chemotherapy plus TCM group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the levels of TNF-α were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the chemotherapy group, the levels of IL-2 of the chemotherapy plus TCM group were greatly increased (P < 0.05); the level of TNF-α was slightly increased without significant difference (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: Dioscorea pills can improve the immunity of mice with ovarian cancer after chemotherapy.
Conclusion: CYCSE has a therapeutic effect on KDS-Yang-induced ED, and the mechanism includes stimulation of testosterone secretion, resistance to oxidative stress and prevention of fibrosis. These findings provide a new scientific verification for the application of Chinese yam in the treatment of KDS-Yang-induced ED.
Echeveria Lauii extract
Ectoin
With the help of a new ‘uvA stress model’, it was shown that Ectoin protects the skin from the effects of uvAinduced cell damage in a number of different ways. Using cell cultures, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ion exchange chromatography and uv spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that the uvA-induced second messenger release, transcription factor AP-2 activation, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and mitochondrial DNA mutation could be prevented. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that Ectoin counteracts the effects of uvA-induced and accelerated skin aging at different cell levels.
This study was designed to determine the genotoxic effects of visible (400–800 nm) and ultraviolet A (uvA)/visible (315–800 nm) lights on human keratinocytes and CHO cells. The alkaline comet assay was used to quantify DNA–damage. In addition, photo-dependent cytogenetic lesions were assessed in CHO cells by the micronucleus test. Three protective compounds [ectoin, l-ergothioneine (ERT) and mannitol] were tested with the comet assay for their effectiveness to reduce DNA single-strand breaks (SSB). Finally, the genomic photoprotections of two broad-band sunscreens and their tinted analogues were assessed by the comet assay. The WST-1 cytotoxicity assay revealed a decrease of the keratinocyte viability of 30% and 13% for the highest uvA/visible and visible irradiations (15 and 13.8 J/cm2, respectively). Visible as well as uvA/visible lights induced DNA SSB and micronuclei, in a dose-dependent manner. The level of DNA breakage induced by visible light was 50% of the one generated by uvA/visible irradiation. However, uvA radiations were 10 times more effective than visible radiations to produce SSB. The DNA lesions induced by visible and uvA/visible lights were reduced after a 1-h preincubation period with the three tested compounds.
The maximal protective effects were 92.7%, 97.9% and 52.0% for ectoin (0.1 mM), ERT (0.5 mM) and mannitol (1.5 mM), respectively, against visible light and 68.9%, 59.8% and 62.7% for ectoin (0.1 mM), ERT (0.5 mM) and mannitol (1.5 mM), respectively, against uvA/visible light. Thus, visible light was genotoxic on human keratinocytes and CHO cells through oxidative stress mechanisms similar to the ones induced by uvA radiations. The four tested sunscreens efficiently prevented DNA lesions that were induced by both visible and uvA/visible irradiations. The tinted sunscreens were slightly more effective that their colorless analogues. There is a need to complement sunscreen formulations with additional molecules to obtain a complete internal and external photoprotection against both uvA and visible lights.
Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent uvA-induced premature photoaging
With the help of a new ‘uvA stress model’, it was shown that Ectoin protects the skin from the effects of uvA-induced cell damage in a number of different ways. Using cell cultures, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ion exchange chromatography and uv spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that the uvA-induced second messenger release, transcription factor AP-2 activation, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and mitochondrial DNA mutation could be prevented. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that Ectoin counteracts the effects of uvA-induced and accelerated skin aging at different cell levels.
EGCG
Excessive reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) produced by ionizing radiation (IR) can cause human body to serious oxidative damage, leading to oxidation-reduction (REDOX) system imbalance and immune system damage. Here, the radioprotection of EGCG was studied through a model of oxidative damage in 60Coγ radiation mice. Firstly, the weights and the main organs indexes of mice, including the liver index, spleen index and pancreas index, indicated preliminarily the safety and protection of EGCG. Then, the radioprotection of EGCG based on immune-regulation on radiation mice was further investigated.
results suggested that EGCG could prevent significantly the immune system damage caused by 60Coγ via increasing the immune organ index, inducing the transformation of spleen cells into T- and B-lymphocytes, and enhancing the macrophage phagocytosis, compared with model group. In addition, EGCG could also protect spleens of radiation mice from 60Coγ-induced the imbalance of REDOX system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing the level of glutathione (GSH), suppressing lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde, MDA). The antioxidant enzymes activities of serum and livers were also increased markedly. Taken together, our results indicated that EGCG possessed the excellent potential to serve as a natural radioprotector against IR-induced damage.
Conclusion: This trial confirmed that the oral administration of EGCG is an effective and safe method to deal with ARIE. A phase III randomized controlled trial is expected to further corroborate the consequence of EGCG in ARIE treatment.
EGCG, a tea polyphenol, as a potential mitigator of hematopoietic radiation injury in mice
Agents capable of providing protection, mitigation or therapy against radiation injuries have long been of interest of radiation biologists owing to the ever expanding application of radiation in our day to day life despite the well reported ill effects of exposure. The current study investigates radiomitigating potential of EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate), a tea polyphenol with known DNMT inhibitory property, in C57 Bl/6 mice model. treatment with 0.1833 mg/kg body weight EGCG, 1.5 h post-irradiation to lethally whole body irradiated mice rendered 45% survival for 30 days and also helped restoring the body weight of the animals. An early recovery of various hematological parameters was observed in EGCG treated animals compared to radiation alone group.
significant recovery in the number of bone marrow colony forming cells was observed in EGCG treated irradiated animals. EGCG reduced cytogenetic damage to bone marrow cells in radiation exposed mice significantly as studied by micronucleus assay without any significant affect on cell cycle distribution of the bone marrow cells. ELISA assay with bone marrow cell lysates showed EGCG as an inhibitor of HDAC activity and DNAse accessibility assay showed EGCG treatment increased the accessibility of chromatin to the enzyme. The results suggest EGCG provides mitigation against radiation injury to the hemopoietic system of mice and also inhibits HDAC enzyme activity. However, further studies are required to understand its mechanism of action.
Emblica officinalis
protective effect of an extract of Emblica officinalis against radiation–induced damage in mice
The radioprotective effect of Emblica officinalis extract (EOE) was studied in mice. Swiss albino mice were exposed to γ rays (5 Gy) in the absence (control) or presence (experimental) of EOE, orally 100 mg/kg body weight, once daily for 7 consecutive days. A specimen of small intestine (jejunum) was removed from the mice and studied at different autopsy intervals from 12 hours to 30 days. In control animals, crypt cell population, mitotic figures, and villus length were markedly reduced on day 1; these later started to increase progressively but did not attain the normal level even at the last autopsy interval. The animals receiving EOE prior to irradiation had a higher number of crypt cells and mitotic figures when compared with non-drug-treated control at all the autopsy intervals.
irradiation of animals resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in lipid peroxidation and a reduction in glutathione as well as catalase concentration in the intestine at 1 hour post-irradiation. In contrast, EOE treatment before irradiation caused a significant depletion in lipid peroxidation and elevation in glutathione and catalase levels.
The radio protective effect of the fruit pulp of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Emblica) was studied in adult Swiss albino mice. Mice were treated with 2.5g/kg b.wt of Emblica for 10 consecutive days before irradiation and exposed to a single dose of 700 rads (7Gy) of radiation after the last dose. One group was given Emblica continuously for another 15 days after irradiation. Changes in the total leukocyte count, bone marrow viability and hemoglobin were studied after whole body irradiation. Administration of Emblica significantly increased these levels, which were lowered by irradiation. Animals were sacrificed at various time points after irradiation and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and levels of glutathione were assayed in the blood. The damage to the cell membrane after whole body irradiation was studied by measuring the tissue lipid peroxides levels.
Administration of Emblica significantly enhanced the activity of the various antioxidant enzymes and GST as well as glutathione system in the blood. treatment with Emblica also lowered the elevated levels of lipid peroxides in the serum. The data clearly indicated that the extract significantly reduced the bioeffects of radiation. Emblica extract may be useful in reducing the side effects produced during therapeutic radiation.
medicinal plants and their products are often prone to microbial contamination. gamma irradiation is a well-recognized phytosanitary treatment for the elimination of bacteria, moulds and insects. The present study was carried out to see the effect of gamma radiation treatment on the proximate nutrients, ascorbic acid, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloidal content, as well as on the DPPH radical scavenging activity of Emblica officinalis. The radiation treatment up to the dose level of 12 kGy showed increase in the levels of phenolics and flavonoids.
No effect of irradiation was observed on the concentrations of saponins and alkaloids. Tannin content remained unaffected at low doses. gamma irradiation also enhanced the DPPH scavenging activity and extraction yields of the methanol and aqueous extracts of the samples. The proximate analysis showed no significant effect on the levels of moisture, protein, fiber and carbohydrates. The crude fats increased with the increase in gamma irradiation dose.
The data suggest that gamma irradiation up to 12 kGy could safely be used to sanitize the Emblica officinalis fruits and it may also be beneficial for enhancing the certain biological activities and phytochemicals.
Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum
The ethylacetate fraction of Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum (ENE) was shown to reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by γ-radiation and activate antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and gluthathion peroxidase (GPx). ENE protected cells against radiation–induced cellular DNA damage, membrane lipid peroxidation, and protein modification, which are the main points of radiation–induced damage. In addition, ENE recovered cell viability by inhibiting apoptosis after cells were treated with radiation. ENE treatment also reduced γ-radiation induced Bax, and caspase 9 and 3 expression in irradiated cells.
However, irradiated cells with ENE recovered Bcl-2 expression, which was reduced by radiation. This anti-apoptotic effect of ENE was due to the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4 (MKK4/SEK1)-c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades induced by γ-radiation. In summary, these results suggest that ENE protects cells against γ-radiation–induced oxidative stress via the reduction of ROS and attenuation of apoptosis.
This study focused on the protective actions of Empetrum nigrum against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in human HaCaT keratinocytes. An ethyl acetate extract of E. nigrum (ENE) increased cell viability decreased by exposure to UVB rays. ENE also absorbed UVB radiation and scavenged UVB–induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, ENE shielded HaCaT keratinocytes from damage to cellular components (e.g., peroxidation of lipids, modification of proteins, and breakage of DNA strands) following UVB irradiation.
Furthermore, ENE protected against UVB–induced apoptotic cell death, as determined by a reduction in the numbers of apoptotic bodies and sub-G1 hypodiploid cells, as well as by the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential. The results of the current study therefore suggest that ENE safeguards human keratinocytes against UVB–induced cellular damage via the absorption of UVB ray and scavenging of UVB-generated ROS.
Black Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum L.) flavonoids and Their Health Promoting activity
Nowadays, much research attention is focused on underutilized berry crops due to the high antioxidant activity of fruits. Black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum L.) represents an important source of flavonols (quercetin, rutin, myricetin, naringenin, naringin, morin, and kaempferol) and anthocyanins. The fruit components could be utilised as natural colourants or as a part of functional foods and, because of the high antioxidant activity, the berries of black crowberry can be used in the treatment of diseases accompanied with inflammation, or as an effective antibacterial and antifungal remedy.
Moreover, the reduction of lipid accumulation and total cholesterol as well as an improvement of postprandial hyperglycaemia have been proven. This review summarizes for the first time the main antioxidants (flavonoids) of black crowberry fruits, with a focus on their health promoting activity.
Epicatechin
The modulation of longevity genes and aging-associated signaling pathways using pharmacological agents is one of the potential ways to prolong the lifespan and increase the vitality of an organism. Phytochemicals flavonoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a large potential as geroprotectors. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term and short-term consumption of quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen on the lifespan, resistance to stress factors (paraquat, hyperthermia, γ-radiation, and starvation), as well as age-dependent physiological parameters (locomotor activity and fecundity) of Drosophila melanogaster. The long-term treatment with quercetin and (-)-epicatechin didn’t change or decreased the lifespan of males and females. In contrast, the short-term treatment with flavonoids had a beneficial effect and stimulated the resistance to paraquat and acute γ-irradiation.
The short-term ibuprofen consumption had a positive effect on the lifespan of females when it was carried out at the middle age (30–40 days), and to the survival of flies under conditions of oxidative and genotoxic stresses. However, it didn’t change the lifespan of males and females after the treatment during first 10 days of an imago life. Additionally, quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen decreased the spontaneous locomotor activity of males, but had no effect of stimulated the physical activity and fecundity of females. Revealed quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen activity can be associated with the stimulation of stress response mechanisms through the activation of pro-longevity pathways, or the induction of hormesis.
radioprotective effect of epicatechin in cultured human fibroblasts and zebrafish
radiation–induced normal cell damage limits the delivery of high-dose radiation to targeted cancer. This study investigated the effect of epicatechin (EC), a minor component of green tea extracts, on radiation–induced cellular damage in vitro in primary cultured human fibroblasts and in vivo in a zebrafish model. cell viability, proliferation and wound-healing efficacy, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as changes in the signaling pathway related to apoptosis were investigated in fibroblasts.
The therapeutic effects of EC were explored in a zebrafish model. EC increased clonogenic survival and restored the migration ability of the fibroblasts after irradiation. EC inhibited radiation–induced ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. EC significantly reduced the expression of p-JNK, p-38, and cleaved caspase-3 compared with their significant increase after radiation treatment. EC attenuated the radiation–induced embryotoxicity in a zebrafish model.
These results suggest that EC represents an effective means of reducing cellular damage and facilitating wound healing after radiation exposure.
effect of Epicatechin against radiation–induced Oral Mucositis: In Vitro and In Vivo study
Conclusion: This study suggests that EC significantly inhibited radiation–induced apoptosis in keratinocytes and rat oral mucosa and may be a safe and effective candidate treatment for the prevention of radiation–induced mucositis.
Ferulic acid
Our previous study showed that ferulic acid (FA) offered good radioprotection under in vitro and in vivo conditions to DNA and enhanced the DNA repair process in the peripheral blood leucocytes of mice in vivo. This study concerns radioprotection of normal versus tumor cells. Administration of FA (50 mg/kg body weight) to mice bearing fibrosarcoma tumor, 1 h prior to/ or immediately after radiation exposure (4 Gy) showed preferential radioprotection to normal cells i.e. peripheral blood leucocytes and bone marrow cells in comparison to tumor cells. This preferential protection under in vivo conditions could be attributed to poor vasculature in the tumor or peculiar characteristics of the tumor cells either to restrict its entry inside the cells or metabolize or inactivate the drug. To resolve these ex vivo study was carried out using bone marrow and tumor cells. It was found that under ex vivo condition also only bone marrow cells were protected by FA. Thus the studies revealed that FA showed preferential protection to normal cells under both in vivo and ex vivo conditions. (Mol cell Biochem xxx: 1–10, 2005)
radiation protection of DNA by ferulic acid under in vitro and in vivo conditions
The effect of ferulic acid was studied on γ-radiation–induced relaxation of plasmid pBR322 DNA and induction of DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow cells of mice exposed to whole body γ-radiation. Presence of 0.5 mM ferulic acid significantly inhibited the disappearance of supercoiled (ccc) plasmid pBR322 with a dose modifying factor (DMF) of 2.0. Intraperitoneal administration of different amounts (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg body weight) of ferulic acid 1 h prior to 4 Gy γ-radiation exposure showed dose-dependent decrease in the yield of DNA strands breaks in murine peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow cells as evidenced from comet assay. The dose-dependent protection was more pronounced in bone marrow cells than in the blood leukocytes.
It was observed that there was a time-dependent disappearance of radiation induced strand breaks in blood leukocytes (as evidenced from comet parameters) following whole body radiation exposure commensuration with DNA repair. Administration of 50 mg/kg body weight of ferulic acid after whole body irradiation of mice resulted disappearance of DNA strand breaks at a faster rate compared to irradiated controls, suggesting enhanced DNA repair in ferulic acid treated animals.
Role of ferulic acid in the amelioration of ionizing radiation induced inflammation: a murine model
Ionizing radiation is responsible for oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which alters the cellular redox potential. This change activates several redox sensitive enzymes which are crucial in activating signaling pathways at molecular level and can lead to oxidative stress induced inflammation. Therefore, the present study was intended to assess the anti-inflammatory role of ferulic acid (FA), a plant flavonoid, against radiation–induced oxidative stress with a novel mechanistic viewpoint. FA was administered (50 mg/kg body wt) to Swiss albino mice for five consecutive days prior to exposing them to a single dose of 10 Gy 60Co γ-irradiation. The dose of FA was optimized from the survival experiment and 50 mg/kg body wt dose showed optimum effect.
FA significantly ameliorated the radiation induced inflammatory response such as phosphorylation of IKKα/β and IκBα and consequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). FA also prevented the increase of cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (iNOS-2) gene expression, lipid peroxidation in liver and the increase of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum. It was observed that exposure to radiation results in decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the pool of reduced glutathione (GSH) content. However, FA treatment prior to irradiation increased the activities of the same endogenous antioxidants. Thus, pretreatment with FA offers protection against gamma radiation induced inflammation.
Ficus racemosa stem bark
Ficus racemosa stem bark extract: a potent antioxidant and a probable natural radioprotector
Ethanol extract (FRE) and water extract (FRW) of Ficus racemosa (family: Moraceae) were subjected to free radical scavenging both by steady state and time resolved methods such as nanosecond pulse radiolysis and stopped-flow spectrophotometric analyses. FRE exhibited significantly higher steady state antioxidant activity than FRW. FRE exhibited concentration dependent DPPH, ABTS•-, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation with IC50 comparable with tested standard compounds. In vitro radioprotective potential of FRE was studied using micronucleus assay in irradiated Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79). pretreatment with different doses of FRE 1h prior to 2 Gy γ-radiation resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the percentage of micronucleated binuclear V79 cells. Maximum radioprotection was observed at 20 μg/ml of FRE. The radioprotection was found to be significant (P < 0.01) when cells were treated with optimum dose of FRE (20 μg/ml) 1 h prior to 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 Gy γ-irradiation compared to the respective radiation controls. The cytokinesis-block proliferative index indicated that FRE does not alter radiation induced cell cycle delay.
Based on all these results we conclude that the ethanol extract of F. racemosa acts as a potent antioxidant and a probable radioprotector.
The genus Ficus is a very useful and significant group of trees with various therapeutic properties. Ficus racemosa linn. is a standard-sized tree in the Moraceae family, often known as the cluster fig tree. Ficus racemosa is also known as yajnayoga, udumbara, goolar, dumar, bodda, heibong, jantuphalam, dimri, yogga dumur, and many more names. Ficus racemosa may be found in various countries, including Australia, Malaysia, South-East Asia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, New South Wales, and the Indian subcontinent. It grows naturally near bodies of water but may also be grown artificially. Ficus racemosa is a plant referenced in the old Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathic traditions with various medicinal activities like as, antidiuretic, antitussive, antiulcer or gastro-protective, anti-oxidant activity, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antipyretic, anticholinesterase, potential Anticancer activity, antifilarial, wound healing, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, analgesic, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, fungicidal, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, larvicidal, renal anticarcinogenic, cognitive enhancing, and other properties.
This Ficus racemosa review included detailed information on its plant description, habitat, microscopical characteristics, and therapeutic usefulness in many activities.
Phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical trial of Ficus racemosa
Ficus racemosa is an important medicinal plant, found in India, Australia, and Southeast Asia. It is popularly known as ‘gular.’ It reduces blood glucose concentration due to the presence of β-sitosterol. Many active constituents that have been isolated from various parts of this plant possess useful pharmacological activities. The literature survey proposed that it has multiple pharmacological actions that include antidiabetic, antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antifungal, antibacterial, hypolipidemic, antifilarial, and hepatoprotection.
This review article elaborately describes the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of this plant. We also provide useful structures of the secondary metabolites along with their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. Some clinical trial data have also been provided in this review. This review would assist researchers to gather scientific information in future.
French maritime pine bark extract, Flavangenol
A French maritime pine bark extract, Flavangenol®, is widely used as a nutritional supplement for protection against atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, etc. Chronic exposure to solar uv radiation damages skin, increasing cutaneous thickness, wrinkling and pigmentation, as well as reducing elasticity, and causes skin cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of flavangenol on skin damage and the incidence of skin tumors caused by long-term UVB irradiation in melanin-possessing hairless mice. The oral administration of flavangenol (60, 200 or 600 mg kg−1, twice daily) significantly inhibited increases in skin thickness, and the formation of wrinkles and melanin granules, as well as increases in the diameter and length of skin blood vessels.
Furthermore, it prevented increases in numbers of apoptotic, Ki-67-positive and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-positive cells, and the expression of skin vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by chronic UVB irradiation. The effect on these biomarkers was associated with a reduction in the incidence of tumors in mice. The antiphotoaging and anticarcinogenetic activities of flavangenol may be due to inhibition of the expression of Ki-67, 8-OHdG and VEGF through a scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species.
Flavangenol (FG), an extract of French maritime pine bark (Pinus maritime) mainly contains proanthocyanidin in oligomers. It has many physiological effects, including antioxidant and anti-atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of FG on rat collagen-induced arthritis, a model of human rheumatoid arthritis. The rats were fed with the diet of control, 0.3% FG, or 1% FG for 4 wk after the induction of arthritis. The FG diets, compared with the control diet, suppressed the increase in arthritic score and swelling of the paws in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed evidence that the 1% FG diet suppressed acute and chronic articular lesions in the rats. In addition, the FG diets (0.3% and 1%) suppressed the production of nitric oxide in the plasma of the rats.
These results suggest that dietary FG has beneficial effects on collagen-induced arthritis in rats by inhibiting the acute and chronic inflammatory reactions.
Fructus Mori extract
Conclusions: These results indicate that ME protects cognition and neurons in AD-like models induced by Aβ via reduction of tau phosphorylation and apoptosis through GSK-3β inactivation.
Mori Fructus protects Dopaminergic Neurons from the Neurotoxicity in PD Models.
Four polysaccharides, MFPA1, MFPA2, MFPB1, and MFPB2, were isolated from Mori Fructus using DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography. MFPA1 (177 kDa) was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, and xylose, and MFPB1 (165 kDa) was composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, and xylose, while MFPA2 (638 kDa) and MFPB2 (380 kDa) were consisted of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, xylose, and arabinose. These polysaccharides were sulfated to obtained Four sulfated polysaccharides, S-MFPA1, S-MFPA2, S-MFPB1, and S-MFPB2. The characteristic absorptive bands of purified polysaccharides and sulfated polysaccharides were determined by FT-IR. MFPA1, MFPB1, S-MFPA1, and S-MFPB1 showed excellent activities to activate alcohol dehydrogenase in vitro.
Subsequently, it was found that MFPA1 had the strongest antiacute alcoholic liver injury activity through the experiments with acute alcoholic liver injury in mice. These results provide important scientific basis for Mori fructus polysaccharides as a potential therapeutic agent against acute alcoholic liver injury.
Fucodiphlorethol G purified from Ecklonia cava
Fucodiphlorethol G (6’-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenoxy)phenoxy]biphenyl-2,2’,4,4’,6-pentol) is a compound purified from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga that is widely distributed offshore of Jeju Island. This study investigated the protective effects of fucodiphlorethol G against oxidative damage-mediated apoptosis induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Fucodiphlorethol G attenuated the generation of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species in response to UVB irradiation. Fucodiphlorethol G suppressed the inhibition of human keratinocyte growth by UVB irradiation. Additionally, the wavelength of light absorbed by fucodiphlorethol G was close to the UVB spectrum. Fucodiphlorethol G reduced UVB radiation–induced 8-isoprostane generation and DNA fragmentation in human keratinocytes. Moreover, fucodiphlorethol G reduced UVB radiation–induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of apoptotic cells, and active caspase-9 expression.
Taken together, fucodiphlorethol G protected human keratinocytes against UVB radiation–induced cell damage and apoptosis by absorbing UVB radiation and scavenging reactive oxygen species.
Isolation of a new phlorotannin, fucodiphlorethol G, from a brown alga Ecklonia cava
Ecklonia cava is a brown alga (Alariaceae), widely distributed offshore in Jeju Island. In search of anti-oxidative and anti-tyrosinase components from natural products in Jeju, we have been working on E. cava.1 During the phytochemical study on the methanol extract of E. cava, a new phlorotannin-type compound 1, which we named fucodiphlorethol G, was isolated. Phlorotannins are oligo meric compounds using phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxy- benzene) as a basic unit. Some phlorotannins have been identified as the bioactive components in Ecklonia species such as E. cava,2 E. kurome? and E. stolonifera. Described here are the isolation and structure identification of the compound 1.
protective effect of Triphlorethol-A from Ecklonia cava against Ionizing radiation in vitro
We studied the cytoprotective effect of triphlorethol-A against γ-ray radiation– induced oxidative stress. In this study, hydrogen peroxide, which is a reactive oxygen species (ROS), was detected using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. Triphlorethol-A reduced intracellular hydrogen peroxide generated by γ-ray radiation. This compound provided protection against radiation–induced membrane lipid peroxidation and cellular DNA damage which are the main targets of radiation–induced damage. Triphlorethol-A protected the cell viability damaged by the radiation through inhibition of apoptosis. Triphlorethol-A reduced the expression of bax and activated caspase 3 induced by radiation, but recovered the expression of bcl-2 decreased by radiation.
Taken together, the results suggest that triphlorethol-A protects cells against oxidative damage induced by radiation through reducing ROS.
Ganoderma lucidum
radioprotective effect of Ganoderma Lucidum (Leyss, ex. Fr.) Karst after X-ray irradiation in Mice
Six to seven week old male mice of ICR strain were exposed to 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray during experiments to determine if Ganoderma lucidumcould be a factor in modification of radiation damage. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of the extract from Ganoderma lucidum before of after irradiation of 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray was found to improve the 30-day survival fractions of ICR mice, but wasn’t significant by statistical analysis. The administration also enhanced the recoveries of the body weights and increased the recovery of hemograms of irradiated mice from radiation damage by injecting before or after radiation exposure, especially for the treatment of 500 cGy irradiation. The 10-day CFUs was significantly higher for Ganoderma lucidum treated groups than for untreated groups.
However, the differences of radioprotective effect between the X-ray irradiated groups with Ganoderma lucidum pretreated and post-treated were not significant (p>0.05).
radioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on irradiated mice
Objective radiation can cause multiple damages to tissues and organs. This study aimed to explore the protec-tive effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ( GLPs) against the 60 Co-γray radiation injury in mice and provide an experimental basis for the clinical use of GLPs. Methods One hundred mice were randomly divided into five groups of equal number normal control, gavage control, radiation control, high-dose GLPs, and low-dose GLPs. Models of radiation injury were made in the mice by whole-body exposure to 60 Co-γrays. Three days before and after mod-eling, the animals in the high-dose and low-dose GLPs groups were given GLPs intragastrically at the dose of 100 and 50 mg/kg respec-tively, once daily for 14 days. Then the 30 day survival rate and sur-vival time of the model mice were recorded and the changes in the pe-ripheral blood index, spleen index, and serum superoxide dismutase( SOD) activity were observed. results GLPs significantly increased the 30-day survival rate and the mean survival time of the mouse models (P<0.05), decreased the reduction of WBC count in the peripheral blood, and shortened the time of WBC restoration ( P<0.05 ).
Furthermore, GLPs obviously improved the spleen index and SOD activity of the Co-γray irradiated animals. Conclusion GLPs, with a significant anti-radiation effect, can effectively raise the survival rate of the mice exposed to a lethal dose of 60 Co-γrays, reduce radiation injury to WBC and platelets, and increase the activity of SOD in irradiated mice.
radioprotective and Anticancer Efficacies of Ganoderma Lucidum in a Mouse tumor Model
Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate the antitumor and radioprotective efficacies of GL, which are likely mediated by protection against oxidative stress and preservation of immune cell populations.
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract
Gardenia jasminoides protects against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis
Conclusion: These results suggest that GJ attenuated the severity of AP as well as pancreatitis-associated lung injury.
Geniposide, a main iridoid glucoside component of gardenia fruit, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity. However, its potential use for acute lung injury (ALI) has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of geniposide using a mouse ALI model. ALI was induced by intranasal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). pretreatment of mice with geniposide (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) resulted in a marked reduction in inflammatory cells and total protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice. levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), were significantly altered after treatment with geniposide. Histological studies using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining demonstrate that geniposide substantially inhibited LPS-induced alveolar wall changes, alveolar haemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration in lung tissue, with evidence of reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity.
In addition, we investigated potential signal transduction mechanisms that could be implicated in geniposide activity. Our results suggest that geniposide may provide protective effects against LPS-induced ALI by mitigating inflammatory responses and that the compound’s mechanism of action may involve blocking nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signalling pathway activation.
Crocetin is a natural carotenoid dicarboxylic acid that is found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Cape Jasmine) and in the stamen and pistil of Crocus sativus L. (saffron). It is used worldwide as an important spice, food colorant, and herbal medicine. In the current investigation, we have examined the cardiovascular effects of crocetin using stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). Male SHRSPs (6 weeks old) were classified into three groups: a control group and two crocetin groups (25 and 50 mg/kg/day). The animals were given crocetin for 3 weeks. Body weights in each group were not significantly different during the treatment period, but the increase in systolic blood pressures observed with age was significantly moderated by crocetin. Thrombogenesis, assessed using a He-Ne laser technique in pial vessels, was significantly decreased. antioxidant activity, assessed by measuring urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels, together with urinary nitric oxide (NO) metabolite levels, was increased significantly after treatment. Acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was measured using the aorta and indicated that endothelial function was significantly improved by crocetin.
These results strongly suggest that the antihypertensive and antithrombotic effects of crocetin were related to an increase in bioavailable NO, possibly mediated by decreased inactivation of NO by reactive oxygen species.
garlic
Conclusion: It can be stated that garlic is may be recommended to be sufficiently included in the diets of radiotherapy patients considering its antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy.
To evaluate a radioprotective effect of sodium n-propyl thiosulfate (NPTS) and sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate (2PTS) derived from onions and garlic, respectively, rat hepatoma H4IIE cells and mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells were preincubated with each of these compounds for 48 hours at 37°C before receiving 10 Gy of X-ray irradiation. cell damage caused by the irradiation was quantified as comet tail moment, which represents the degree of DNA damage. X-ray-induced DNA damage was significantly decreased in both H4IIE and L5178Y cells by micromolar concentrations of NPTS and 2PTS compared with the control without the compounds.
The protective effect was more potent with 2PTS than NPTS. Onions and garlic have anti-radiation potential.
The radioprotective effect of garlic on four bacterial strains with different degrees of radiation sensitivities was investigated. The presence of garlic led to an increase in d-10 value of Ps. Aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. typhimurium by 160%, 50%, and 30% respectively. The protective efficiency of garlic against radiation was noticed to be proportional to its concentration in a given inoculum size. Garlic extract up to 180 micro liter per 108 inoculum size of B. cereus showed no protective effect. This fact was attributed to the existence of sulphur compounds in the given strain. Higher garlic concentrations appeared to affect the cloning efficiency of a given strain.
Genistein
Conclusion: In this review, we examine the role of flavonoids as potential radiosensitizers, review the underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss their potential usefulness in improving cancer radiotherapy. It is emphasized that obtaining a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the combined action of flavonoids and ionizing radiation may provide new directions for radiobiological research applicable to the much needed enhanced selective tumor cytotoxicity to treatment agents.
radioprotective effects of genistein on HL-7702 cells via the inhibition of apoptosis and DNA damage
radiation induced normal tissue damage is the most important limitation for the delivery of a high potentially curative radiation dose. Genistein (GEN), one of the main soy isoflavone components, has drawn wide attention for its bioactivity in alleviating radiation damage. However, the effects and molecular mechanisms underlying the radioprotective effects of GEN remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that low concentration of GEN (1.5 µM) protected L-02 cells against radiation damage via inhibition of apoptosis, alleviation of DNA damage and chromosome aberration, down-regulation of GRP78 and up-regulation of HERP, HUS1 and hHR23A. In contrast, high concentration of GEN (20 µM) demonstrated radiosensitizing characteristics through the promotion of apoptosis and chromosome aberration, impairment of DNA repair, up-regulation of GRP78, and down-regulation of HUS1, SIRT1, RAD17, RAD51 and RNF8.
These findings shed light on using low, but not high-concentration GEN, as a potential candidate for adjuvant therapy to alleviate radiation–induced injuries to human recipients of ionizing radiation.
Genistein As radioprotective Against Premature Ovarian Failure
Radiotherapy is one of the most important strategies in cancer treatment. Seriously, radiotherapy resulted in premature ovarian failure (POF) and infertility, Radiotherapy depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells as a result of water radiolysis leading to induction of oxidative stress and diminution of antioxidant defense mechanisms and within this process, healthy tissues are also damaged. Moreover, germ cells seem to be much more susceptible to oxidative stress induced by radiotherapy than somatic cells. Seriously, ROS generated by ionizing radiation are capable of inducing tissue apoptosis by direct and indirect pathways leading to oxidative damage of cellular macromolecules (mainly DNA, proteins and lipids). Curiously, apoptosis was identified as the mechanism responsible for oocyte loss caused by radiotherapy. Soybeans products contain high amounts of isoflavones known as soy phytoestrogens which act as natural selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). The most prominant phytoestrogen in soybean is genistein (GEN), which shows estrogenic properties through estrogen receptor beta (ER-β) binding. GEN has different pharmacological properties through its chemoprotective activity against cancers and cardiovascular diseases. GEN was also reported to protect against acute myelotoxicity, intestinal, lung, and testicular injuries-induced by radiation.
The radioprotective effects of GEN was attributed to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatoryand anti-fibrotic activities. Concerning its effects on the ovaries, previous report confirmed the protective effect of GEN against ovarian carcinogenesis. Also, GEN slowed down follicular development, considerably improving the ovarian follicular stock and extend the ovarian lifespan. In this context, GEN was documented to delay ovarian ageing and prolong ovarian reproductive life, besides its protective effect against chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced ovarian toxicity.
Geraniin
The radioprotective effect of geraniin, a tannin compound isolated from Nymphaea tetragona Georgi var. (Nymphaeaceae), against γ-radiation–induced damage was investigated in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells. Geraniin recovered cell viability detected by MTT test and colony formation assay, which was compromised by γ-radiation, and reduced the γ-radiation–induced apoptosis by the inhibition of loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Geraniin protected cellular components (lipid membrane, cellular protein, and DNA) damaged by γ-radiation, which was detected by lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation, and comet assay. Geraniin significantly reduced the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by γ-radiation, which was detected using spectrofluorometer, flow cytometer, and confocal microscope after 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. Geraniin normalized the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, which were decreased by γ-radiation. These results suggest that geraniin protects cells against radiation–induced oxidative stress via enhancing of antioxidant enzyme activities and attenuating of cellular damage.
Geraniin down regulates gamma radiation–induced apoptosis by suppressing DNA damage
gamma ray irradiation triggers DNA damage and apoptosis of proliferating stem cells and peripheral immune cells, resulting in the destruction of intestinal crypts and lymphoid system. Geraniin is a natural compound extracts from an aquatic plant Nymphaea tetragona and possesses good antioxidant property. In this study, we demonstrate that geraniin rescues radiosensitive splenocytes and jejunal crypt cells from radiation–induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Isolated splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice treated with geraniin were protected against radiation injury of 2 Gy irradiation through the enhancement of the proliferation and attenuation of DNA damage. Also, geraniin inhibited apoptosis in radiosensitive splenocytes by reducing the expression level and immunoreactivity of proapoptotic p53 and Bax and increasing those of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. In mice exposed to radiation, geraniin treatment protected splenocytes and intestinal crypt cells from radiation–induced cell death.
Our results suggest that geraniin presents radioprotective effects by regulating DNA damage on splenocytes, exerting immunostimulatory capacities and inhibiting apoptosis of radiosensitive immune cells and jejunal crypt cells. Therefore, geraniin can be a radioprotective agent against γ-irradiation exposure.
Geraniin Promotes Recovery of Hematopoietic cells after radiation Injury
cells of the hematopoietic system are uniquely radiosensitive due to their rapid proliferation. Consequently, immune suppression readily and undesirably results from irradiation. Our previous studies demonstrated that geraniin isolated from Nymphaea tetragona var. angusta (water lily) had a protective effect on the splenocytes and intestinal tract of irradiated mice. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of geraniin, an ellagitannin isolated from the water lily, in decreasing gamma ray irradiation–induced destruction of the hematopoietic system in mice. Geraniin treatment improved the survival time of bone marrow cells and maintained bone marrow integrity and also up-regulated the expression of stem cell receptors and the extent of cell mitosis. Geraniin also enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of immune cells that had been suppressed by irradiation.
These results suggest geraniin is a promising agent for reconstituting hematopoietic cells after exposure to irradiation.
Ginkgo biloba L
Conclusions: This study demonstrated that G. biloba, through its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, successfully attenuated 99mTc-sestamibi radiation–induced oxidative organ injury. The latter is a crucial factor of cataractogenesis in rats, suggesting that G. biloba may have a potential benefit in the protection against radiopharmaceuticals.
radioprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba via its antioxidant Action
In relation to modern therapeutics, the extract termed “EGb 761”, present in many other recently commercialized products, is a well-defined preparation of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba that is generally used to treat brain disorders including dementias, neurosensory problems and peripheral circulatory disturbances. This paper discusses the radioprotective effects of EGb 761, with an introduction about free radicals and their role in the radiation–induced oxidative damage.
THE radioprotective effect OF flavonoids FROM GINKGO BILOBA LEAVES
Three water extracts of GBF were prepared (lowdosage 10 mg/100 ml, medium dosage 20 mg/100 ml and high dosage 100 mg/100 ml) and orally administered to mice . After 10 d, the mice were exposed to 8.5Gy -rays. After another 10 d of oral administration, the survival rates were recorded in 30 d. In another experiment, six groups of mice (three GBF groups, radiation control, normal control and cyclophosphamide group) were arranged. The first three groups were orally administered with low, medium and high dosage of GBF respectively for 11d; the other three groups with distilled water. Then the three GBF groups and radiation group were exposed to 1.0Gy -rays. Then they were orally administered again in the following 7d .
Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone-marrow and sperms (AFS) in mice were observed on the 21st day after termination of oral administration. Proliferation rates of lymphocyte (PRL) were determined in the three GBF groups and normal control.
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Cardioprotective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract Against Doxorubicin- induced Toxicity
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (GUE) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Imprinting control region (ICR) mice were treated with saline, DOX (20 mg/kg intraperitoneal [ip] for once), GUE (100 mg/kg intragastric [ig] for 8 days), co-treatments with DOX and GUE (100 mg/kg ig for 8 days), and amifostine (100 mg/kg intravenous [iv] for once), respectively. Serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity, and glutathione (GSH) level in heart tissue were measured. Histopathologic analysis of heart tissue was also performed. treatment with GUE significantly protected the mice from DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, indicated by decreased levels of serum LDH and CK-MB, improved heart morphology and increased GSH-PX activity and GSH level.
Additionally, GUE did not compromise the tumor–inhibitory effect of DOX. In conclusion, our studies imply the potentially clinical application of GUE to overcome the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin.
Conclusions: This study validated the medicinal usefulness of radices Glycyrrhiza uralensis against the etiological agents of HFMD. In addition to the identification of GA as the antiviral component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis against EV71 and CVA16 infection, this study also reveals that GA inhibits EV71 and CVA16 with distinct mechanisms.
Antimicrobial effects against Oral Pathogens and Cytotoxicity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract
We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and its biocompatibility for dental applications. The antimicrobial activity of the G. uralensis extracts at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 µg/mL was assessed using agar disk diffusion tests, counting the total number of colony-forming units (CFUs), spectrophotometric growth inhibitory assays, and microbial morphology observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Merin, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
We measured the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of G. uralensis extracts using ultraviolet–visible spectrometry and the cytotoxicity of these extracts using an MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. We identified that G. uralensis extracts had significant antimicrobial effects against S. mutans and C. albicans. The optical density of the experimental groups significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. SEM images revealed that the G. uralensis extract affected the morphology and density of S. mutans and C. albicans. The extract concentration of flavonoids, but not polyphenols, increased with increasing concentrations of the G. uralensis extract.
Furthermore, cell viabilities were more than 70% for G. uralensis extracts with concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL. naturally derived G. uralensis is biocompatible and exhibits an excellent antimicrobial effect against oral pathogens such as S. mutans and C. albicans. Thus, G. uralensis extracts can be used for the development of oral products that treat and prevent oral diseases.
GPC (grape procyanidins)
The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic antioxidant potential and protective effect of grape seed procyanidins (GSP) in combination with Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharides (AAP IV) on radiation injury in splenocytes. Rat splenocyte irradiation resulted in significantly higher apoptosis rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.005), reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.01); cell viability, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (p < 0.01), catalase (CAT) (p < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (p < 0.05), activity and glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.01) levels were significantly reduced, compared with the control group. “GSP + AAP IV” treatment of rat splenocytes at doses of “GSP (0.3 μg/mL) + AAP IV (50 μg/mL)” displayed higher radioprotective and antioxidative effects than the administration of either GSP or AAP IV, as evident by lower levels of MDA (p < 0.001) concentration, as well as higher cell viability and T-SOD (p < 0.05), CAT (p < 0.005), GSH-PX (p < 0.01) and GSH content compared to the radiation group. In addition, in vivo studies have shown that “GSP + AAP IV” significantly ameliorated the decrease of spleen index (p < 0.005) and spleen GSH (p < 0.005) levels and significantly inhibited the increase of MDA (p < 0.005) levels of spleen with radiation–induced damage, compared with the non-treated group.
The in vivo and in vitro results suggested that GSP and AAP IV have a synergistic protective effect against radiation–induced injury by improving the antioxidant and immunomodulation activities.
study on protective effect of grape procyanidins in radiation injury in radiation-contacted persons
Conclusion: GPC should have protective effects on radiation injury of the radiation-contacted persons.
protective effect of grape procyanidins on oxidiation injury in people exposed to nuclear radiation
Conclusion: GPC can to some extent protect people exposed to nuclear radiation from oxidiation injury.
Grewia asiatica
The radioprotective effect of Grewia asiatica fruit (GAE) which contains anthocyanin-type cyanidin 3-glucoside, vitamins C and A, minerals, carotenes and dietary fibre was studied. For the study Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups: (1) control (vehicle treated); (2) GAE treated (700 mg kg−1 day−1 for 15 days); (3) irradiated (5 Gy); (4) GAE+irradiated and (5) irradiated+GAE treated. The irradiation of animals resulted in a significant elevation of lipid peroxidation in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and depletion in glutathione (GSH) and protein levels at all intervals studied, namely 1–30 days, in comparison to the control group. treatment of mice with GAE before and after irradiation caused a significant depletion in TBARS content followed by a significant elevation in GSH and protein concentration in the intestine and testis of mice at all post-irradiation autopsy intervals in comparison to irradiated mice. significant protection of DNA and RNA in testis was also noticed. GAE was found to have strong radical scavenging activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) and O2− assays and also showed in vitro radioprotective activity in protein carbonyl assay in a dose-dependent manner.
The above results prove the radioprotective efficacy of GAE.
radioprotective role of Grewia asiatica in mice blood
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radioprotective effect of Grewia asiatica fruit pulp extract (GAE) on Swiss albino mice against radiation induced hematological and biochemical alterations. Swiss albino mice (6–8 weeks) were divided into four groups. Group I (normal) without any treatment. Group II (Drug) was orally supplemented (GAE) once daily at the dose of 700 mg / kg. b.wt / day for 15 days. Group III (control) only irradiated group. GroupIV (Drug+IR) was administered same as group II, then exposed to 5Gy of gamma radiation.
Mice were sacrificed at 24 and 72 hours post irradiation. radiation induced deficit in different blood constituents GSH, GSH-Px, sugar, and protein levels in serum could be significantly increased, whereas radiation induced elevation of lipid peroxidation and cholesterol level was markedly decreased in GAE pre-treated animals than control group. It showed that GAE provides protection against radiation–induced alterations in blood of Swiss albino mice.
The radioprotective efficacy of methanolic extract of Grewia asiatica (Phalsa) fruit (GAE) against whole body gamma radiation was studied in Swiss albino mice. After drug toxicity test, the oral administration of 700 mg//kg body weight /day of GAE for 15 consecutive days before exposure to 10 Gy of ? radiation was found to afford maximum protection as evidenced by the highest number of survivors after 30 days post irradiation. At this dose level GAE was found to be effective against different levels of radiation doses. LD50/30 value of 6.21 for irradiation alone (control) and 9.53 for Grewia asiatica + irradiation group (experimental) was obtained; a dose reduction factor (DRF) 1.53 was calculated.
The mice of experimental group exhibited significant modulation of radiation– induced decreases of reduced glutathione (GSH) and radiation– induced increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the whole brain and liver at 24 hours after radiation exposure.
Hemidesmus indicus
radiation protection of DNA and membrane in vitro by extract of Hemidesmus indicus
radioprotective effect of H. indicus root extract on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and plasmid DNA was examined. Hemidesmus indicus (HI) root extract was found to protect microsomal membranes as evident from reduction in lipid peroxidation values. The extract could also protect DNA from radiation induced strand breaks.
This study was carried out to determine the chemoprotective potential of a polyherbal aqueous decoction comprised of Nigella sativa (seeds), Hemidesmus indicus (roots), and Smilax glabra (rhizome) against bleomycin induced cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes. Isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were exposed to bleomycin at a dose of 40 µg/mL for 2 hrs in the presence or absence of different doses of the decoction (100, 300, and 600 µg/mL). Modulatory effect of the decoction on bleomycin induced cytogenetic damage was evaluated by (a) degree of chromosomal aberrations (CA), (b) formation of micronuclei (MN), and (c) induction of γH2AX foci in lymphocytes exposed to bleomycin. Lymphocytes pretreated with the decoction showed that a significant reduction () in bleomycin induced (a) stable and unstable chromosome aberrations (CA), (b) MN formation, and (c) formation of H2AX foci, when compared to lymphocytes treated only with bleomycin.
The decoction by itself did not induce any significant cytogenetic damage in PBLs. Overall results of the present study confirm that the decoction can attenuate the cytogenetic damage mediated by bleomycin in human PBLs.
Hemidesmus indicus commonly known as Anantmool belongs to the family of Periplocaceae and it is used as a folk medicine and found to be an important medicinal ingredient from ancient ayurveda period to this 20 th century. This climbing vine plant is a common inhabitant of Gangetic India and West Benagl. It has several medicinal properties varying from anti-cancerous activity, chemopreventive activity, wound healing power to immuno-modulatory activity, anti-diarrheal activity, antioxidant properties; also anti-venom properties, anti-leprotic properties to diuretic activities.
Herba Agrimoniae
neuroprotective effects of Agrimoniae Herba against Intrastriatal Hemorrhage in Rats
Conclusion: These results suggest that AH plays an anti-apoptotic neuroprotective effect through control of ISH, suppression of c-Fos, and down-regulation of MMP-9 and MMP-12 expressions in the brain tissues.
Antimicrobial activities and food preservative effects of Agrimoniae herba
Ethanol extract of Agrimoniae Herba showed strong antimicarobial activity againt Listeria monocytogenes, Staphlococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila The growth of tested organisms was significantly inhibited above 4 log in tryptic soy broth with about 0.12%(w/v) of Agrimoniae Herba after incubation for 12 hrs at 37℃. Antimicrobial activity of Agrimoniae Herba was decreased by heat treatment at above 80℃. But Agrimoniae Herba showed strong inhibitory effect after heat treatment at 121℃ for 15 min. The growth of L. monocytogenes was inhibited by addition of 0.6% Agrimoniae Herba in food system (ham homogenate).
Discussion: Taken together, these findings indicate that Agrimoniae Herba may be used as a form of pharmaceutical acupuncture therapy in the treatment of brain inflammation.
Hippophae rhamnoides
radioprotective and antioxidant activity of Fractionated extracts of Berries of Hippophae rhamnoides
plants are an abundant source of medicinal compounds, some of which are useful in combating free radical-mediated oxidative stress. In the present study, initially two fractions designated REC-1001 (flavonoid-rich fraction) and REC-1002 (flavonoid-poor fraction) of Hippophae rhamnoides were screened on the basis of their reducing power in the aqueous phase. REC-1001 was selected for further study, since it exhibited 27.38 times higher antioxidant activity than REC-1002. REC-1001 also showed significant (P < .05) membrane protection potential at 50 μg/mL, which was attributed to its ability to scavenge peroxyl radicals (64.82 ± 1.25% scavenging within 1,440 min).
A significant (P < .05) difference of 67.02% in free radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ng/mL between REC-1001 and vitamin E demonstrated the extract fraction’s worth in radiation protection. Such activities were attributed to the presence of quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol in this fraction. Further, REC-1001 was found to be nontoxic up to 200 mg/kg of body weight. This research suggests that the REC-1001 fraction of H. rhamnoides extract is a safe and effective antioxidant nutraceutical product.
Whole-Body radioprotective effects of SBL-1: A Preparation From Leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides
The radioprotective effects of Hippophae rhamnoides (common name, sea buckthorn) leaf extract, designated SBL-1, were investigated in Swiss Albino strain ‘A’ mice. Against 100% mortality in whole-body irradiated (60Co-gamma-rays, 10 Gy) controls, a single dose of the SBL-1 rendered >90% survivors when administered 30 min before irradiation and 90% to 80% survivors when administered 1 to 4 h before irradiation. SBL-1 activated proliferation of hemopoietic stem cells countered a radiation–induced decrease in total thiols and an increase in free radicals in plasma and liver; inhibited lipid peroxidation, and normalized the liver alkaline phosphatase activity.
This study demonstrated high radioprotective potential of H. rhamnoides leaves.
Houttuynia cordata
Conclusion: The main active components of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. have a potential pharmacological effect against RILI via the cancer pathways, TNF signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
Conclusion: H. cordata extracts and its bioactive molecules were shown to have both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. As both in vitro and in vivo studies were shown that H. cordata did not have any toxicity on the various model systems used, future clinical studies will hopefully make an impact on the future direction of treating inflammation-related diseases.
Houttuynia cordata Thunb (Saururaceae) is a traditional medicinal herb used to treat several disease symptoms. The present study was focused on the hepatoprotective effects of H. cordata ethyl acetate extract in experimental mice. Further the antioxidant potential of the extract was also evaluated to substantiate its hepatoprotective properties. Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in mice was used to measure the serum biochemical parameters. Morphological changes in hepatocyte architecture were studied by haematoxylin and eosin staining. In vitro alkyl and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant effect. Administration of H. cordata extract significantly reduced the elevated serum levels and regulated the altered levels of serum cholesterol in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice (P<0.05). The morphological changes in hepatocyte architecture were also reversed by H. cordata treatment.
Further, the extract showed significant antioxidant actions by scavenging the alkyl and hydroxyl free radicals. The concentration of the extract necessary for 50% scavenging of alkyl and hydroxyl radicals was 15.5 and 410 μg/ml, respectively. H. cordata extract exhibited significant hepatoprotective property in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The strong antioxidant activities possessed by the extract might be responsible for such actions.
IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin
Conclusion: The study failed to show efficacy of orally-adminstered GSPE in patients with breast induration following radiotherapy for breast cancer.
Comparison of proanthocyanidins in commercial antioxidants: grape seed and pine bark extracts
The major constituents in grape seed and pine bark extracts are proanthocyanidins. To evaluate material available to consumers, select lots were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) LC/MS was used to identify monomers, dimers, and trimers present. GC/MS analyses led to the identification of ethyl esters of hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, as well as smaller phenolic and terpene components. The GPC molecular weight (MW) distribution indicated components ranging from ∼162 to ∼5500 MW (pine bark less than 1180 MW and grape seed ∼1180 to ∼5000 MW). MALDI-TOF MS analyses showed that pine bark did not contain oligomers with odd numbers of gallate units and grape seed contained oligomers with both odd and even numbers of gallate.
Reflectron MALDI-TOF MS identified oligomers up to a pentamer and heptamer, and linear MALDI-TOF MS showed a mass range nearly double that of reflectron analyses.
Diets containing grape seed extract (GSE)
control, GSE [low GSE, low GSE + methionine, high GSE, and high GSE + methionine], or α-tocopherolwere fed to broiler chicks to estimate the antioxidative activity of GSE in processed meat. GSE was detrimental to the growth of chicks, and methionine did not reverse the detrimental effect. GSE with 85.4 g of gallic acid equiv/100 g (GAE 85.4) was added to ground dark turkey meat to obtain treatments with no GSE, 1.0% GSE, and 2.0% GSE and then processed as unsalted or salted and unheated or heated.
Processed treatments were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and percent expressible moisture (%EM). GSE at 1.0 and 2.0% decreased TBARS values nearly 10-fold as compared to the control. GSE (1.0%) had a %EM value significantly greater than that of the control. GAE 85.4 decreased TBARS values more than GAE 88.9.
Ishige okamurae
The aim of this study was to evaluate the radioprotective effects of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC), isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, in mice subjected to gamma irradiation. DPHC significantly decreased the level of radiation–induced intracellular reactive oxygen species in cultured Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells (p < 0.05), enhanced cell viability that decreased after exposure to γ-rays, and reduced radiation–induced apoptosis in the V79-4 cells.
pretreatment with DPHC (100 mg/kg) in mice prior to irradiation significantly protected the intestinal crypt cells in the jejunum (p < 0.01) and maintained villi height (p < 0.01), compared with those of the vehicle-treated irradiated group. Mice pretreated with DPHC also exhibited dose-dependent increases in the bone marrow cell viability. The dose-reduction factor for gamma irradiation in the DPHC-pretreated mice was 2.05 at 3.5 days after irradiation.
These results suggest that DHPC plays a role in protecting cells from irradiation–induced apoptosis, through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species in vitro, and that DPHC significantly protected intestinal progenitor cells and bone marrows cells that were decreased by gamma irradiation in vivo.
In this study, the effects of a polysaccharide purified from the celluclast extract of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented Ishige okamurae (CPFI) against gamma ray-irradiation–induced oxidative stress were investigated in a zebrafish model. CPFI showed an increased extraction yield and high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities. It was further purified using anion-exchange chromatography, and among the six fractions obtained, fraction 2 (AP2), with high glucose and mannose contents, exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity. AP2 improved zebrafish survival and reduced malformations, such as yolk sac oedema and the occurrence of a bent tail. It also reduced cell death and the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the zebrafish. Taken together, these results indicate that the AP2 polysaccharide has radioprotective and antioxidant effects, and is a value-added source of functional food ingredients.
Juglans regia
Conclusion: The present findings suggest that MEJR exhibit photoprotective effects and hence it may be useful for the treatment of inflammation related responses. The pharmacological mechanism of MEJR partly associated with its uv absorbance, modulation of inflammatory signaling as well as due to its free radical scavenging capability.
Fresh walnut seeds are vulnerable to germination during room-temperature storage, which can be delayed or inhibited by gamma radiation. However, the inhibitory mechanism involves the expression of multiple genes and remains unclear. ‘Liaohe 2’ fresh walnut seeds were exposed to a wide-spectrum dose of 60Co gamma rays and then stored in sand under a suitable humidity at 25 ± 1 °C. Six transcriptome libraries of walnut embryos irradiated at 0 and 50 Gy were investigated at 0, 6 and 12 d of storage using RNA-seq. The results showed that a total of 177 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was detected between the GR0d vs CK0d seeds. With gamma radiation, 471 genes were upregulated and 2835 genes could not be upregulated during the germination of untreated walnuts. Additionally, 1212 genes could not be downregulated, and 166 genes were downregulated. Glutathione and non-homologous end-joining were upregulated immediately after gamma radiation.
In total, 23 upregulated genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and signal transduction pathways were identified during early seed germination, and 79 genes related to ribosomal proteins could not be upregulated at 6 d after gamma radiation. The levels of both abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) increased rapidly at 0 d, and the w(GA3)/w(ABA) ratio decreased significantly at 12 d after gamma radiation. In conclusion, a possible mechanism by which gamma radiation inhibits the germination of fresh walnuts was proposed as follows: gamma radiation first induced a series of stress responses, including the ROS scavenging system and TFs, and prevented the upregulated expression of ribosomal protein genes from 0 to 6 d, resulting in the inhibition of cell division, which is a likely key starting point for germination inhibition. Finally, a hormonal imbalance occurred, and the suppression of the upregulation of stored lipid breakdown genes from 6 to 12 d in treated nuts is proposed as the critical reason for the inhibition of fresh walnut germination by gamma radiation.
Korean Red Ginseng
Radiation–induced oral mucositis is a dose-limiting toxic side effect for patients with head and neck cancer. Numerous attempts at improving radiation–induced oral mucositis have not produced a qualified treatment. Ginseng polysaccharide has multiple immuno-protective effects. Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on radiation–induced damage in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and in an in vivo zebrafish model. radiation inhibited HaCaT cell proliferation and migration in a cell viability assay and wound healing assay, respectively. KRG protected against these effects. KRG attenuated the radiation–induced embryotoxicity in the zebrafish model.
Irradiation of HaCaT cells caused apoptosis and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). KRG inhibited the radiation–induced apoptosis and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and stabilized the radiation–induced loss of MMP. Western blots revealed KRG-mediated reduced expression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM), p53, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and cleaved caspase-3, compared with their significant increase after radiation treatment. The collective results suggest that KRG protects HaCaT cells by blocking ROS generation, inhibiting changes in MMP, and inhibiting the caspase, ATM, p38 and JNK pathways.
Conclusion: Taken together, our data suggest that RGSF can be considered and developed for use as an effective radioprotective agent with minimal adverse effects.
effect of Korean Red Ginseng on radiation–induced bone loss in C3H/HeN mice
This study investigated the effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on radiation–induced bone loss in C3H/HeN mice. C3H/HeN mice were divided into sham and irradiation (3 Gy, gamma-ray) groups. The irradiated mice were treated for 12 wk with vehicle, KRG (per os, p.o.) or KRG (intraperitoneal). Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, estradiol level, and biomechanical properties were measured. Tibiae were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. treatment of KRG (p.o., 250 mg/kg of body weight/d) significantly preserved trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, structure model index, and bone mineral density of proximal tibia metaphysic, but did not alter the uterus weight of the mice. Serum ALP level was slightly reduced by KRG treatment. However, grip strength, mechanical property, and cortical bone architecture did not differ among the experimental groups.
The results indicate that KRG can prevent radiation–induced bone loss in mice.
L-Cysteine CAS 52-90-4
Gamma sterilization of bone allografts is used as a gold standard method to provide safety against disease transmission. However, it is well documented that high dose levels of ionizing radiation can degrade bone mechanical properties. This effect, which is attributed to the formation of free radicals through radiolysis of the water content of collagen, can lead to post-implantation difficulties such as pre-failure and/or secondary fractures of bone allografts.
Recently, treatment of irradiated allografts with free radical scavengers is used to protect them against radiation–induced damages. This study aimed to investigate the radioprotective role of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) during the gamma sterilization of the cortical bone of bovine femurs using the compressive test. Totally, 195 cubic specimens with a dimension of 5 × 5 × 3 cubic mm were divided into 13 groups including a control and 12 experimental groups exposed to 18, 36, and 70 kGy at three different NAC concentrations (1.25, 12.5, and 25 mM for 18 kGy; 5, 50, and 100 mM for 36 kGy; 10, 100, and 200 mM for 70 kGy). The mechanical behavior of the sterilized specimens was studied using the uniaxial compressive test.
The results indicated a concentration-dependent radioprotection effect of NAC on the plastic properties of the cortical bones. The concentration dependency of NAC was in turn related to radiation dose levels. In conclusion, treatment of bone specimens with a characteristic concentration of NAC during exposure to specific radiation dose levels can provide an efficient radioprotection window for preserving the mechanical stability of gamma sterilized allografts.
One of the biggest challenges in front of the radiobiologists is to determine appropriate, non-toxic radioprotectors that would prevent the development of radiation–induced injuries. During the last years it was found that natural metabolites could be used as non-toxic radioprotectors. N-acetyl-L-cysteine is an amino acid, which is involved in homocysteine metabolic pathway. Trimethylglycine (betaine) is an amino acid, which is synthesized by choline oxidation. The purpose of that study was to determine the potential radioprotective ability of both amino acids, applied therapeutically separately and in combination to irradiate with 1 Gy absorbed dose human lymphocytes cell cultures. Have been used the dosimetry methods karyotyping of chromosomal abnormalities and cytogenetic assay.
Those methods were used to determine the presence of radiation–induced chromosome aberrations, such as dicentric and ring chromosomes. The results of that study showed significant reduction of the examined chromosome aberrations number in the following order: trymethylglicine – N-acetyl-L-cysteine – combined action. Reducing of their number directly correlated with the radioprotective ability of the amino acids to decrease the risk of serious radiation damage.
The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation on apical junctions in colonic epithelium and mucosal barrier function in mice in vivo. Adult mice were subjected to total body irradiation (4 Gy) with or without N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) feeding for 5 days before irradiation. At 2–24 h postirradiation, the integrity of colonic epithelial tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and the actin cytoskeleton was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis of detergent-insoluble fractions for TJ and AJ proteins. The barrier function was evaluated by measuring vascular-to-luminal flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in vivo and luminal-to-mucosal flux in vitro. oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring protein thiol oxidation. Confocal microscopy showed that radiation caused redistribution of occludin, zona occludens-1, claudin-3, E-cadherin, and β-catenin, as well as the actin cytoskeleton as early as 2 h postirradiation, and this effect was sustained for at least 24 h. Feeding NAC before irradiation blocked radiation–induced disruption of TJ, AJ, and the actin cytoskeleton. radiation increased mucosal permeability to inulin in colon, which was blocked by NAC feeding. The level of reduced-protein thiols in colon was depleted by radiation with a concomitant increase in the level of oxidized-protein thiol. NAC feeding blocked the radiation–induced protein thiol oxidation. These data demonstrate that radiation rapidly disrupts TJ, AJ, and the actin cytoskeleton by an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism that can be prevented by NAC feeding.
Laminaria japonica extract
effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharides on radioprotection and splenic lymphocyte apoptosis
To investigate radioprotective effect of laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) and its possible mechanism. The Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, the normal group, the model group and four LJP treatment groups(100, 200, 300 and 400 mg.kg～(-1).d～(-1)). LJP of four different doses was applied to different group respectively for 10 d before whole-body irradiation with #gamma#-ray(9.0 Cy). The indexes of humoral immune, cellular immune, nonspecific immune functions and apoptosis ratio of splenic lymphocyte were measured 18 h later.
The related immune indexes of the positive control group were obviously lower than those of the normal group. The apoptosis ratio of splenic lymphocyte in the positive control group was higher than that in other groups. LJP signfficantly modulated immune function in irradiated rat and there was a dose-effect relationship in a certain range of dosage. The radio-protective action of LJP is due, at least in part, to its arrestment of lymphocyte apoptosis.
potential applications of radioprotective phytochemicals from marine algae
The use of ionizing radiation and radioactive elements is becoming increasingly popular with the rapid developments in nuclear technology, radiotherapy, and radio diagnostic methods. However, ionizing radiation can directly or indirectly cause life-threatening complications such as cancer, radiation burns, and impaired immunity. Environmental contamination with radioactive elements and the depletion of ozone layer also contribute to the increased levels of radiation exposure. radioprotective natural products have particularly received attention for their potential usefulness in counteracting radiation–induced damage because of their reduced toxicity compared with most drugs currently in use. Moreover, radioprotective substances are used as ingredients in cosmetic formulations in order to provide protection against ultraviolet radiation.
Over the past few decades, the exploration of marine algae has revealed the presence of radioprotective phytochemicals, such as phlorotannins, polysaccharides, carotenoids and other compounds. With their promising radioprotective effects, marine algae could be a future source for discovering potential radioprotective substances for development as useful in therapeutics.
effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) on radiation damage of testis tissue in male rats
Objective: To observe the effect of laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) on local radiation damage of testis tissue in male rats.
Methods: The Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the normal group, the model group, positive control group and LJP treatment group (50 mg·kg-1·d-1). LJP was applied to the treatment group for 10 d before local irradiation with γ-ray (6.0 Gy). The morphological change of the testis, organ index of testis and epididymides, sperm count, motility rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonic aldehyde (MDA) contents were measured.
Results: LJP could make the damaged testis recover to near normal, elevate the organ index of testis and epididymides, promote the sperm count and motility rate, increase the activity of SOD and decrease the contents of MDA in testis tissue.
Conclusions: LJP could inhibit testis tissue damage induced by local radiation, hence enhance the significant radioprotective effect to testis tissue. LJP has the conspicuous protective effect on radiation damage of testis tissue.
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort extract
The ethanolic extracts of some Chinese traditional herb drugs, reported by Hong-Fu Wang et al. in China, could inhibit platelet aggregation as well as protect against radiation damage in mice, rat and rabbits. The inhibitory effects of the extracts of five Chinese drugs on the rate of platelet aggregation were observed in both in vitro and in vivo tests, averaging 23–53% in vitro and 46–69% in vivo. Antiradiation tests on mice vs. 7.5–8.0 Gy of γ-radiation, using the herb drug extracts as protective agents, showed increasing survival rates by 8–50%. Based on Hong-Fu Wang’s report, a search for the active constituents of these herb drugs in inhibiting platelet aggregation and protecting animals against radiation damage was started. In this research program, a Chinese traditional drug, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.) was chosen. Three types of chemicals present in Rhizoma Chuanxiong, appeared promising for testing: 1-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-9H-pyrido-(3,4-b)indole, 4-hydroxyl-3-butylidenephthalide and 5-hydroxyl-3-butylidenephthalide, and 4-hydroxyl-3-methoxycinnamyl 4-hydroxyl-3-methoxycinnamate. A total of 56 compounds of these derivatives has been synthesized and 30 were synthesized for the first time.
The structure elucidation of these compounds was based on IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. From this research program, a very mild dehydrogenation method was developed. It was by using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in acetonitrile at ice bath temperature to dehydrogenate 1-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido-(3,4-b)indole into 1-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-9H-pyrido-(3,4-b)indole. This project showed for the first time that harmanoid alkaloids have the activity of inhibition of plate aggregation by 4 to 23 times that of aspirin.
These results aid in establishing a relation between radiation protection in animals and prevention of platelet hyperaggregation
Background: Owing to their high volatile aroma, the dried rhizomes of Cnidium officinale (C. officinale) and Ligusticum chuanxiong (L. chuanxiong) are used as herbal drugs to treat blood pressure depressant, a deficiency disease of antivitamin, inhibition of small intestine sympathetic nerve and as cosmetics for skin care. However, little has been known about the protective effect of their essential oils against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced DNA damage.
Methods: In this study, we report antioxidant activity of their essential oils using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assay. In addition, the composition of essential oils was measured by GC/MS. We also investigated whether these essential oils could inhibit UVB–induced DNA damage and apoptosis in the mammalian cell using intracellular DNA migration and expression level of phospho-H2A.X.
Results: Twenty constituents in the essential oil were identified and they showed good antioxidant properties, in that IC50 value in DPPH and ABTS showed 6.79 and 7.33 μg/ml and 1.58 and 1.58 μg/ml in C. officinale and L. chuanxiong. Their treatment inhibited the migration of damaged DNA induced by uv-B; furthermore, they decreased p21 expression and increased cyclin D1 expression as apoptosis-regulatory genes.
Conclusions: These results suggest that essential oils in C. officinale and L. chuanxiong may exert inhibitory effects on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by UVB through their high free radical scavenging ability.
Discussion and conclusion: EO-induced apoptosis was at least partially carried out via destruction of the intracellular antioxidant system and elicitation of excessive ROS accumulation in HSFs, which impaired mitochondrial membranes and elicited caspase-3 activation. EO could be an effective cure for human hypertrophic scar.
Linum usitatissimum
Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice
Flaxseed (linseed, Linum usitatissimum, Linaceae) is widely used for its edible oil in many parts of the world. The present study investigates the radioprotective and antioxidative potential of flaxseed oil (FO). Swiss albino mice were administered FO orally once daily for 15 consecutive days, then exposed to a single dose of 5 Gy of gamma radiation. Lipid peroxide, reduced glutathione and total protein were estimated in the liver. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid and alkaline phosphatase estimations in serum were also carried out. radiation–induced increases in the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), AST, ALT and acid phosphatase were significantly ameliorated by flaxseed oil pretreatment, and radiation–induced depletion in the level of glutathione (GSH) and alkaline phosphatase activities was significantly inhibited by flaxseed oil administration.
The lifespan was increased in the flaxseed oil treated irradiated mice in comparison with their respective control mice, with survival data showing an LD50/30 (lethal dose for 50% of animals after 30 days) of 7.1 and 10 Gy for control and FO treated irradiated mice, respectively, and produced a dose reduction factor for flaxseed oil (DRF) of 1.40. radiation–induced deficits in body and organ weight were significantly reduced or prevented in flaxseed oil pretreated mice. The protection afforded by flaxseed oil may be attributed to the constituents of the oil, which include omega-3 essential fatty acids and phytoestrogenic lignans, which appear to play an important role in free radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching.
The study does not rule out the possibility of a prophylactic potential of flaxseed oil against radiation–induced degenerative changes in liver.
The aim of this study is to determine antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of flax seed oil (FSO) on rats exposed to ultraviolet C (uvC). Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in lens, skin and serum. In addition, β-carotene, vitamin A, C and E contents were measured in serum, while apoptosis was determined in retina. Rats were divided into three groups as control, uvC and uvC + FSO. uvC and uvC + FSO groups were exposed to uvC light for 1 h twice a day for 4 weeks. FSO (4 ml/kg bw) was given by gavage before each irradiation period to the uv + FSO group. While MDA and PC levels of the uvC group increased compared to the control group, their levels decreased in the uvC + FSO group compared with the uvC group in skin, lens and serum.
Skin GSH level decreased significantly in the uvC and uvC + FSO groups. As GPx and SOD activities of the uvC group were lower, their activities were higher in the uvC + FSO group in skin, lens and serum. There was only marked elevation of vitamin A level in the uvC group compared to the control group. apoptosis increased in the uvC group and the uvC + FSO groups in retina. However, retinal apoptosis were lower in the uvC + FSO group compared with the uvC group.
This investigation demonstrated that uvC exposure led to oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats as reflected by increased MDA, PC contents and decreased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels, FSO may be useful for preventing photoreactive damage.
protective effect of flax seed oil against radiation induced hematological alterations in mammals
Human beings are exposed to ionizing and non ionizing radiation from natural as well as manmade sources. Ionizing radiations are one of the predominant exogenous factors that have deleterious consequences to human life. exposure to ionizing radiations damages the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal or central nervous systems, depending on radiation dose. Hence, there is an urgent need to prevent such deleterious effects caused due to ionizing radiations. Chemical protection involves the use of synthetic and natural products against planned radiation exposure. medicinal plants are rich in antioxidants and their chemical constituents may be the potential source for radioprotective agents. Linum usitatissimum plant (family: Linaceae), source of flaxseed oil (FSO), is well known for its anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotector, antiulcer properties owing to the presence of various phytochemicals.
The present study has been focused to find out the preventive action of flaxseed oil against radiation induced hematological and biochemical lesions in mammals. For this purpose, FSO (50μL/animal/day) was orally administered to Swiss albino mice for five days, prior to 6 Gy gamma radiation exposure. The animals were sacrificed on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th and 30th day after irradiation. radiation treated control group exhibited significant reduction in erythrocytes count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit value and total WBC count in peripheral blood. In contrast, pretreatment with FSO significantly increased all these blood constituents. Further, the antioxidant parameters such as reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase showed a significant elevation in FSO pretreated group which were reduced in irradiated control group. Similarly, radiation induced increase lipid peroxidation in blood was significantly inhibited after FSO treatment.
The present results indicate that the flaxseed oil has the ability to debilitate the radiation induced adverse alterations in the peripheral blood throughout the experiment in mammals.
Lobed Kudzuvine Root extract
Conclusion: We have demonstrated protective effects of GH-ZJZ (2:1) against acute alcohol-induced hepatic injury, and shown that these effects may be associated with improvements in lipid and alcohol metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation.
Conclusion: The result supported further research on chemical constituents and pharmacological mechanisms.
Condensation reactions between some SH-amino acids (L-and D-cysteine 1%) and acetaldehyde (50 microM) were studied in vitro experiment. In the aqueous solution, free acetaldehyde was reduced to 41.3% by L-cysteine and to 36.4% by D-cysteine. In the reaction with human blood medium, after the medium was deproteinized with perchloric acid reagent, acetaldehyde was reduced to 47.0% by L-cysteine and to 43.8% by D-cysteine. D-Cysteine appears to have great stability of reacting acetaldehyde. In vitro experiment reactability for D-cysteine exhibited 3-8% higher than that for L-cysteine. Next, effects of some amino acids on alcohol metabolism were studied in male ICR mice. The animals were given ethanol through a gastric catheter at a dose of 2 g/kg and they were intraperitoneally injected L-cysteine (300 mg/kg), D-cysteine (300 mg/kg), L-alanine (300 mg/kg) and control (saline), respectively in the period of one hour before the injection of ethanol. blood and tissues samples were analyzed for ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate and acetone during alcohol intoxication in mice by head space gas chromatography.
In the groups administered D-cysteine and L-cysteine, the mice showed a definitely faster oxidation and disappearance of ethanol. Especially in the D-cysteine group, ethanol levels in blood, liver and brain remained lower than that in the other groups (p less than 0.01). Acetaldehyde levels in blood, liver and brain remained low by L-cysteine. Ethanol metabolites during alcohol oxidation by chemical reactabilities of L- and D-cysteine showed different distribution in the mice, respectively. In the mice received L-alanine, acetate and acetone levels in blood, liver and brain were distinctly reduced (p less than 0.01). L-Alanine is reported to supply an abundance of pyruvic acid that performs the NAD-generating system. NAD produced is introduced to alcohol metabolism and the TCA cycle.
It was thus presumed that the L- or/and D-cysteine, and L-alanine was effective in acute alcohol intoxication by heavy drinking.
Lonicera japonica
enhanced uv radiation can change plant biology, especially secondary metabolites, yet the effects on postharvest medicinal plant tissues are now rarely researched. Therefore, our study was aimed to explore changes of secondary metabolites and pharmacological activities involved in the response to enhanced uv-A and uv-B radiation induction in freshly collected flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. We found that after uv-A and uv-B radiation, the content of seven compounds dramatically increased. We identified these compounds by HPLC–MS, which were four kinds of iridoid and three kinds of isochlorogenic acid. antioxidant experiment showed that the antioxidant power of methanol extracts from the flower buds represented enhancement to a certain extent after uv-A and uv-B radiation, compared to control group.
Featured by the shorter period required, the fewer experimental costs as well as the easier procedures to carry out, uv radiation would be a novel and feasible method to increase the health-related compounds of fresh postharvest medicinal plant tissues.
Postharvest ultraviolet-B (uv-B) radiation can modulate the accumulation of bioactive compounds with many pharmacological effects in plants. Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is a uv-B tolerant crop which has a high medical value. The effects of uv-B on bioactive compounds in its flowers have been reported, while very few studies focused on the leaves and stems. Therefore, the effects of postharvest uv-B radiation on basic physiological traits and bioactive compounds (polysaccharides and secondary metabolites) in the leaves, stems and flowers of honeysuckle were investigated in this study. In this study, the leaves, stems and flowers of honeysuckle were exposed to uv-B radiation (0, 8.4 and 22.4 μW cm−2) for different times (2, 4, 6 and 8 h), and variables were detected after 24 h after they were able to get a repair time. The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble sugar, and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in postharvest leaves were increased after uv-B treatment. But the malonaldehyde (MDA) content in leaves decreased when the duration of uv-B treatment lasted for 4 h.
Besides, the contents of polysaccharide, total polyphenols, total flavonoid, and chlorogenic acid in different organs all increased significantly and reached a peak under the uv-B1 (8.4μW cm−2) treatment for 2 h, whereas they reached the lowest point under the 6 h of uv-B2 (22.4μW cm−2) exposure according to the heat map analysis. Interestingly, the Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the total flavonoid content was positively correlated with the chlorogenic acid content in the flowers of honeysuckle, and the total flavonoid content was negatively correlated with the contents of chlorophyll, CAT and carotenoid in plant leaves. In a word, the secondary metabolites and polysaccharide of honeysuckle can be increased by postharvest uv-B, and the quality can be improved by adjusting its physiological traits.
In addition, the content of bioactive substances is correlated with the physiological traits. The results will provide a basis for improving the medicinal values of honeysuckle by postharvest uv-B treatment.
Lonicera japonica Thunb, also known as Jin Yin Hua and Japanese honeysuckle, is used as a herbal medicine in Asian countries. Its flowers have been used in folk medicine in the clinic and in making food or healthy beverages for over 1500 years in China. To investigate the molecular processes involved in L. japonica development from buds to flowers exposed to uv radiation, a comparative proteomics analysis was performed. Fifty-four proteins were identified as differentially expressed, including 42 that had increased expression and 12 that had decreased expression. The levels of the proteins related to glycolysis, TCA/organic acid transformation, major carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative pentose phosphate, stress, secondary metabolism, hormone, and mitochondrial electron transport were increased during flower opening process after exposure to uv radiation. Six metabolites in L. japonica buds and flowers were identified and relatively quantified using LC-MS/MS.
The antioxidant activity was performed using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay, which revealed that L. japonica buds had more activity than the uv irradiated flowers. This suggests that uv-B radiation induces production of endogenous ethylene in L. japonica buds, thus facilitating blossoming of the buds and activating the antioxidant system.
Additionally, the higher metabolite contents and antioxidant properties of L. japonica buds indicate that the L. japonica bud stage may be a more optimal time to harvest than the flower stage when using for medicinal properties.
lutein
Conclusion: The present study suggests a protective role for lutein in palliating radiation–induced oxidative changes and maintaining the antioxidant system in vivo.
Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation–induced inflammation and immunosuppression
With aging and cancer there is increased expression or activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade and remodel the structural extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, exposure of skin to ultraviolet (uv) radiation (photoaging) leads to loss of cell viability, membrane damage, and deposition of excessive elastotic material. Lutein has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective, and anti-carcinogenic properties. The goal of this research was to investigate lutein’s anti-aging and anti-carcinogenic effects via the regulation of the extracellular matrix remodeling. To this purpose, the effects of lutein on the expression of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases) in dermal fibroblasts (intrinsic aging) and melanoma cells were examined. Further, for lutein’s photoprotective effects, the regulation of cell viability, membrane integrity, and elastin expression in the non-irradiated, and uvA or UVB radiation exposed fibroblasts were analyzed.
Lutein significantly inhibited MMP-1 expression, transcriptionally, and MMP-2 protein levels in dermal fibroblasts, without altering TIMPs expression. It significantly inhibited MMP-1 expression in melanoma cells while stimulating TIMP-2. Lutein did not alter fibroblast or melanoma cell viability or membrane integrity. In ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts, lutein improved cell viability, membrane integrity and inhibited elastin expression, though more significantly in the UVB exposed fibroblasts.
In summary, the mechanism to lutein’s anti-aging and anti-carcinogenic effects include the inhibition of MMP to TIMP ratio in dermal fibroblasts and melanoma cells, and the inhibition of cell loss, membrane damage and elastin expression in ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts.
Lycium chinense
This study was performed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and the polyphenolic content of Lycium barbarum L. and L. chinense Mill. leaves. The different leave extracts contain important amounts of flavonoids (43.73 ± 1.43 and 61.65 ± 0.95 mg/g, respectively) and showed relevant antioxidant activity, as witnessed by the quoted methods. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of target phenolic compounds were achieved using a HPLC-uv-MS method. Rutin was the dominant flavonoid in both analysed species, the highest amount being registered for L. chinense. An important amount of chlorogenic acid was determined in L. chinense and L. barbarum extracts, being more than twice as high in L. chinense than in L. barbarum. Gentisic and caffeic acids were identified only in L. barbarum, whereas kaempferol was only detected in L. chinense. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, TEAC, hemoglobin ascorbate peroxidase activity inhibition (HAPX) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation catalyzed by cytochrome c assays revealing a better antioxidant activity for the L. chinense extract.
Results obtained in the antimicrobial tests revealed that L. chinense extract was more active than L. barbarum against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The results suggest that these species are valuable sources of flavonoids with relevant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
In this study, the content composition and antioxidant activity of goji berry fruits from two species (Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense) were assessed. The total carbohydrate and phenolic contents were evaluated using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy, while the antioxidant activity of fruits was examined with two in vitro methods, which are based on the scavenging activity of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) free radicals. The fatty-acid profile was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of this study indicate that the fruits of L. barbarum present higher concentrations in carbohydrates and phenolics than L. chinense Mill. fruits.
Furthermore, the antioxidant activity based on the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) measurements of DPPH• and ABTS•+ free-radical scavenging was higher in L. barbarum than L. chinense Mill. Also, the GCMS analysis confirms the high levels of linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids contained in the fruits of both species.
Finally, the results of this study clearly show that the concentration of bioactive and antioxidant molecules is higher in L. barbarum than in L. chinense fruits, which was also confirmed by ATR-FT-IR measurements.
The purpose of this research was to bring new data regarding the phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity of L. barbarum L. and L. chinense Mill. leaves. The determination of the main polyphenolic compounds was performed using a HPLC-uv-MS method. The dominant compound found for both species was rutin, with its highest amount registered in L. chinense (24141.90±21.3μg/g plant material) leaves. Among the flavonoidic aglycones, quercetin was found in both samples, being quantified in a higher amount in L. chinense.
In the antioxidant assays, both extracts exhibited important antioxidant activities, as witnessed by the three methods, both correlated with their total polyphenolic content.
Lycium ruthenicum Murr
protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Against radiation Injury in Mice
The protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. against radiation injury was examined in mice. Kunming mice were randomly divided into a control group, model group, positive drug group and L. ruthenicum high dose (8 g/kg), L. ruthenicum middle dose (4 g/kg), L. ruthenicum low dose (2 g/kg) treatment groups, for which doses were administered the third day, seventh day and 14th day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum extract was administered orally to the mice in the three treatment groups and normal saline was administered orally to the mice in the control group and model group for 14 days. The positive group was treated with amifostine (WR-2721) at 30 min before irradiation.
Except for the control group, the groups of mice received a 5 Gy quantity of X-radiation evenly over their whole body at one time. Body weight, hemogram, thymus and spleen index, DNA, caspase-3, caspase-6, and P53 contents were observed at the third day, seventh day, and 14th day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum could significantly increase the total red blood cell count, hemoglobin count and DNA contents (p < 0.05). The spleen index recovered significantly by the third day and 14th day after irradiation (p < 0.05). L. ruthenicum low dose group showed a significant reduction in caspase-3 and caspase-6 of serum in mice at the third day, seventh day, and 14th day after irradiation and L. ruthenicum middle dose group experienced a reduction in caspase-6 of serum in mice by the seventh day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum could decrease the expression of P53.
The results showed that L. ruthenicum had protective effects against radiation injury in mice.
protective effects of Lycium ruthenicum murr on x-radiation injured mice
The protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. against radiation injury was examined in mice. Kunming mice were randomly divided into a control group, model group, positive drug group and L. ruthenicum high dose (8 g/kg), L. ruthenicum middle dose (4 g/kg), L. ruthenicum low dose (2 g/kg) treatment groups, for which doses were administered the third day, seventh day and 14th day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum extract was administered orally to the mice in the three treatment groups and normal saline was administered orally to the mice in the control group and model group for 14 days. The positive group was treated with amifostine (WR-2721) at 30 min before irradiation.
Except for the control group, the groups of mice received a 5 Gy quantity of X-radiation evenly over their whole body at one time. Body weight, hemogram, thymus and spleen index, DNA, caspase-3, caspase-6, and P53 contents were observed at the third day, seventh day, and 14th day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum could significantly increase the total red blood cell count, hemoglobin count and DNA contents (p < 0.05). The spleen index recovered significantly by the third day and 14th day after irradiation (p < 0.05). L. ruthenicum low dose group showed a significant reduction in caspase-3 and caspase-6 of serum in mice at the third day, seventh day, and 14th day after irradiation and L. ruthenicum middle dose group experienced a reduction in caspase-6 of serum in mice by the seventh day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum could decrease the expression of P53.
The results showed that L. ruthenicum had protective effects against radiation injury in mice.
Lycium ruthenicum(L. ruthenicum) Murray contains abundant anthocyanins. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the protective effect of L. ruthenicumextract supplementation on the damage from exhaustive exercise in rats which were treated for seven days before the exhaustive exercise. Exhaustive exercise induced an increase of Serum nitrate (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, but supplementation of L. ruthenicum extract reduced them significantly (P<0.05).
Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 were also significantly reduced by L. ruthenicum as compared to the control (P<0.05). Supplementation with L. ruthenicum extract also decreased the creatine kinase isoenzymeMB (CK-MB) generation significantly and ameliorated the myocardial histopathology.
Lycopene powder
Radio-protectors are agents that protect human cells and tissues from undesirable effects of ionizing radiation by mainly scavenging radiation–induced free radicals. Although chemical radio-protectors diminish these deleterious side effects they induce a number of unwanted effects on humans such as blood pressure modifications, vomiting, nausea, and both local and generalized cutaneous reactions. These disadvantages have led to emphasis on the use of some botanical radio-protectants as alternatives. This review has collected and organized studies on a plant-derived radio-protector, lycopene. Lycopene protects normal tissues and cells by scavenging free radicals.
Therefore, treatment of cells with lycopene prior to exposure to an oxidative stress, oxidative molecules or ionizing radiation may be an effective approach in diminishing undesirable effects of radiation byproducts. Studies have designated lycopene to be an effective radio-protector with negligible side effects.