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    GABA (γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID)
    December 22, 2021
    GLYCATION
    January 21, 2022

    The HPA axis is involved in the neurobiology of mood disorders and functional illnesses, including anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, ADHD, major depressive disorder, burnout, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and alcoholism.[15] Antidepressants, which are routinely prescribed for many of these illnesses, serve to regulate HPA axis function.[16]

    Sex differences are prevalent in humans with respect to psychiatric stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression, where women experience these disorders more often than men.[17] Particularly in rodents, it has been shown that females may lack the ability to tolerate as well as process stress (particularly for chronic stress) due to possible down regulation of GR expression as well as a deficiency of FKBP51 binding protein in the cytosol. By constantly activating the HPA axis, this could lead to higher instances of stress and disorders that would only get worse with chronic stress.[18] Specifically in rodents, females show greater activation of the HPA axis following stress than males. These differences also likely arise due to the opposing actions that certain sex steroids have, such as testosterone and oestrogen. Oestrogen functions to enhance stress-activated ACTH and CORT secretion while testosterone functions to decrease HPA axis activation and works to inhibit both ACTH and CORT responses to stress.[19] However, more studies are required to better understand the underlying basis of these sex differences.

    Experimental studies have investigated many different types of stress, and their effects on the HPA axis in many different circumstances.[20] Stressors can be of many different types—in experimental studies in rats, a distinction is often made between “social stress” and “physical stress”, but both types activate the HPA axis, though via different pathways.[21] Several monoamineneurotransmitters are important in regulating the HPA axis, especially dopamine, serotoninand norepinephrine (noradrenaline). There is evidence that an increase in oxytocin, resulting for instance from positive social interactions, acts to suppress the HPA axis and thereby counteracts stress, promoting positive health effects such as wound healing.[22]

    The HPA axis is a feature of mammals and other vertebrates. For example, biologists studying stress in fish showed that social subordination leads to chronic stress, related to reduced aggressive interactions, to lack of control, and to the constant threat imposed by dominant fish. Serotonin (5HT) appeared to be the active neurotransmitter involved in mediating stress responses, and increases in serotonin are related to increased plasma α-MSH levels, which causes skin darkening (a social signal in salmonoid fish), activation of the HPA axis, and inhibition of aggression. Inclusion of the amino acid L-tryptophan, a precursor of 5HT, in the feed of rainbow troutmade the trout less aggressive and less responsive to stress.[23] However, the study mentions that plasma cortisol was not affected by dietary L-tryptophan. The drug LY354740(also known as Eglumegad, an agonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 3) has been shown to interfere in the HPA axis, with chronic oral administration of this drug leading to markedly reduced baseline cortisol levels in bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata); acute infusion of LY354740 resulted in a marked diminution of yohimbine-induced stress response in those animals.[24]

    Studies on people show that the HPA axis is activated in different ways during chronic stress depending on the type of stressor, the person’s response to the stressor and other factors. Stressors that are uncontrollable, threaten physical integrity, or involve trauma tend to have a high, flat diurnal profile of cortisol release (with lower-than-normal levels of cortisol in the morning and higher-than-normal levels in the evening) resulting in a high overall level of daily cortisol release. On the other hand, controllable stressors tend to produce higher-than-normal morning cortisol. Stress hormone release tends to decline gradually after a stressor occurs. In post-traumatic stress disorder there appears to be lower-than-normal cortisol release, and it is thought that a blunted hormonal response to stress may predispose a person to develop PTSD.[25]

    It is also known that HPA axis hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin homeostasis. There is evidence shown that the HPA axis hormones can be linked to certain stress related skin diseases and skin tumors. This happens when HPA axis hormones become hyperactive in the brain.[26]

    1. HPA AXIS and memory
    2. Regulation of the HPA AXIS by cytokines
    3. Cytokine activation of the HPA AXIS
    4. Sex differences in the HPA AXIS
    5. Child maltreatment and the developing HPA AXIS
    6. Sex differences in HPA AXIS responses to stress: a review
    7. Not fade away: the HPA AXIS and depression
    8. The HPA AXIS in major depression: classical theories and new developments
    9. HPA AXIS ‐rhythms
    10. Prenatal stress and the programming of the HPA AXIS
    11. Chronic stress and the HPA AXIS
    12. On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and sleep: normal HPA AXIS activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders
    13. Diabetes and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS .
    14. Differential expression of HPA AXIS homolog in the skin
    15. HPA AXIS function in mood disorders
    16. The HPA AXIS and perinatal depression: a hypothesis
    17. Interactions of the circadian CLOCK system and the HPA AXIS
    18. Suppression of the HPA AXIS stress‐response: implications for relapse
    19. The cortisol awakening response: more than a measure of HPA AXIS function
    20. An introduction to the HPA AXIS
    21. HPA AXIS activation by a socially evaluated cold-pressor test
    22. Endotoxin and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS
    23. The cytokine-HPA AXIS feed-back circuit
    24. HPA AXIS responsiveness to stress: implications for healthy aging
    25. Functional role of local GABAergic influences on the HPA AXIS
    26. The HPA AXIS and cocaine reinforcement
    27. Gender differences in age-related changes in HPA AXIS reactivity
    28. The HPA AXIS and the genesis of chronic fatigue syndrome
    29. Stress induced disturbances of the HPA AXIS : a pathway to type 2 diabetes?
    30. Innovative approaches for the treatment of depression: targeting the HPA AXIS
    31. Assessment of HPA –AXIS function in posttraumatic stress disorder: pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review
    32. Interleukin-1 beta: a putative mediator of HPA AXIS hyperactivity in major depression?
    33. Immune modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS during viral infection
    34. The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA AXIS studies in humans
    35. Gender differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS reactivity
    36. Single nucleotide polymorphisms related to HPA AXIS reactivity
    37. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in habitual smokers
    38. The HPA AXIS response to stress in women: effects of aging and fitness
    39. Central mechanisms of HPA AXIS regulation by voluntary exercise
    40. Update on stress and depression: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS
    41. Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and aging
    42. HPA AXIS activity in patients with panic disorder: review and synthesis of four studies
    43. Genetics of HPA –AXIS , depression and suicidality
    44. Corticosteroids and the Control of Function in the Hypothalamo‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA ) AXIS a
    45. In search of HPA AXIS dysregulation in child and adolescent depression
    46. Sex differences and the HPA AXIS : implications for psychiatric disease.
    47. The impact of early adverse care on HPA AXIS development: nonhuman primate models
    48. Pathophysiology of HPA AXIS abnormalities in patients with major depression: an update.
    49. The crucial role of pulsatile activity of the HPA AXIS for continuous dynamic equilibration
    50. The role of life events and HPA AXIS in anxiety disorders: a review
    51. Childhood stressful events, HPA AXIS and anxiety disorders
    52. Sensitivity to the depressogenic effect of stress and HPA –AXIS reactivity in adolescence: a review of gender differences
    53. Acute HPA AXIS responses, heart rate, and mood changes to psychosocial stress (TSST) in humans at different times of day
    54. Suppression of adult neurogenesis leads to an increased HPA AXIS response
    55. Epigenetic programming of the HPA AXIS : early life decides
    56. A review of atypical depression in relation to the course of depression and changes in HPA AXIS organization
    57. HPA AXIS alterations in mental disorders: impact on memory and its relevance for therapeutic interventions
    58. HPA AXIS responses to laboratory psychosocial stress in healthy elderly adults, younger adults, and children: impact of age and gender
    59. Early care experiences and HPA AXIS regulation in children: a mechanism for later trauma vulnerability
    60. HPA AXIS reactivity: a mechanism underlying the associations among 5-HTTLPR, stress, and depression
    61. Circadian rhythms in the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS
    62. Epigenetics/programming in the HPA AXIS
    63. Gene× environment vulnerability factors for PTSD: the HPA –AXIS
    64. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in irritable bowel syndrome
    65. HPA AXIS response to a psychological stressor in generalised social phobia
    66. From Malthus to motive: how the HPA AXIS engineers the phenotype, yoking needs to wants
    67. Prenatal exposure to maternal psychosocial stress and HPA AXIS regulation in young adults
    68. The relationship between basal and acute HPA AXIS activity and aggressive behavior in adults
    69. Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: focus on the HPA AXIS and role of the placenta
    70. Relation between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) AXIS and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS during repeated stress
    71. Prior stressor exposure primes the HPA AXIS
    72. Mesocortical dopamine and HPA AXIS regulation: role of laterality and early environment
    73. Glucose metabolic changes in the prefrontal cortex are associated with HPA AXIS response to a psychosocial stressor
    74. Cognitive impairment associated to HPA AXIS hyperactivity after maternal separation in rats
    75. Fetal programming of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function and behavior by synthetic glucocorticoids
    76. Race and unhealthy behaviors: chronic stress, the HPA AXIS , and physical and mental health disparities over the life course
    77. Prednisolone suppression test in depression: prospective study of the role of HPA AXIS dysfunction in treatment resistance
    78. Significance of pulsatility in the HPA AXIS
    79. Glucocorticoid regulation of inflammation and its behavioral and metabolic correlates: from HPA AXIS to glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction
    80. Fetal programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS : low birth weight and central HPA regulation
    81. Mitigating HPA AXIS dysregulation associated with placement changes in foster care
    82. Limbic and HPA AXIS function in an animal model of chronic neuropathic pain
    83. Fetal and neonatal HPA AXIS
    84. Early life stress, HPA AXIS , and depression
    85. A field (researcher’s) guide to cortisol: tracking HPA AXIS functioning in everyday life
    86. Child maltreatment and HPA AXIS dysregulation: relationship to major depressive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder in females
    87. Genetic variability at HPA AXIS in major depression and clinical response to antidepressant treatment
    88. Fast feedback inhibition of the HPA AXIS by glucocorticoids is mediated by endocannabinoid signaling
    89. Long‐term effects of prenatal stress on HPA AXIS activity in juvenile rhesus monkeys
    90. The fetal placental hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS , parturition and post natal health
    91. Successful antidepressant therapy restores the disturbed interplay between TNF-α system and HPA AXIS
    92. Effect of different doses of corticosterone on depression-like behavior and HPA AXIS responses to a novel stressor
    93. HPA AXIS and sleep: identifying subtypes of major depression
    94. Adulthood trauma and HPA –AXIS functioning in healthy subjects and PTSD patients: a meta-analysis
    95. Recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving low-dose prednisone
    96. HPA ‐AXIS activity in alcoholism: examples for a gene–environment interaction
    97. The impact of treatment on HPA AXIS activity in unipolar major depression
    98. Blunted HPA AXIS response to stress influences susceptibility to posttraumatic stress response in rats
    99. HPA AXIS programming by maternal undernutrition in the male rat offspring
    100. Disturbances of the stress response: the role of the HPA AXIS during alcohol withdrawal and abstinence
    101. Childhood separation experience predicts HPA AXIS hormonal responses in late adulthood: a natural experiment of World War II
    102. Magnesium deficiency induces anxiety and HPA AXIS dysregulation: modulation by therapeutic drug treatment
    103. Race and self-regulatory health behaviors: the role of the stress response and the HPA AXIS in physical and mental health disparities
    104. The impact of maternal childhood abuse on maternal and infant HPA AXIS function in the postpartum period
    105. HPA AXIS hyperactivity and cardiovascular mortality in mood disorder inpatients
    106. Antenatal maternal anxiety is related to HPA –AXIS dysregulation and self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence: a prospective study on the fetal …
    107. Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and synthesize cortisol
    108. Centrally administered orexin/hypocretin activates HPA AXIS in rats
    109. HPA AXIS activation in major depression and response to fluoxetine: a pilot study
    110. Association of exaggerated HPA AXIS response to the initial injection of interferon-alpha with development of depression during interferon-alpha therapy
    111. Stress in pregnancy and infant HPA AXIS function: conceptual and methodological issues relating to the use of salivary cortisol as an outcome measure
    112. Stress and HPA –AXIS functioning in young people at ultra high risk for psychosis
    113. HPA AXIS function and drug addictive behaviors: insights from studies with Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rats
    114. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects HPA –AXIS reactivity to acute stress
    115. Peripheral and central sex steroids have differential effects on the HPA AXIS of male and female rats
    116. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with HPA AXIS reactivity to psychological stress characterized by genotype and gender interactions
    117. Worse than sticks and stones? Bullying is associated with altered HPA AXIS functioning and poorer health
    118. Flavonoids of St. John’s Wort reduce HPA AXIS function in the rat
    119. The role of BDNF and HPA AXIS in the neurobiology of burnout syndrome
    120. Social rearing effects on HPA AXIS activity over early development and in response to stress in rhesus monkeys
    121. Behavioral sexual dimorphism in models of anxiety and depression due to changes in HPA AXIS activity
    122. Glucocorticoid negative feedback on the HPA AXIS in five inbred rat strains
    123. Disruptive behaviors and HPA –AXIS activity in young adolescent boys and girls from the general population
    124. HPA AXIS hyperactivity and attempted suicide in young adult mood disorder inpatients
    125. Association of HPA AXIS -related genetic variation with stress reactivity and aggressive behaviour in pigs
    126. Associations between HPA AXIS functioning and level of anxiety in children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder
    127. Environmental enrichment during adolescence reverses the effects of prenatal stress on play behaviour and HPA AXIS reactivity in rats
    128. Association of HPA AXIS genes with suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia
    129. Minireview: neuro-immuno-endocrine modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS by gp130 signaling molecules
    130. Aging and the role of the HPA AXIS and rhythm in sleep and memory-consolidation
    131. Gender differences in patterns of HPA AXIS response to challenge: Macarthur studies of successful aging
    132. HPA AXIS and cytokines dysregulation in schizophrenia: potential implications for the antipsychotic treatment
    133. Prediction of treatment response by HPA –AXIS and glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms in major depression
    134. Curcumin reverses the effects of chronic stress on behavior, the HPA AXIS , BDNF expression and phosphorylation of CREB
    135. Relationships between psychological distress, coping styles, and HPA AXIS reactivity in healthy adults
    136. Different activation patterns of proinflammatory cytokines in melancholic and non-melancholic major depression are associated with HPA AXIS activity
    137. Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS response to acute and chronic stress
    138. The HPA AXIS and the immune system: a perspective
    139. Antenatal betamethasone treatment has a persisting influence on infant HPA AXIS regulation
    140. Effects of childhood trauma on HPA –AXIS reactivity in women free of lifetime psychopathology
    141. Therapeutic implications of HPA AXIS abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease: review and update.
    142. HPA AXIS response to psychological stress and treatment retention in residential substance abuse treatment: a prospective study
    143. … (MRs) and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS : the Lewis rat as an example of increased central MR capacity and a hyporesponsive HPA AXIS
    144. Stress hormones and post-traumatic stress disorder in civilian trauma victims: a longitudinal study. Part I: HPA AXIS responses
    145. Drugs and HPA AXIS
    146. Diurnal expression of functional and clock-related genes throughout the rat HPA AXIS : system-wide shifts in response to a restricted feeding schedule
    147. HPA AXIS dysregulation in mice overexpressing corticotropin releasing hormone
    148. Role of microbiome in regulating the HPA AXIS and its relevance to allergy
    149. Effects of postnatal handling of rats on emotional, HPA –AXIS , and prolactin reactivity to novelty and conflict
    150. Assessing the HPA AXIS in patients with pituitary disease: a UK survey
    151. HPA –AXIS regulation at in-patient admission is associated with antidepressant therapy outcome in male but not in female depressed patients
    152. Basal and stress-induced differences in HPA AXIS , 5-HT responsiveness, and hippocampal cell proliferation in two mouse lines
    153. Two HPA AXIS genes, CRHBP and FKBP5, interact with childhood trauma to increase the risk for suicidal behavior
    154. Pharmacologic differences among the SSRIs: focus on monoamine transporters and the HPA AXIS
    155. Prenatal treatment with glucocorticoids sensitizes the HPA AXIS response to stress among full‐term infants
    156. HPA AXIS function and symptoms in adolescents at clinical high risk for schizophrenia
    157. Electrical stimulation of afferent vagus nerve induces IL-1β expression in the brain and activates HPA AXIS
    158. Long-term effects of early parental loss due to divorce on the HPA AXIS
    159. HPA AXIS dysfunction in unmedicated major depressive disorder and its normalization by pharmacotherapy correlates with alteration of neural activity in prefrontal …
    160. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal AXIS , obesity, and chronic stress exposure: sleep and the HPA AXIS in obesity
    161. Assessment of the dexamethasone/CRH test as a state-dependent marker for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS abnormalities in major depressive …
    162. HPA AXIS and stimulant dependence: an enigmatic relationship
    163. The mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism (A118G) alters HPA AXIS activation induced by opioid receptor blockade
    164. Effects of low-and high-nicotine cigarette smoking on mood states and the HPA AXIS in men
    165. HPA AXIS hyperactivity as suicide predictor in elderly mood disorder inpatients
    166. The role of childhood abuse in HPA –AXIS reactivity in Social Anxiety Disorder: A pilot study
    167. Alcohol use, urinary cortisol, and heart rate variability in apparently healthy men: Evidence for impaired inhibitory control of the HPA AXIS in heavy drinkers
    168. Does cellular aging relate to patterns of allostasis?: An examination of basal and stress reactive HPA AXIS activity and telomere length
    169. Psychological stress and the cutaneous immune response: roles of the HPA AXIS and the sympathetic nervous system in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis
    170. The effect of mindfulness meditation on HPA –AXIS in pre-competition stress in sports performance of elite shooters
    171. Aggressive behavior and HPA AXIS hormones after social isolation in adult rats of two different genetic animal models for depression
    172. Response of the HPA –AXIS to alcohol and stress as a function of alcohol dependence and family history of alcoholism
    173. Cytokines and HPA AXIS regulation
    174. Acute and long-term treatments with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram modulate the HPA AXIS activity at different levels in male rats.
    175. CO2 challenge induced HPA AXIS activation in panic
    176. Effect of prior stress on interleukin-1β and HPA AXIS responses to acute stress
    177. Strain and sex alter effects of stress and nicotine on feeding, body weight, and HPA AXIS hormones
    178. Childhood sexual abuse, HPA AXIS regulation, and mental health: an integrative review
    179. Combined pre-and postnatal environmental enrichment programs the HPA AXIS differentially in male and female rats
    180. Polymorphisms in genes regulating the HPA AXIS associated with empirically delineated classes of unexplained chronic fatigue
    181. Cortical/hippocampal monoamines, HPA –AXIS changes and aversive behavior following stress and restress in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder
    182. Sensitization to Stress and Psychostimulants: Involvement of Dopamine Transmission versus the HPA AXIS a
    183. HPA AXIS functioning associated with transition to psychosis: combined DEX/CRH test
    184. Gender difference in cocaine-induced HPA AXIS activation
    185. Defining the boundaries of atypical depression: evidence from the HPA AXIS supports course of illness distinctions
    186. Postnatal masculinization alters the HPA AXIS phenotype in the adult female rat
    187. PTSD and the HPA AXIS : differences in response to the cold pressor task among individuals with child vs. adult trauma
    188. Beyond the HPA AXIS : progesterone-derived neuroactive steroids in human stress and emotion
    189. Mineralocorticoid receptor gene variants as determinants of HPA AXIS regulation and behavior
    190. Blunted HPA AXIS responsiveness to stress in atopic patients is associated with the acuity and severeness of allergic inflammation
    191. HPA AXIS reactivity and lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity in fibromyalgia syndrome and chronic pelvic pain
    192. Regulation of the HPA AXIS is related to song complexity and measures of phenotypic quality in song sparrows
    193. HPA AXIS dysregulation associated to apolipoprotein E4 genotype in Alzheimer’s disease
    194. Abnormalities of the HPA AXIS in affective disorders: clinical subtypes and potential treatments
    195. IL-10 as a mediator in the HPA AXIS and brain
    196. Interaction of brain noradrenergic system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in man
    197. Interactions of chronic lead exposure and intermittent stress: consequences for brain catecholamine systems and associated behaviors and HPA AXIS function
    198. Circadian phase and sex effects on depressive/anxiety-like behaviors and HPA AXIS responses to acute stress
    199. Effects of hyperactivity of the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS during pregnancy on the development of the HPA AXIS and brain monoamines of the …
    200. Effect of voluntary wheel running on circadian corticosterone release and on HPA AXIS responsiveness to restraint stress in Sprague-Dawley rats
    201. Autistic behavior in boys with fragile X syndrome: social approach and HPA –AXIS dysfunction
    202. HPA ‐AXIS activity as a predictor of future disruptive behaviors in young adolescents
    203. The Neural Network that Regulates Energy Balance Is Responsive to Glucocorticoids and Insulin and Also Regulates HPA AXIS Responsivity at a Site Proximal to CRF …
    204. The effect of antidepressant drugs on the HPA AXIS activity, glucocorticoid receptor level and FKBP51 concentration in prenatally stressed rats
    205. Gender differences in the long-term effects of chronic prenatal stress on the HPA AXIS and hypothalamic structure in rats
    206. Neuroactive steroids modulate HPA AXIS activity and cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in adult male rats
    207. Immune function and HPA AXIS activity in free-ranging rhesus macaques
    208. Psychological and stress hormone correlates in early life: a key to HPA –AXIS dysregulation and normalisation
    209. Neonatal stress affects vulnerability of cholinergic neurons and cognition in the rat: involvement of the HPA AXIS
    210. Prenatal stress increases HPA AXIS activity and impairs maternal care in lactating female offspring: implications for postpartum mood disorder
    211. Perinatal maternal undernutrition programs the offspring hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS
    212. Activation of the HPA AXIS by immune insults: roles and interactions of cytokines, eicosanoids, and glucocorticoids
    213. Effects of psychotropic drugs (desimipramine, chlorimipramine, sulpiride and diazepam) on the human HPA AXIS
    214. Administration of ACTH to restrained, pregnant sows alters their pigs’ hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS
    215. Psychiatric symptoms and HPA AXIS function in adolescent methamphetamine users
    216. Predicting the failure of disc surgery by a hypofunctional HPA AXIS : evidence from a prospective study on patients undergoing disc surgery
    217. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA ) AXIS functioning in relation to body fat distribution
    218. Fluvoxamine reduces responsiveness of HPA AXIS in adult female BPD patients with a history of sustained childhood abuse
    219. Role of the HPA AXIS and the A118G polymorphism of the μ-opioid receptor in stress-induced drinking behavior
    220. Persistent depressive state after chronic stress in rats is accompanied by HPA AXIS dysregulation and reduced prefrontal dopaminergic neurotransmission
    221. A regulatory loop between the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and circulating leptin: a physiological role of ACTH
    222. HPA AXIS response to stress predicts short-term snack intake in obese women
    223. Evidence for arginine vasopressin as the primary activator of the HPA AXIS during adjuvant‐induced arthritis
    224. The relation between hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS activity and age of onset of alcohol use
    225. … decreases hippocampal neurogenesis without affecting basal corticosterone during the stress hyporesponsive period, but alters HPA AXIS and coping behavior in …
    226. Understanding the relation of low income to HPA –AXIS functioning in preschool children: Cumulative family risk and parenting as pathways to disruptions in cortisol
    227. The HPA AXIS in HIV-1 infection.
    228. Different stress-related phenotypes of BALB/c mice from in-house or vendor: alterations of the sympathetic and HPA AXIS responsiveness
    229. Population-specific effects of the Asn40Asp polymorphism at the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) on HPA –AXIS activation
    230. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function in 3-month old infants with prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure
    231. Cognitive deficits in relation to personality type and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA ) AXIS dysfunction in women with stress‐related exhaustion
    232. HPA AXIS dysfunction in depression: correlation with monoamine system abnormalities
    233. Effects of chronic plus acute prolonged stress on measures of coping style, anxiety, and evoked HPA –AXIS reactivity
    234. Stress‐induced activation of the HPA AXIS predicts connectivity between subgenual cingulate and salience network during rest in adolescents
    235. Low serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in women with primary Sjögren’s syndrome as an isolated sign of impaired HPA AXIS function.
    236. Family environment is associated with HPA –AXIS activity in adolescents. The TRAILS study
    237. Effect of maternal probiotic intervention on HPA AXIS , immunity and gut microbiota in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
    238. The significance of HPA AXIS disturbance in panic disorder
    239. Direct and dam-mediated effects of prenatal dexamethasone on emotionality, cognition and HPA AXIS in adult Wistar rats
    240. Will treating diabetes with 11β-HSD1 inhibitors affect the HPA AXIS ?
    241. The HPA –AXIS and immune function in burnout
    242. Stress response: Neural and feedback regulation of the HPA AXIS
    243. Chronic overexpression of corticotropin-releasing factor from the central amygdala produces HPA AXIS hyperactivity and behavioral anxiety associated with gene …
    244. Interleukin-6 levels and HPA AXIS activation in breast cancer patients with major depressive disorder
    245. Long-term citalopram administration reduces responsiveness of HPA AXIS in patients with major depression: relationship with S-citalopram concentrations in plasma …
    246. HPA AXIS , respiration and the airways in stress—a review in search of intersections
    247. Chronic all-trans retinoic acid administration induced hyperactivity of HPA AXIS and behavioral changes in young rats
    248. Effects of kisspeptin on parameters of the HPA AXIS
    249. Effects of a single footshock followed by situational reminders on HPA AXIS and behaviour in the aversive context in male and female rats
    250. Clinical relevance of inhaled corticosteroids and HPA AXIS suppression
    251. Enhanced adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is evidence of HPA AXIS hyperactivity in Alzheimer’s disease
    252. Agouti-related protein stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and enhances the HPA response to interleukin-1 in the primate
    253. Children suffering from separation anxiety disorder (SAD) show increased HPA AXIS activity compared to healthy controls
    254. Chronic psychosocial stress results in sensitization of the HPA AXIS to acute heterotypic stressors despite a reduction of adrenal in vitro ACTH responsiveness
    255. Brief predator odour exposure activates the HPA AXIS independent of locomotor changes
    256. HPA AXIS dysfunction in major depression: relationship to 5-HT1A receptor activity
    257. The cytokine-HPA AXIS circuit contributes to prevent or moderate autoimmune processes
    258. Sex and strain variability in the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function
    259. Strenuous resistive breathing induces proinflammatory cytokines and stimulates the HPA AXIS in humans
    260. Family history, early adversity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS : Mediation of the vulnerability to mood disorders
    261. A further exploration of the relationships between immune parameters and the HPA –AXIS activity in depressed patients
    262. Effort-reward-imbalance and overcommitment are associated with hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS responses to acute psychosocial stress in healthy …
    263. HPA AXIS dampening by limited sucrose intake: reward frequency vs. caloric consumption
    264. In vivo modulation of LPS-induced alterations in brain and peripheral cytokines and HPA AXIS activity by cannabinoids
    265. Noradrenergic function and HPA AXIS dysregulation in suicidal behaviour
    266. Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA ) AXIS suppression after treatment with glucocorticoid therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
    267. HPA AXIS function in mood disorders
    268. Increased responsiveness of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS to stress in newborns with atopic disposition
    269. Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA AXIS hyper-reactivity and brain changes in …
    270. Chronic administration of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist resets the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and improves the affect of patients with diabetes …
    271. St John’s wort, hypericin, and imipramine: a comparative analysis of mRNA levels in brain areas involved in HPA AXIS control following short-term and long …
    272. HPA AXIS normalization, estimated by DEX/CRH test, but less alteration on cerebral glucose metabolism in depressed patients receiving ECT after medication …
    273. Mechanisms of depression: role of the HPA AXIS
    274. Past and present strategies of research on the HPA ‐AXIS in psychiatry.
    275. HPA –AXIS function, symptoms, and medication exposure in youths at clinical high risk for psychosis
    276. The interaction of social risk factors and HPA AXIS dysregulation in predicting emotional symptoms of five-and six-year-old children
    277. Excess portal venous long-chain fatty acids induce syndrome X via HPA AXIS and sympathetic activation
    278. “Snacking” causes long term attenuation of HPA AXIS stress responses and enhancement of brain FosB/deltaFosB expression in rats
    279. Persistent expression of activated Notch inhibits corticotrope and melanotrope differentiation and results in dysfunction of the HPA AXIS
    280. Interactions of lifetime lead exposure and stress: behavioral, neurochemical and HPA AXIS effects
    281. HPA –AXIS activity and externalizing behavior problems in early adolescents from the general population: The role of comorbidity and gender: The TRAILS study
    282. The role of the HPA AXIS in psychiatric disorders and CRF antagonists as potential treatments
    283. Gender-specific association of galanin polymorphisms with HPA –AXIS dysregulation, symptom severity, and antidepressant treatment response
    284. Inhalation of 35% CO2 results in activation of the HPA AXIS in healthy volunteers
    285. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal AXIS , obesity, and chronic stress exposure: foods and HPA AXIS
    286. Time-dependent mediators of HPA AXIS activation following live Escherichia coli
    287. Hair cortisol levels track phylogenetic and age related differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS activity in non-human primates
    288. Diurnal variation of the startle reflex in relation to HPA ‐AXIS activity in humans
    289. Interaction between 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on HPA AXIS reactivity in preschoolers
    290. Basal activity of the HPA AXIS and cognitive function in anorexia nervosa
    291. Plasma sialyltransferase levels in psychiatric disorders as a possible indicator of HPA AXIS function
    292. The prognostic significance of HPA –AXIS disturbance in panic disorder: a three-year follow-up
    293. Suppression of the HPA AXIS during extrahepatic biliary obstruction induces cholangiocyte proliferation in the rat
    294. HIV-1 infection and its impact on the HPA AXIS , cytokines, and cognition
    295. Assessing behavioural effects of chronic HPA AXIS activation using conditional CRH-overexpressing mice
    296. Effects of brief and long maternal separations on the HPA AXIS activity and the performance of rats on context and tone fear conditioning
    297. Lack of effect of HPA AXIS hyperactivity on hormonal responses to d-fenfluramine in major depressed patients: implications for pathogenesis of suicidal behaviour
    298. Binge-pattern alcohol exposure during puberty induces long-term changes in HPA AXIS reactivity
    299. Co-occurring manic symptomatology influences HPA AXIS alterations in depression
    300. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS response and biotransformation of oral naltrexone: preliminary examination of relationship to family history of …
    301. Rat estrous cycle influences the sexual diergism of HPA AXIS stimulation by nicotine
    302. Can variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA )-AXIS activity explain the relationship between depression and cognition in bipolar patients?
    303. HPA AXIS function in depression and dementia: a review
    304. Estrous cycle influences on sexual diergism of HPA AXIS responses to cholinergic stimulation in rats
    305. Physiology and pathophysiology of the HPA AXIS
    306. HPA AXIS function in male caregivers: effect of the monoamine oxidase-A gene promoter (MAOA-uVNTR)
    307. Comparison of HPA AXIS hormonal responses to naloxone vs psychologically-induced stress
    308. The effects of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide and intranasal fluticasone propionate on short-term bone growth and HPA AXIS in children with allergic rhinitis
    309. HPA AXIS disturbance in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    310. Mouse tumor necrosis factor-α increases brain tryptophan concentrations and norepinephrine metabolism while activating the HPA AXIS in mice
    311. Acute HPA AXIS response to naltrexone differs in female vs. male smokers
    312. Anxious-depressive comorbidity: effects on HPA AXIS and CNS noradrenergic functions.
    313. Altered HPA AXIS responsivity to metyrapone testing in methadone maintained former heroin addicts with ongoing cocaine addiction
    314. Mouse interleukin-6 stimulates the HPA AXIS and increases brain tryptophan and serotonin metabolism
    315. Long term modulation of the HPA AXIS by the hippocampus: behavioral, biochemical and immunological endpoints in rats exposed to chronic mild stress
    316. Hyperactivity of the HPA AXIS is related to dietary restraint in normal weight women
    317. Attachment security and HPA AXIS reactivity to positive and challenging emotional situations in child–mother dyads in naturalistic settings
    318. Orexin a stimulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function, but not food intake, in the absence of full hypothalamic NPY-ergic activity
    319. Antimineralocorticoid canrenoate enhances secretory activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS in humans
    320. Roles of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and of the amygdala in N/OFQ-mediated anxiety and HPA AXIS activation
    321. HPA –AXIS hyperactivity and mortality in psychotic depressive disorder: preliminary findings
    322. An unexpected reduction in sucrose concentration activates the HPA AXIS on successive post shift days without attenuation by discriminative contextual stimuli
    323. Ectopic expression of the CRF-binding protein: minor impact on HPA AXIS regulation but induction of sexually dimorphic weight gain.
    324. Exposure to repeated, intermittent d-amphetamine induces sensitization of HPA AXIS to a subsequent stressor
    325. Early maternal separation followed by later stressors leads to dysregulation of the HPA –AXIS and increases in hippocampal NGF and NT-3 levels in a rat model
    326. HPA AXIS reactivity in chronic pelvic pain: association with depression
    327. Evidence for a lack of phasic inhibitory properties of habituated stressors on HPA AXIS responses in rats
    328. Corticosteroid receptors and HPA –AXIS regulation
    329. Personality pathology, depression and HPA AXIS functioning
    330. The nociceptin receptor antagonist [Nphe1, Arg14, Lys15] nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NH2 blocks the stimulatory effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ on the HPA AXIS in rats
    331. Molecular biology of the HPA AXIS
    332. Sigma receptors modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS centrally: evidence for a functional interaction with NMDA receptors, in vivo
    333. Effects of galanin on monoaminergic systems and HPA AXIS : Potential mechanisms underlying the effects of galanin on addiction-and stress-related behaviors
    334. Chronic administration of NMU into the paraventricular nucleus stimulates the HPA AXIS but does not influence food intake or body weight
    335. Effect of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on the noradrenergic and HPA AXIS activation induced by intraperitoneal interleukin-1 administration in rats
    336. Suicidal intent and the HPA –AXIS characteristics of suicide attempters with major depressive disorder and adjustment disorders
    337. Sex differences in HPA AXIS regulation
    338. Dynamics of the regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS determined using a nonsurgical method for collecting pituitary venous blood from horses
    339. Bouncing back: trauma and the HPA –AXIS in healthy adults
    340. The relevance of the in-versus outpatient status for studies on HPA –AXIS in depression: spontaneous hypercortisolism is a feature of major depressed inpatients and …
    341. Reduction in serum cortisol after platinum based chemotherapy for cancer: a role for the HPA AXIS in treatment-related nausea?
    342. Developmental trauma is associated with behavioral hyperarousal, altered HPA AXIS activity, and decreased hippocampal neurotrophin expression in the adult rat
    343. Binge-pattern alcohol exposure during puberty induces sexually dimorphic changes in genes regulating the HPA AXIS
    344. Effects of coadministration of cannabinoids and morphine on nociceptive behaviour, brain monoamines and HPA AXIS activity in a rat model of persistent pain
    345. Cumulative effects of prenatal substance exposure and early adversity on foster children’s HPA –AXIS reactivity during a psychosocial stressor
    346. Effects of rearing condition on HPA AXIS response to fluoxetine and desipramine treatment over repeated social separations in young rhesus monkeys
    347. Topical fluticasone propionate lotion does not cause HPA AXIS suppression
    348. HPA AXIS dysregulation following prenatal opiate exposure and postnatal withdrawal
    349. HPA AXIS activation and neurochemical responses to bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract
    350. The acute effects of a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) agonist on nocturnal hypothalamic–adrenal–pituitary (HPA ) AXIS activity in healthy controls
    351. The relationship of allopregnanolone immunoreactivity and HPA –AXIS measures to experimental pain sensitivity: Evidence for ethnic differences
    352. Baseline ‘state anxiety’influences HPA –AXIS sensitivity to one sham-controlled HF-rTMS session applied to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
    353. Effects of prenatal stress on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function over two generations of guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus)
    354. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 ablation causes dysregulation of the HPA AXIS and increases hippocampal BDNF protein levels: implications for …
    355. Increased basal activity of the HPA AXIS and renin-angiotensin system in congenital learned helpless rats exposed to stress early in development
    356. … exogenous corticosterone treatments in adolescent rats and effects on anxiety-like and depressive behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS …
    357. HPA AXIS responsivity to dexamethasone and cognitive impairment in dementia
    358. A pilot study of noradrenergic and HPA AXIS functioning in PTSD vs. panic disorder
    359. Impaired lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens in severely depressed patients: a complex interface with HPA –AXIS hyperfunction, noradrenergic activity and the ageing …
    360. Effects of neonatal corticosterone treatment on maze performance and HPA AXIS in juvenile rats
    361. HPA AXIS responses to acute stress and adrenalectomy during adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat
    362. Prenatal maternal stress, HPA AXIS activity, and postnatal infant development
    363. The HPA –AXIS as a possible link between depression, diabetes mellitus and cognitive dysfunction
    364. Effects of repeated injections of interleukin 1β or lipopolysaccharide on the HPA AXIS in the newborn rat
    365. GLP-1 (7-36)-amide and exendin-4 stimulate the HPA AXIS in rodents and humans
    366. Catecholamine and HPA AXIS dysfunction in depression: relationship with suicidal behavior
    367. The HPA AXIS response to insulin hypoglycemia in depression
    368. Ontogeny of the HPA AXIS of the CD1 mouse following 24 h maternal deprivation at pnd 3
    369. Childcare as a stabilizing influence on HPA AXIS functioning: A reevaluation of maternal occupational patterns and familial relations
    370. HPA –AXIS hormones and prolactin responses to dextro-fenfluramine in depressed patients and healthy controls
    371. Chronic fatigue syndrome: circadian rhythm and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS impairment
    372. HPA AXIS safety of fluticasone furoate nasal spray once daily in children with perennial allergic rhinitis
    373. The HPA AXIS modulates the CNS melanocortin control of liver triacylglyceride metabolism
    374. HPA AXIS activation determined by the CRH challenge test in patients with few versus multiple episodes of treatment–refractory depression
    375. The design of new antidepressants: can formal models help? A first attempt using a model of the hippocampal control over the HPA –AXIS based on a review from the …
    376. Effect of repeated restraint on homotypic stress-induced nitric oxide synthases expression in brain structures regulating HPA AXIS
    377. HPA –AXIS abnormalities in psychiatrically well controls
    378. Diazepam increases the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS activity by a cyclic AMP‐dependent mechanism
    379. The effects of repeated intra-amygdala CRF injections on rat behavior and HPA AXIS function after stress
    380. The effect of chronic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment on serotonin1B receptor sensitivity and HPA AXIS activity
    381. … 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)-2-aminopropane stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS . I. Acute effects on HPA AXIS activity and corticotropin …
    382. The effect of rearing experience and TPH2 genotype on HPA AXIS function and aggression in rhesus monkeys: A retrospective analysis
    383. Chronic subcutaneous leptin infusion diminishes the responsiveness of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in female rhesus monkeys
    384. Fetal hypoxemia on a molecular level: adaptive changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and the lungs
    385. Cortisol awakening response in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients as a marker of HPA –AXIS dysfunction
    386. The relationships between the availability ofL-tryptophan to the brain, the spontaneous HPA –AXIS activity, and the HPA –AXIS responses to dexamethasone in …
    387. Chronic treatment with the antidepressant tianeptine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced Fos expression in the rat paraventricular nucleus and HPA AXIS activation
    388. Interleukin-6 and perioperative thermoregulation and HPA –AXIS activation
    389. Local anaesthetics attenuates spinal nociception and HPA –AXIS activation during experimental laparotomy in pigs
    390. Acute diclofenac treatment attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations to basic reward behavior and HPA AXIS activation in rats
    391. Assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS dysfunction: comparison of ACTH stimulation, insulin-hypoglycemia and metyrapone
    392. … U partially mediates leptin-induced hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA ) stimulation and has a physiological role in the regulation of the HPA AXIS in the rat
    393. Ghrelin, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and Cushing’s syndrome
    394. Diagnosis and treatment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS dysfunction in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM)
    395. HPA AXIS disturbance and treatment outcome in panic disorder
    396. Sex differences in HPA AXIS activity in response to a meal
    397. Effects of nitric oxide on the HPA AXIS and aggression
    398. Effects of acute and chronic administration of μ-and δ-opeoid agonists on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS in the rat
    399. The role of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase in the interleukin-1-induced activation of the HPA AXIS : dependence on the route of injection
    400. Cocaine and σ‐1 receptors modulate HIV infection, chemokine receptors, and the HPA AXIS in the huPBL‐SCID model
    401. Associations between common arginine vasopressin 1b receptor and glucocorticoid receptor gene variants and HPA AXIS responses to psychosocial stress in a child …
    402. μ-, δ-, κ-and ϵ-Opioid receptor modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS : subchronic tolerance studies of endogenous opioid peptides
    403. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function in the California mouse (Peromyscus californicus): changes in baseline activity, reactivity, and fecal excretion of …
    404. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, but not vasopressin, participates in chronic hyperactivity of the HPA AXIS in diabetic rats
    405. HPA AXIS abnormalities in depressed patients with normal response to the DST.
    406. Cytokine regulation of tryptophan metabolism in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS : implications for protective and toxic consequences in neuroendocrine …
    407. Melatonin reversal of DOI-induced hypophagia in rats; possible mechanism by suppressing 5-HT2A receptor-mediated activation of HPA AXIS
    408. Diurnal cortisol rhythms in Tsimane’Amazonian foragers: new insights into ecological HPA AXIS research
    409. … of IL-6 with the classical humoral disease activity parameters ESR and CRP and with serum cortisol, reflecting the activity of the HPA AXIS in active rheumatoid arthritis
    410. HPA AXIS hyperactivity and recovery from functional psychoses.
    411. A comparison of methods for assessing hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA ) AXIS activity in asthma patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids
    412. Selective contributions of the medial preoptic nucleus to testosterone-dependant regulation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the HPA AXIS
    413. Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide effects on HPA AXIS function and elevated plus maze behaviour in maternally separated and handled rats
    414. Cognition and HPA AXIS reactivity in mildly to moderately depressed outpatients. A case–control study
    415. Decreased glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and dysfunction of HPA AXIS in rats after removal of the cholinergic innervation to hippocampus.
    416. Physical activity, but not environmental complexity, facilitates HPA AXIS response habituation to repeated audiogenic stress despite neurotrophin mRNA regulation in …
    417. HPA AXIS exhaustion and regulatory T cell accumulation in patients with a functional somatic syndrome: recent view on the problem of Gulf War veterans
    418. High-dose inhaled steroids in asthmatics: moderate efficacy gain and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS . Research Council of the …
    419. HPA –AXIS responses during experimental colitis in the rat
    420. Anatomy of the HPA AXIS
    421. Neuroendocrine (HPA AXIS ) and clinical correlates during fluvoxamine and amitriptyline treatment
    422. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, HPA –AXIS and sleep-EEG changes in unmedicated patients with depression after total sleep deprivation
    423. The HPA AXIS and depressive disorders
    424. Vasopressin pressor receptor-mediated activation of HPA AXIS by acute ethanol stress in rats
    425. … between anthropometrical measurements, body composition, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of the hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and HPA AXIS …
    426. Disruption of the neuregulin 1 gene in the rat alters HPA AXIS activity and behavioral responses to environmental stimuli
    427. Stress and nursing in the pig: role of HPA AXIS and endogenous opioid peptides
    428. CRF-1 antagonist and CRF-2 agonist decrease binge-like ethanol drinking in C57BL/6J mice independent of the HPA AXIS
    429. Regulatory mechanism of hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and neuronal changes after adrenalectomy in type 2 diabetes
    430. PVN c-fos expression, HPA AXIS response and immune cell distribution during restraint stress
    431. The dialogue between the brain and immune system involves not only the HPA –AXIS
    432. HPA AXIS activity and neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 clade C infection.
    433. Involvement of GABAB receptors in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS in rats
    434. Injection of Urocortin 3 into the ventromedial hypothalamus modulates feeding, blood glucose levels, and hypothalamic POMC gene expression but not the HPA AXIS
    435. Progressive dysregulation of autonomic and HPA AXIS functions in HIV-1 clade C infection in South India
    436. The acute and post-discontinuation effects of a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist probe on sleep and the HPA AXIS in chronic insomnia: a pilot study
    437. HPA AXIS function and temperament in depression: A negative report
    438. … of one week 0900 h serum cortisol, low and standard dose synacthen tests with a 4 to 6 week insulin hypoglycaemia test after pituitary surgery in assessing HPA AXIS
    439. Auditory cortex lesions do not disrupt habituation of HPA AXIS responses to repeated noise stress
    440. Acute oral dexamethasone administration reduces levels of orphan GPCR glucocorticoid-induced receptor (GIR) mRNA in rodent brain: potential role in HPA –AXIS …
    441. Sleep deprivation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS activity in depressed patients
    442. Dorsomedial hindbrain participation in glucoprivic feeding response to 2DG but not 2DG-induced hyperglycemia or activation of the HPA AXIS
    443. Chronic cannabis use does not affect the normalization of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS induced by methadone in heroin addicts
    444. Does HPA –AXIS activity mediate the relationship between obstetric complications and externalizing behavior problems? The TRAILS study
    445. Phasic hyperactivity of the HPA AXIS resulting from chronic central IL-2 administration.
    446. Peripheral White Blood Cells and HPA AXIS Neurohomrmones in Major Depression
    447. The impact of water-floating and high-intensity exercise on rat’s HPA AXIS and interleukins concentrations
    448. Reversible inactivation of the auditory thalamus disrupts HPA AXIS habituation to repeated loud noise stress exposures
    449. Effects of the IL-1 receptor antagonist on the IL-1-and endotoxin-induced activation of the HPA AXIS and cerebral biogenic amines in mice
    450. Influence of acupuncture on HPA AXIS in a rat model of chronic stress-induced depression
    451. Stress Responsivity and HPA AXIS Activity in Juveniles: Results From a Home-Based CO 2 Inhalation Study
    452. Long‐term basal and dynamic evaluation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in acromegalic patients
    453. The prototypic antidepressant drug, imipramine, but not Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort), reduces HPA –AXIS function in the rat
    454. The effect of acamprosate on alcohol craving and correlation with hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA ) AXIS hormones and beta-endorphin
    455. Suppression of HPA AXIS in adults taking inhaled corticosteroids
    456. Effects of early deprivation and maternal separation on pup‐directed behavior and HPA AXIS measures in the juvenile female rat
    457. Transient sex-related changes in the mice hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS during the acute phase of the inflammatory process
    458. Inhaled corticosteroids and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS : do we understand their interaction?
    459. The HPA AXIS and psychopathology: Cushing’s syndrome
    460. Peripheral administration of CRF and urocortin: effects on food intake and the HPA AXIS in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata
    461. A study of the neural correlates of episodic memory and HPA AXIS status in drug-free depressed patients and healthy controls
    462. Do neonatal bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the hippocampal formation or of the amygdala impair HPA AXIS responsiveness and regulation in infant rhesus macaques …
    463. Tissue-specific programming expression of glucocorticoid receptors and 11β-HSDs by maternal perinatal undernutrition in the HPA AXIS of adult male rats
    464. Diurnal variation in peripheral (hair) vs central (saliva) HPA AXIS cortisol concentrations
    465. Effect of late hypothalamo‐pituitary disconnection on the development of the HPA AXIS in the ovine fetus and the initiation of parturition
    466. 17β-estradiol is required for the sexually dimorphic effects of repeated binge-pattern alcohol exposure on the HPA AXIS during adolescence
    467. Relationship between mental impairment and HPA AXIS activity in dementia disorders
    468. Comparable effects of inhaled fluticasone propionate and budesonide on the HPA –AXIS in adult asthmatic patients
    469. Three Chinese herbal medicines promote neuroproliferation in vitro, and reverse the effects of chronic mild stress on behavior, the HPA AXIS , and proliferation of …
    470. Involvement and role of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) stress AXIS in animal models of chronic pain and inflammation
    471. Leukemia inhibitory factor signaling is implicated in embrionic development of the HPA AXIS
    472. HPA -and HPT-AXIS alterations in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
    473. The HPA AXIS in cocaine use: implications for pharmacotherapy
    474. Influence of the lilium saponins on HPA AXIS of the depression model rats
    475. Suppression of HPA –AXIS activity by haloperidol after experimentally induced heat stress
    476. Investigation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal AXIS (HPA ) by 1 μg ACTH test and metyrapone test in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome
    477. Hyperforin-containing extracts of St John’s wort fail to alter gene transcription in brain areas involved in HPA AXIS control in a long-term treatment regimen in …
    478. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS : a major mediator of the adaptive responses to stress
    479. … the serotonin (5-HT) 2 receptor agonist-induced increases in rat serum corticosterone concentrations: evidence for 5-HT2A receptor mediation of the HPA AXIS
    480. Not all peripheral immune stimuli that activate the HPA AXIS induce proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in the hypothalamus
    481. Relationship between Depression and HPA AXIS and Intervention by Traditional Chinese Medicine [J]
    482. Differential Effects of Subtypes of Trauma Symptoms on Couples’ Hypothalamus‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA ) AXIS Reactivity and Recovery in Response to Interpersonal …
    483. Effects of puncturing the acupoints of baihui and sanyinjiao by electric needles on the HPA AXIS in the rat chronic stress-induced depression model
    484. Inmunoferon®, a glycoconjugate of natural origin, regulates the liver response to inflammation and inhibits TNF-α production by an HPA AXIS -dependent mechanism
    485. Glucocorticoids and the HPA AXIS
    486. Processing of cytokine signals at CNS levels: relevance for immune–HPA AXIS interactions
    487. Combined receptor antagonist stimulation of the HPA AXIS test identifies impaired negative feedback sensitivity to cortisol in obese men
    488. Long-term Effects of Early Postnatally Administered Interleukin-1 on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in Rats
    489. Effects of jieyuwan on HPA AXIS and immune system in chronic stress models in rats
    490. Effects of acute stressors on the expression of oxytocin receptor mRNA in hearts of rats with different activity of HPA AXIS
    491. Expression of kinin receptor mRNA in the HPA AXIS of type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats
    492. High HPA –AXIS activation disrupts the link between liking and wanting with liking and wanting related brain signaling
    493. Plasmatic vasopressin neurophysin in depression: basic levels and relations with HPA AXIS
    494. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function in patients receiving long-term intra-articular corticosteroids
    495. Neonatal asphyxia under hyperthermic conditions alters HPA AXIS function in juvenile rats
    496. Urocortin: a mechanism for the sustained activation of the HPA AXIS in the late-gestation ovine fetus?
    497. … administrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone during late gestation in pigs: maternal cortisol response and effects on fetal HPA AXIS and brain neurotransmitter …
    498. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS
    499. HPA –AXIS effects of nebulised fluticasone propionate compared with oral prednisolone in childhood asthma
    500. Systemic apomorphine alters HPA AXIS responses to interleukin-1β adminstration but not sound stress
    501. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in the regulation of blood pressure
    502. Imidazoline2 (I2) binding site-and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of central noradrenergic and HPA AXIS function in control rats and chronically stressed rats …
    503. Pseudo‐affective visceromotor responses and HPA AXIS activation following colorectal distension in rats with increased cholinergic sensitivity
    504. Intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-A stimulates monoamine metabolism but not HPA AXIS in neonatal chicks
    505. Adult Consequences of Post-weaning High Fat Feeding on the Limbic–HPA AXIS of Female Rats
    506. Ontogeny of steroid receptor coactivators in the hippocampus and their role in regulating postnatal HPA AXIS function
    507. Seasonal affective disorder and HPA AXIS disturbance
    508. TPH2 5′‐ and 3′‐regulatory polymorphisms are differentially associated with HPA AXIS function and self‐injurious behavior in rhesus monkeys
    509. Potential role of HPA AXIS and sympathetic nervous responses in depletion of B cells induced by H9N2 avian influenza virus infection
    510. Assessment of HPA –AXIS suppression with fluticasone cream 0.05% in patients with extensive psoriasis or eczema
    511. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and metabolic abnormalities in first-episode psychosis
    512. Dexamethasone and stressor-magnitude regulation of stress-induced transcription of HPA AXIS secretagogues in the rat
    513. Adjustment effects of Herba epimedii, Fructus ligustrilucidi on NO/ET, HPA AXIS in asthmatic rats
    514. Amphetamine withdrawal leads to behavioral sensitization and reduced HPA AXIS response following amphetamine challenge
    515. Attenuation of HPA AXIS hyperactivity and simultaneous clinical deterioration in a depressed patient treated with mirtazapine
    516. HPA –AXIS dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical implications
    517. Effect of Interleukin 1β on the HPA AXIS in H1-Receptor Knockout Mice
    518. Salivary biomarkers of HPA AXIS and autonomic activity in adults with intellectual disability with and without stereotyped and self-injurious behavior disorders
    519. HPA –AXIS reactivity to interpersonal stress in young adults who self-injure
    520. Evidence to support the non-genomic modulation of the HPA AXIS
    521. Exogenous IL-1beta induces its own expression, but not that of IL-6 in the hypothalamus and activates HPA AXIS and prolactin release.
    522. The central nucleus of the amygdala; a conduit for modulation of HPA AXIS responses to an immune challenge?
    523. Repeated regrouping of pair-housed heifers around puberty affects their behavioural and HPA AXIS reactivities
    524. Brain catalase activity inhibition as well as opioid receptor antagonism increases ethanol‐induced HPA AXIS activation
    525. Effects of orchidectomy and testosterone replacement on mouse enkephalin-degrading aminopeptidase activity in the HPA AXIS
    526. Modulation by catecholamine of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS activity in morphine-tolerance and withdrawal
    527. Influence of hormonal status on enkephalin-degrading aminopeptidase activity in the HPA AXIS of female mice
    528. Plasma soluble interleukin-2-receptor in depression: relationships to plasma neopterin and serum IL-2 concentrations and HPA –AXIS activity
    529. A randomized controlled assessment of the effects of different dosing regimens of budesonide on the HPA ‐AXIS in healthy subjects
    530. Dopamine susceptibility of APO-SUS rats is not per se coupled to HPA –AXIS activity
    531. Sexual dimorphism in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS and TNFα responses to phospholipase A 2-related neurotoxin (from crotalus durissus terrificus) …
    532. Expression of heart oxytocin receptor and its mRNA in two rat strains with different activity of HPA AXIS
    533. The effects of early adverse life experiences on the HPA AXIS and their impact on the development of depression
    534. Expression of mRNA for interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in HPA –AXIS tissues in Schistosoma mansoni …
    535. Stress, depressive symptoms, interpersonal relatedness, and HPA AXIS functioning in women
    536. Lower-leg growth rate and HPA –AXIS function in children with asthma during treatment with inhaled ciclesonide
    537. Chronic kappa opioid receptor antagonism produces supersensitivity to U-50,488 H at the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS level.
    538. Growth velocity and HPA AXIS function during 1-year treatment with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous (TAA) nasal spray in children with allergic rhinitis (AR)
    539. Androgenic influence on serotonergic activation of the HPA stress AXIS
    540. Influence of the HPA AXIS on the inflammatory response in cutaneous wounds with the use of 670-nm laser photobiomodulation
    541. PTSD and HPA AXIS : same hormones, different disorders
    542. Suppression of the HPA AXIS in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis
    543. Effects of melatonin on HPA AXIS in rats
    544. Modulation of HPA AXIS function for treatment of mood disorders
    545. Effect of spraydried plasma and Escherichia coli on intestinal morphology and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS of the weaned pig
    546. Stress peptides and HPA AXIS reactivity in depression
    547. Does trauma cause lasting changes in HPA –AXIS functioning in healthy individuals?
    548. HPA AXIS overactivity and the pathogenesis of depression
    549. Diabetes and depression–is there a link to the HPA AXIS ?
    550. Authors’ Response: HPA AXIS Testing after Pituitary Surgery
    551. Effects of resistance exercise on the HPA AXIS and cardiovascular responses to psychological stress during short-term smoking abstinence in men
    552. Investigation of the relation between the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS activity, IL-6 and hyperalgesia during chronic inflammation due to rheumatoid …
    553. HPA AXIS Activity under Psychosocial Stress in Patients with Acute and Remitted Panic Disorder.
    554. Once-daily ciclesonide does not cause HPA –AXIS suppression in pediatric asthma patients
    555. Intracerebroventricular injection of leukotriene B 4 attenuates antigen-induced asthmatic response via BLT1 receptor stimulating HPA –AXIS in sensitized rats
    556. Interaction of 5-HT and HPA AXIS in depression and treatment-resistant depression
    557. Depression and HPA –AXIS dysregulation: A large cohort study
    558. Lack of Effect on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA ) AXIS Function by Once-daily Fluticasone Furoate∗ Nasal Spray (FFNS) 110 mcg in Children with Perennial …
    559. IN VITRO EFFECTS OF HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS (HPA ) HORMONES ON SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
    560. Targeting the HPA AXIS in major depression: does it work?: Invited commentary on… Antiglucocorticoids in Psychiatry
    561. Antenatal stress and anxiety, effects on behavioural and cognitive outcomes for the child, and the role of the HPA AXIS
    562. GABAA receptor deficits cause HPA AXIS hyperactivity and antidepressant drug sensitivity reminiscent of melancholic forms of depression
    563. EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE COMBINING WITH MEDICINE TREATMENT ON HPA AXIS OF RATS WITH CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS [J]
    564. Experimental study on hormones of HPA –AXIS with electro-acupuncture by CFS model rats
    565. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS in physiological and pathological aging brain.
    566. Allopregnanolone is involved in reduced HPA AXIS responses to immune challenge in late pregnancy
    567. Effects of Kidney-yang Tonifying Formula on Inhibition of HPA AXIS and Catabolism by Glucocorticoids
    568. Metoclopramide as pharmacological tool to assess vasopressinergic co-activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA ) AXIS : A study in healthy volunteers
    569. A hypothetical index of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function
    570. Study on Intervention of Jieyu Yihao on SS’regulating function of HPA AXIS [J]
    571. The HPA AXIS and cocaine self-administration
    572. Effects of Rehmanniae Radix on HPA AXIS system and catecholamienrgic system in FST
    573. The HPA AXIS and the regulation of energy balance
    574. Experimental Study of Modified Dihuang Yinzi Formula on HPA AXIS of MCAO Rat Model [J]
    575. Stress and Antidepressant Modulation of the Limbic HPA AXIS
    576. The HPA AXIS in the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome
    577. In healthy young and elderly adults, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical AXIS reactivity (HPA AR) varies with increasing pharmacological challenge and with age, but …
    578. The influence of DHEA pretreatment on prepulse inhibition and the HPA –AXIS stress response in rat offspring exposed prenatally to polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic …
    579. Plasma IL-6 and HPA –AXIS function in depression and anxiety in patients with cancer
    580. Lack of Effect on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA ) AXIS Function by Once-daily Fluticasone Furoate [low*] Nasal Spray (FFNS) 110 mcg in Adolescents and …
    581. Experimental Research of Effects of Acupuncture on the HPA AXIS of Chronic Fatigue Rats Induced by Multiple Stress Factors [J]
    582. CRH haplotype predicts CSF CRH, HPA AXIS activity, temperament, and alcohol consumption in rhesus macaques
    583. Effects of persistent environmental pollutants on the HPA –AXIS
    584. Lack of involvement of δ-opioid receptor in mediating physical dependence at the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA ) AXIS in the rat
    585. Regulating Action of Ningchang Decoction On HPA AXIS of IBS Rats
    586. Postnatal ovine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA ) AXIS function is altered following prenatal betamethasone exposure
    587. Identifying a central nervous system perturbation that explains peripheral hypocortisolism by modeling the HPA AXIS
    588. The role of