Relationship between the antihypoxic effect of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol) and their effect on conditional learning, glycemia, and lipidemia was studied in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. In parallel, the analogous relationship was investigated for alpha-lipoic acid that is regarded as a “gold standard” in treatment of diabetic neuropathy. It was established that single administration of emoxipine and mexidol in mice in doses equivalent to therapeutic-range doses in humans produces antihypoxic effect manifested by increased resistance to acute hypoxic hypoxia in test animals. Alpha-lipoic acid is inferior to emoxipin and mexidol in the degree of antihypoxic action. Reamberin does not exhibit this effect. The introduction of emoxipin, reamberin, mexidol, and alpha-lipoic acid in rats with alloxan diabetes during 7 or 14 days in doses equivalent to therapeutic-range doses in humans corrects conditional Learning disorders in direct relationship with the antihypoxic activity of these agents . The development of the Nootropic effect of emoxipin, mexidol, and alpha-lipoic acid is related to a decrease in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in rats with alloxan diabetes. The Nootropic action of reamberin is accompanied by a transient hypoglycemizing effect and aggravation of dyslipidemic disorders. The antihypoxic activity of investigated agents determines the direction and expression of their lipidemic effect, but is not correlated with the hypoglycemizing action these agents on test animals with alloxan diabetes.
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Featuring: Abelmoschus Esculents • Acorus Calamus • Adhatoda Vasica Nees • Aegle Marmelos • Ajuga Bracteosa Wall • Alangium Salvifolium • Albizzia Lebbeck Bark • Alpha-Gpc • Alpha-Lipoic Acid • Amycenone (Hericium Erinaceum) • Andrographolide (Andrographis Paniculata) • Aniracetam • Arabica Coffee Pulp • Argyreia Speciosa • Artemisia Absinthium • Withanolides (Ashwagandha • Bacopa Monnieri • Bauhinia Variegata • Benincasa Hispida • Berberine (Coptis Chinensis Franch.) • Brassica Oleraceae • Carica Papaya Seeds • Carissa Carandus • Carnosine • Carum Carvi • Cdp-Choline • Celastrus Paniculatus • Centella Asiatica • Citicoline • Clitoria Ternatea • Convolvulus Pluricaulis • Cordycepin ( Cordyceps Sinensis) • Cornus Officinalis • Crataeva Nurvala • Cressa Cretica • Dangsheng Polysaccharide (Radix Codonopsis) • Dichrocephala Integrifolia • Docosahexaenoic Acid (Marine Microalgae) • Eclipta Alba • Eclipta Prostrata • Embelin • Epicatechin • Etiracetam • Evolvulus Alsinoides • Fasoracetam • Ficus Religiosa • Filipendula Vulgaris • Foeniculum Vulgare • Galantamine • Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) • Ginkgo Biloba Extract • Hibiscus Sabdariffa • Hovenia Dulcis • Huperzine A (Lycopodium Serratum Thunb) • Hypericin (Hypericum Perforatum) • Idebenone • Ipomoea Aquatic Forsk • Juniperus Recurva • Leontopodium Alpinum • Leuzea Carthamoides • Marsilea Minuta • Meclofenoxat • Mimosa Pudica • Moringa Oleifera Leaves • Murraya Koenigii • Nardostachys Jatamansi • Nefiracetam • Nigella Sativa • Noopept • Nyctanthes • Ocimum Sanctum Leaf • Gallic Acid (Olive Olea Europaea L. Fruit) • Oxiracetam • Panax Ginseng Ginsenoside • Passiflora Actinia • Phenlypiracetam • Phloretin (Apple Peel) • Phosphatidylserine (Soybean) • Phyllanthus Reticulatus Poir • Piper Longum L • Pramiracetam • Prunus Amygdalus • Ptychopetalum Olacoides • Pueraria Tuberosa • Pyritinol • Pyroglutamate • Radix Polygalae • Red Ginseng Ginsenoside Rg1 Rb1 • Reishi Mushroom Polysaccharid • Resveratrol (Polygonum Cuspidatum) • Rice Bran Oil • Rubia Cordifolia Linn. • Sarsasapogenin-Aa13 • Salidroside (Rhodiola Rosea) • Shankhpushpi • Sida Cordifolia Alkaloids • Slimaluma • Sulbutiamine • Sunifiram • Tabernaemontana • Taxillus Tomentosus • Thespesia Populnea • Tiliacora Racemosa Colebr • Tinospora Cordifolia • Trapa Bispinosa • Unifiram • Vateria Indica Vitis Vinifera L. • Vigna Mungo • Vinpocetine (Cavinton) • Vitis Vinifera • Yashtimadhu Choorna • Zingiber Officinale
SCIENCE & ingredients:
Abelmoschus Esculentus
Abelmoschus esculentus L. (ladies finger, okra) is a well-known tropical vegetable, widely planted from Africa to Asia and from South Europe to America. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro Antioxidant capacity and in vivo protective effect of the aqueous and methanolic seed extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus against scopolamine-induced Cognitive impairment using passive avoidance task and acute restraining stress -induced behavioural and biochemical changes using elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST) in mice. Our results demonstrated that the pretreatment of mice with aqueous and methanolic seed extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus (200 mg/kg, p.o.) for seven days significantly (P < 0.01) attenuated scopolamine-induced Cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance test. In addition, these extracts significantly reduced the blood glucose, corticosterone, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels elevated by acute restraint stress and also significantly increased the time spent in open arm in EPM and decreased the immobility time in FST. It has also been revealed that these extracts showed a significant Antioxidant activity and no signs of toxicity or death up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg, p.o. These results suggest that the seed extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus L. possess Antioxidant , antistress , and Nootropic activities which promisingly support the medicinal values of ladies finger as a vegetable.
Acorus Calamus
Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update
Nootropic agents used as a memory enhancer can improve thinking, memory , and alertness in people with Alzheimer’s disease andother disease that affect the mind. memory is perhaps the most vital of all aspects that differentiates human beings from other animals. However, memory can become faulty due to several reasons, and in that case the person is not able to make full use of his or her potentials. Since ages, agents and natural remedies have been prescribed to enhance memories in people. 4 million people are thought to be suffering from age related memory and increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Although several Nootropic agents are available to treat memory problems. In recent years research on medicinal plants have been studied for Nootropic activity. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), Evolvulus alsinoides (Shankhpushpi),Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha),Acorus calamus(Bach)etc.,are used as a memory enhancer agents . The abstract refers to several plants with their activity. The main aim of this article isto give up the data reviews on plants withNootropic properties.
Adhatoda Vasica Nees
Objectives: The Present study was planned to evaluate the Nootropic activity of ehanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica nees (EERAV) and aqueous extract of A. vasica (AQERAV) in experimentally induced amnesic models in mice and rats. Methods: AERAV and AQERAV were prepared successively with roots of A. vasica using soxhlet apparatus. LD50 studies for these two extracts were carried out in albino mice up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg as per guidelines No. 425 of CPCSEA. EERAV and AQERAV were studied for their Nootropic effect evaluated in five different experimental models like Active (Rats) and Passive avoidance, Diazepam, Scopolamine, Sodium nitrite induced amnesia and Sodium nitrite induced hypoxia models all in mice. The parameters studied in Nootropic activity are Step Down Latency (SDL), Step Down Error (SDE), Time spent in Shock Zone (TSZ), Number of shocks, Transfer Latency (TL) and Time for cessation of respiration. Results: No mortality observed even at the highest dose tested (2000 mg/kg) and did not produce any significant effect on locomotor activity in mice. experimental studies have shown that EERAV and AQERAV have exhibited a dose dependent Nootropic activity. A Significant Nootropic activity was recorded with both the extracts in Active and Passive avoidance, Scopolamine, Diazepam and Sodium nitrite induced amnesia models. AQERAV exhibited a significant Nootropic effect with medium and high doses only in Active and Passive avoidance models, scopolamine and Diazepam induced amnesia models. Conclusion: The present study suggests that both extracts possessed a significant Nootropic activity in mice and rats.
Aegle Marmelos
n the present study A. marmelos selected for evaluation of its anti-amnesic activity and also to study its influence on cholinergic system of the Brain of rats, because there were no reporters on its anti-amnesic activity being evaluated pharmacologically. The electroshock (MES) induced amnesia model and scopolamine a well known anticholinergic agent was another model also used to produce loss of memory . Chronic exposure to MES for 7 days produced a significant decrease in latency to expose to electroshock grid in step down latency and increased the time of transfer latency in elevated plus maze. The same effect was also seen in scopolamine exposed animals, we foundthat there was a significant increase in acetylcholine sterase enzyme activity in MES exposed and also in Scopolamine exposed rats. Whereas, administration of ethanol extracts of leaf of A. marmelos simultaneously with MES and scopolamine exposure for 7 days prevented the impairment of memory consolidation and also reduced the Acetyl cholinesterase enzyme activity in all parts of the brain. Daily administration of extracts significantly attenuated the amnesic effect of both MES and scopolamine, which was also observed in performance of learned tasks in elevated plus maze and step-down apparatus
Ajuga Bracteosa Wall
Objective: Nootropic activity of Ajuga bracteosa herb was investigated using scopolamine induced amnesia (memory deficits), elevated plus-maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) experimental models in Swiss albino mice.
Materials and Methods: Successive maceration of the plant was made using n-hexane followed by methanol solvent to extract out active principles according to their solubility. Methanolic herbal extract of Ajuga bracteosa (ABE) was prepared using maceration. neuroprotective effect of ABE in Swiss albino mouse was recorded in transfer latency time (TLT) as inflation-ratio in EPM, escape latency time (ELT) and time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) in MWM model using scopolamine induced amnesia. agent induced lipid per-oxidation was measured by estimation of the content of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total protein in Brain blood sample of the mouse.
Results: ABE (500 and 750 mg/kg, p.o.) increased the TLT, ELT and TSTQ. Scopolamine markedly decreased the TLT over 3 minutes, ELT, TSTQ over 90 sec and consecutively impaired Learning and memory . Higher levels of Brain AChE and MDA but lower levels of Brain GSH and total protein were significantly attenuated by chronic administration of ABE herb in scopolamine treated mice at higher doses. The herb improve s Learning and memory of scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice.
Conclusion: Reversal of scopolamine induced amnesia by ABE may be mediated through the inhibition of oxidative stress and due to presence of withanolides containing anti-cholinesterase activity. ABE may be beneficial in management of memory deficits with normal life and clinical dementia associated with ageing and neurodegenerative states.
Alangium Salvifolium
Background: Alangium salvifolium possesses completely different medicine activities such as Antioxidant , anticancer, anti-inflammatory, bactericide, antifungal, and antifertility. It is also employed in the treatment of anxiety . The previous study is revealed significant of antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of A. salvifolium (EASL) by stress -induced depression through forced swim test and tail suspension test models in Swiss albino mice. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to explore Learning and memory Enhancing activity leaves of A. salvifolium in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: EASL of two divided doses (EASL-100 and 250 mg/kg orally) and scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg i.p.) per kg body weight was administrated for 7 days to individual groups of mice. The sensitivity behavioral models such as Elevated plus maze and Morris water maze were used to appraise Learning and memory . However, scopolamine is the natural agent that is elicited Cognitive state served as interoceptive models. The results area unit expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance test followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests. P < 0.05 was measured as statistically significant. Results: The results of this study showed that Alangiumsalvifoliumat the doses of 100–250 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05) improve d abstraction short-term and memory , the exceptional reduction in transfer latency of the 6th and 7th days as a region of Learning and memory . Within the elevated maze and reducing the escape latency within the Morris water maze. Conclusion: The results concluded, leaves of A. salvifoliumhave revealed as a significant memory Enhancing activity altogether the screening models used.
CONCLUSION: The consequences of this examine show that the EASL stabilized scopolamine-prompted memory impairment and also may be oxidative stress . As a consequence, it will be terminated that A. Salvifolium might exist a precious herb aid for the management of dementia , in trendy, associate age-related psychological feature deficit of Alzheimer’s type principally. Though, larger studies with A. salvifoliumtargeted on totally different hypotheses of advert are needed to clarify the exact mechanism of motion of the plant
Albizzia Lebbeck bark
Nootropic activity of Albizzia lebbeck in mice
The effect of saponin containing n-butanolic fraction (BF) extracted from dried leaves of Albizzia lebbeck on Learning and memory was studied in albino mice using passive shock avoidance paradigm and the elevated plus maze. Significant improve ment was observed in the retention ability of the normal and amnesic mice as compared to their respective controls. We have also studied the effects of BF on the Behavior influenced by serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline and dopamine . The Brain levels of serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine were also estimated to correlate the Behavior with neurotransmitter levels. The Brain concentration s of GABA and dopamine were decreased, whereas the 5-HT level was increased. The data indicate the involvement of monoamine neurotransmitter s in the Nootropic action of BF of A. lebbeck.
Alpha-GPC
Alpha-GPC is suggested to be synergistic with cholinergic Nootropics including the racetam family of Nootropics.
Alpha-GPC and other choline donors are also considered to be synergistic with antiacetylcholine sterase Nootropics for a similar effect.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Amycenone (Hericium erinaceum)
Amycenone, a Nootropic found in Hericium erinaceum
The current paper describes the physiological and Nootropic actions of Amycenone, which is an activator of Brain function that is obtained from extracts of the Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceum).
Kawagishi and his group have studied compounds that are derived from medicinal mushrooms and their use in the treatment of dementia from ScienceDirect’s AI-generated Topic Pages dementia since 1991. They have found that H. erinaceum exerts important bioactivities, including the induction of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, the inhibition of the cytotoxicity of beta-amyloid peptide, and the protection against neuron al cell death caused by oxidative or stress from ScienceDirect’s AI-generated Topic Pages” href=”https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/endoplasmic-reticulum-stress “>endoplasmic reticulum stress .
Since NGF was first discovered in the 1940s, it has garnered attention as a substance in the Brain that curbs the degeneration and loss of neuron s and that promotes the repair and regeneration of nerve function. However, NGF cannot pass through the Brain Barrier from ScienceDirect’s AI-generated Topic Pages” href=”https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/blood-brain-barrier”>blood–Brain barrier.
Amysenone (Amyloban®3399, which contains a standardized extract of H. erinaceum) has been found to pass through the blood–Brain barrier, and its safety as a health food is currently being ascertained.
On the basis of the author’s first-hand experiences, Amyloban®3399 was found to clearly increase alertness. The actions of Amyloban®3399 in treating sleep-related breathing disorders were examined. Amyloban®3399 was effective in improving sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome.
The use of Amyloban®3399 has been noted to result in the obvious restoration of Cognitive function in mild Cognitive Defect from ScienceDirect’s AI-generated Topic Pages Cognitive disorder.
Andrographolide (Andrographis Paniculata)
Results:
A significant (P<0.05) increase in Cognitive function was observed in both normal and type 2 diabetic rats. Nootropic activity in terms of per cent reduction in latency period was more in type 2 diabetic rats. A significant increase in blood lymphocyte count, splenic lymphocyte count and peritoneal macrophage count was observed in both normal and type 2 diabetic rats. Immunostimulant activity was observed more in type 2 diabetic rats. The per cent decrease in cerebral infarction was more in type 2 diabetic rats when compared to normal rats. The per cent increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels was more in type 2 diabetic rats.
Interpretation & conclusions:
The Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of A. paniculata leaves was evident by decreased tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased SOD levels. These properties may be responsible for the observed cerebroprotective activity. The methanolic leaf extract of A. paniculata showed significant immunostimulant, cerebroprotective and Nootropic activities in normal and type 2 diabetic rats.
Aniracetam
Effects of Aniracetam, a Nootropic agent , in Senile dementia
Three female patients with dementia were given aniracetam 500 mg, 1000 mg, and placebo for 4-week periods in a double-blind, cross-over study. EEGs and psychometric tests were performed before and during the treatment. From the power percentage of EEGs, aniracetam 500 mg produced an increase of α and fast wave activities but a decrease of slow wave activity. With aniracetam 1000 mg, neither an increase of α activity nor a decrease of slow wave activity were observed. In the psychometric tests, only the patient with a mild dementia responded favorably, according to performance on the tests. However, the scores with aniracetam 500 mg were higher than those with aniracetam 1000 mg. These results indicate that aniracetam may only be effective when dementia is mild and when the dose is carefully titrated.
Arabica Coffee Pulp
Evaluation of the Nootropic activity of arabica coffee pulp extract (Coffea arabica)
The Nootropic activity has the purpose of optimizing the Cognitive functions of the brain, which entails, to fight againts the lack of concentration , memory loss and Brain fatigue, which are age-dependent symptoms. This study evaluated the Nootropic activity of the extract of the pulp of the Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica). In the first stage we performed a quality control of the arabica coffee pulp and the quantification of total phenols. It was determined that the extract obtained by dynamic maceration and using ethanol as solvent: water (50:50), contains a greater quantity of total phenols. In a second stage, an in vivo study was carried out with mice of the speciesmus musculus as experimental subjects. These mice were divided into 4 groups with the purpose of administering water, Ginkgo Biloba and two different doses of pulp extract coffee. The results obtained, using Learning tests such as Morris water maze and the radial 8 arms maze, allowed to evaluate the spatial Learning and the animal’s memory . A mathematical analysis of a mixed linear model was used to analysis the information. It showed that the extract of the Arabica coffee pulp has Nootropic activity, and that the dose of 100 mg / Kilogram of the body weight / day of chlo
Argyreia Speciosa
Evaluation of Nootropic Effect of Argyreia speciosa in Mice
dementia is a Brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is alzheimer’s disease (AD), which initially involves the parts of the Brain that control thought, memory , and language, ending with severe Brain damage. Nootropic agents like, piracetam, and cholinesterase inhibitors like, donepezil are commonly used for improving memory , Mood and Behavior but their adverse effects have made their use limited and it is worthwhile to explore the utility of traditional medicines in the treatment of various Cognitive disorders. Argyreia speciosa (AS) commonly known as Vridha daraka is widely used in ayurveda for the treatment of neurological disorders. The present work was undertaken to assess the potential of AS as a Nootropic and anti-cholinesterase agent in mice. Effectiveness of aqueous extract of AS on ageing, scopolamine and diazepam induced memory deficits in mice was evaluated. Elevated plus maze and passive avoidance paradigm were employed to assess short-term and long term memory . In order to delineate the possible mechanism through which AS elicits the anti-amnesic effects, the whole Brain acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity, was also assessed. Two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) of aqueous extract of AS were administered orally for 6 successive days to both young and aged mice. AS decreased transfer latencies and increased step down latencies in both young and aged mice AS (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) successfully reversed amnesia induced by diazepam, scopolamine and natural ageing. AS significantly decreased AChE levels in the whole Brain homogenate indicating its potential in the attenuation of Learning and memory deficits especially in the aged mice.
Artemisia Absinthium
Chemical Composition and Biological Uses of Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood)
Adaptogenic and Nootropic Activity of Artemisia absinthium
According to naturopath Edward Wallace, an adaptogen doesn’t have a specific action; it helps you respond to any influence or stress or, normalizing your physio- logical functions. Adaptogens are a unique class of healing plants: they help bal- ance, restore, and protect the body.
The term of adaptogenic herbs or substances was first recorded in 1947 by N.V. Lazarev, a Russian scientist, who used it to describe this nonspecific effect that increases the body’s resistance to stress . Defined by two other Russian research scientists in 1958, adaptogens “must be innocuous and cause minimal disorders in the physiological functions of an organism, must have a nonspecific action, and usu- ally (Sánchez-Chávez and Salceda 2001) a normalizing action irrespective of the direction of the pathological state.” This effect has been observed in animal studies, finding that various adaptogens have the ability to create this generally increased tolerance to stress (Panossian et al. 2010).
In 2009, Mohmoudi et al. investigated the antidepressant activity of A. absin- thium by forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) models of depression . A. absinthium significantly reduced the immobility period in both FST and TST. The extract also exhibited good but different levels of Antioxidant activity in some models studied. Many different plants in the genus Artemisia are used as medicine. Some aspects of them are similar while others are different. All Artemisia species are antimicrobial and stimulate digestion to some degree. They vary more widely in that some are distinctly Nootropic (enhance memory and Cognitive func- tion) and inflammation modulating. All species are also emmenagogue to some extent. This means that they should be avoided in women trying to get pregnant, or who already are, but may be useful as part of preventing implantation of a recently fertilized ovum. Artemisia absinthium L. has long been used as traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of gastric pain, cardiac stimulation, to improve memory and for the restoration of declining Mental function. The Brain oxidative stress and damage and behavioral deficits were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the methanol extract of Artemisia absinthium (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) (Bora and Sharma 2010).
Nootropic agents used as a memory enhancer can improve thinking, memory , and alertness in people with Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases that affect the mind. memory is perhaps the most vital of all aspects that differentiates human beings from other animals. However, memory can become faulty due to several reasons, and in that case the person is not able to make full use of his or her potentials. Since ages, agents and natural reme
withanolides (Ashwagandha
Nootropic potential of Ashwagandha leaves: Beyond traditional root extracts
Rapidly increasing aging population and environMental stress ors are the two main global concerns of the modern society. These have brought in light rapidly increasing incidence of a variety of pathological conditions including Brain tumors, neurodegenerative & neuropsychiatric disorders, and new challenges for their treatment. The overlapping symptoms, complex etiology and lack of full understanding of the Brain structure and function to-date further complicate these tasks. On the other hand, several herbal reagents with a long history of their use have been asserted to possess neurodifferentiation, neuroregenerative and neuroprotective potentials, and hence been recommended as supplement to enhance and maintain Brain health and function. Although they have been claimed to function by holistic approach resulting in maintaining body homeostasis and Brain health, there are not enough laboratory studies in support to these and mechanism(s) of such beneficial activities remain largely undefined. One such herb is Ashwagandha, also called “Queen of Ayurveda” for its popular use in Indian traditional home medicine because of its extensive benefits including anticancer, anti-stress and remedial potential for aging and neurodegenerative pathologies. However, active principles and underlying mechanism(s) of action remain largely unknown. Here we provide a review on the effects of Ashwagandha extracts and active principles, and underlying molecular mechanism(s) for Brain pathologies. We highlight our findings on the Nootropic potential of Ashwagandha leaves. The effects of Ashwagandha leaf extracts are multidimensional ranging from differentiation of neuroblastoma and glioma cells, reversal of Alzheimer and Parkinson’s pathologies, protection against environMental neurotoxins and enhancement of memory .
Bacopa Monnieri
Neuropharmacological Review of the Nootropic Herb Bacopa monnieri
This review synthesizes behavioral research with neuromolecular mechanisms putatively involved with the low-toxicity Cognitive Enhancing action of Bacopa monnieri (BM), a medicinal Ayurvedic herb. BM is traditionally used for various ailments, but is best known as a neural tonic and memory enhancer . Numerous animal and in vitro studies have been conducted, with many evidencing potential medicinal properties. Several randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have substantiated BM’s Nootropic utility in humans. There is also evidence for potential attenuation of dementia , Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy. Current evidence suggests BM acts via the following mechanisms—anti-oxidant neuroprotection (via redox and enzyme induction), acetylcholine sterase inhibition and/or choline acetyltransferase activation, β-amyloid reduction, increased cerebral blood flow, and neurotransmitter modulation (acetylcholine [ACh], 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT], dopamine [DA]). BM appears to exhibit low toxicity in model organisms and humans; however, long-term studies of toxicity in humans have yet to be conducted. This review will integrate molecular neuroscience with behavioral research.
Bauhinia Variegata
Nootropic potential of Bauhinia variegata: A systematic study on murine model
Objectives: Bauhinia variegata Linn (leguminosae) is one of the important medicinal herbs used traditionally to treat fever, as tonic, astringent, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, piles, edema. Recent findings on Bauhinia variegata Linn have demonstrated its Antioxidant , anti-hyperlipidemic, and hepatoprotective potential. The present work is focused to evaluate Nootropic potential of Bauhinia variegata Linn in rats.
Materials and Methods: The leaves of Bauhinia variegata were collected in the month of January from Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh). Leaves were subjected for isolation of crude flavonoid s and characterized by total flavonoid content assay. flavonoid -rich extract of Bauhinia variegata was studied for acute oral toxicity as per revised Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development guidelines No. 423. Nootropic activity was determined by elevated plus maze, rotating rod apparatus, baclofen-induced catatonia, diazepam-induced amnesia.
Results: flavonoid -rich fraction of Bauhinia variegata caused no alteration in locomotion in animals. In the current study, animals treated with flavonoid -rich fraction of Bauhinia variegata (400 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in transfer latency as compared to the control group, which indicates Cognitive enhancement effect flavonoid -rich fraction of Bauhinia variegata. In rota rod studies, flavonoid -rich fraction of Bauhinia variegata increased fall of time as compared to diazepam. In baclofen-induced catatonia, administration of flavonoid -rich fraction of Bauhinia variegata demonstrated protective effect on rats. Over all, flavonoid -rich fraction of Bauhinia variegata was found to enhance the performance of murine models. Conclusion: Thus, it could be concluded that flavonoid s from Bauhinia variegata possess Nootropic potential. However, more systematic studies are required to determine its exact mechanism of action.
Benincasa Hispida
The fruit Benincasa hispida (BH) is an important ingredient of „Kusmanda lehyam‟ (Ayurvedic medicine), which is widely used, in nervous disorders. The present study has been designed to evaluate the cognition facilitating effect of BH pulp extract in colchicine induced experimental rat model of AD and to investigate the role of central cholinergic system in the Nootropic effect of BH pulp extract with the possible involvement of Antioxidant enzymes. The Behavior study, acetylcholine concentration , cholineacetyl transferase activity, Antioxidant level such as, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) level were studied in different parts of the Brain such as frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus (HPC) in colchicine induced experimental
Alzheimer rat model before and after treatment with BH. BH (400 mg/kg p.o.) induced statistically significant reversal of colchicine induced Cognitive deficits. BH (400 mg/kg p.o.) markedly induced frontal cortical and hippocampal concentration s of Ach and ChAt activity, the effects being statistically significant on days 7, 14 and 21 respectively. Moreover, BH significantly increased SOD, CAT, GSH activities and significantly decreased LPO level on day 7, 14 and 21 respectively. The aqueous pulp extract of BH (400 mg/kg body weight) containing vit- A, C, E results significant protection in the level of Antioxidant status in frontal cortex and hippocampas after a certain period of co administration on colchicine
Berberine (Coptis chinensis Franch.)
Background & Objectives: Colchicineadministration by ICV is well known model which shows sporadic dementia of the Alzheimer type in humans, causing Cognitive impairmentand oxidative damage. Berberine (BBR) is a naturally occurring flavonoid . Literature suggests multiple activitiesberberine. Hence it may act as a promising agent to combat AD. The present study has been designed to investigate the protective effects of berberine against the colchicine-inducedCognitive impairmentby modulating cholinergic neurotransmission in mice.
Methods:Colchicine(15 microg/5 microL), administered intracerebroventricularly, resulted in poor memory retention in both the Morris water maze task paradigms. Mice received chronic treatment of BBR at a subeffectiveandeffective dose of (5 and 40 mg/kg per day, PO respectively) along with nicotine and mechamylamine respectively for a period of 25 days beginning 4 days prior to colchicineadministration. For cholinergic system modulation study Nicotine and Mecamylamine was given I.C.V as agonist and antagonistrespectively.Results: In present investigation, BBR in sub effective dose do not show any ant amnesic activity but when it is given along with Nicotine it significantly decreases the latency time on as compared to BBR alone in MWM task. Similarly is the case with mecamylamine and BBR at effective.
Conclusions:Our results suggest that BBR provides ant amnesic effects and that may be through modulation of nicotinergic receptors in colchicine’s induced memory impairment model and further investigation of the BBR for therapeutic use in treating AD is warranted.
Brassica Oleraceae
memory deficit is major health problem in normal life and in numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative states during which patients forget recent happenings and become profoundly disabled, mute, immobile over 5-10years. Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica (Broccoli) was investigated for its anti-dementic activity on memory deficit induced by scopolamine (0.3mg/kg, i.p.) in young male rats using behavioural models [elevated plus maze (EPM) & Morris water maze (MWM)]. Brain malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite and reduced glutathione (GSH) biomarkers were also estimated to assess oxidative potential of broccoli. Its flower extract was prepared with hydro-alcohol (1:1) solvent using Soxhlet apparatus. Two doses (40 and 80mg/kg, p. o.) of Hydro-alcoholic flower extract of Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica (HFEBOI) were administered for four consecutive days to separate groups of rats. Chronic pretreatment with HFEBOI (40 and 80mg/kg, p. o.) significantly and dose dependently improve d Learning and memory of rats, as indicated by increase in inflation ratio using EPM, and decrease in ELT during acquisition and increase in time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) during retrieval using MWM. The agents did not show any significant effect on loco-motor activity of the rat. Oxidative stress biomarkers (elevated Brain MDA, nitrite and lower GSH levels) in scopolamine induced memory deficit in rats were significantly reversed by the flower extract. HFEBOI significantly reversed scopolamine induced memory deficit in rats. HFEBOI also significantly reduced Brain acetylcholine sterase (AChE) activity of rats. The results indicated potential of HFEBOI in relieving memory deficit and oxidative stress induced by scopolamine. Anti-dementic mechanism of Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica may be mediated through the inhibition of Brain AChE activity by diindolylmethane, an anti-ChE and oxidative stress leading to rejuvenation of central nervous system that relieves dementia .
Broccoli contains diindolylmethane, which possessed anti-ChE activity. agents that inhibit AChE enzyme, protects acetylcholine from hydrolysis and may increase the level of acetylcholine in the brain
and have nootropic activity.
flower extract may be mediated through facilitation of cholinergic transmission by its diindolylmethane and Antioxidant effect.
Keywords: memory , Brassica oleracea l, scopolamine; memory deficit, broccoli, scopolamine, anticholinesterase , elevated plus maze, morris water maze, inflation ratio
Carica Papaya Seeds
The aim of present study is to investigate neuroprotective and Nootropic activity of Petroleum Ether Extract of Carica papaya seeds (PEECPS) on diabetic induced Cognitive decline rats. Rectangular maze and morris water maze models were used to evaluate Nootropic activity and neuroprotective effects were studied by estimating acetyl cholinesterase (AchE), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the brains of diabetic rats. In rectangular maze and morris water maze models, 400 mg/kg of PECPS were shown the significant effect when compared with diabetic control on day 75. Significant decrease in AchE (P<0.001), MDA (P<0.01), NO (P<0.05) and significantly (P<0.01) increased levels of SOD, CAT and GSH with PECPS (200 and 400 mg/kg) when compared with diabetic control. There is a need of further studies on Carica papaya seeds as it showed protection against diabetes induced Cognitive decline to reveal its mode of action.
Carissa carandus
Phytochemical Screening and invivo Nootropic Evaluation of Carissacarandus linn. Roots
The present investigation was planned with an objective to screen phytochemically andneuropharmacologically the roots of Carissa carandus Linn.in rats. Carissa carandus Linn.(karaunda), common herb of dogbane family Apocynaceae. It has been used as additive in Indian pickles1. The extraction of Carissa carandus Linn. roots was carried out by Soxhlet apparatus by successive solvent extraction in the order of increasing polarity with solvents such as hexane, methanol and water respectively for 24 hours. Phytochemical screening of the extracts reveals the presence of following chemical constituents such as carbohydrates, proteins, lignans, flavonoid s, terpenes, saponins glycosides, cardiac glycosides etc. Nootropic activity was carried out with methanolic extract (200 mg/kg) in albino rats by using object recognition test. The rats of all the groups are placed one by one in an empty object recognition test chamber to get habituated to the environment for a period of 5 minutes before the test session. The rats were allowed to explore a familiar object (F) and a new object (F1) on first day test trail for a period of 5 minutes. Second day test trial includes exploration of a previous familiar (F) object and a new object (N). The result obtained indicate that discrimination index with control rats were found to be 0.0470±0.113 sec, whereas with test treated rats discrimination index was found to be 0.2042 ±0.412 sec. This increase in discrimination index with Carissa carandus Linn. methanolic root extract treated rats in object recognition test suggests that Carissa carandus Linn. roots posseses significant memory Enhancing potential.
Carnosine
Previously, using in vivo models hystidine containing dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-hystidine) was shown to inhibit the development of oxidative stress induced by such effects like hypoxia, ischemia and neurotoxin administration. These studies showed that animals having undergone oxidative stress in the settings of carnosine administration preserve habits developed in open field, holeboard and Morris water maze. We investigated the effect of carnosine on Cognitive processes in Brain in the settings unrelated to the action of damaging factors. Carnosine administration prevented the increase of lipid hydroperoxides levels and increased the antioxidative state of the Brain in rats under development of active avoidance response in the shuttle box. In these settings the acceleration of habit development and the increase in ratio of successfully trained animals was reported. At the same time the level of glutamate—the main transmitter amino acid related to the function of brain’s flexibility—in the Brain of rats receiving carnosine increased. The results obtained indicate the Nootropic properties of carnosine.
Carum Carvi
In the present investigation the aqueous extract of Carum carvi was evaluated for antistress activity in normal and stress induced rats. The extract was studied for Nootropic activity in rats and in vitro Antioxidant potential to correlate its antistress activity. For the evaluation of antistress activity groups of rats were subjected to forced swim stress one hour after daily treatment of Carum carvi extract. Urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and ascorbic acid were selected as non invasive biomarkers to assess the antistress activity. The 24 h urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and ascorbic acid was determined in all groups under normal and stress ed conditions. The Nootropic activity of the extract as determined from acquisition, retention and retrieval in rats was studied by conditioned avoidance response using Cook’s pole climbing apparatus. The in vitro Antioxidant activity was determined based on the ability of Carum carvi to inhibit lipid peroxidation in liver and Brain homogenates. Daily administration of Carum carvi at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight one hour prior to induction of stress inhibited the stress induced urinary biochemical changes in a dose dependent manner. However no change in the urinary excretion of VMA and ascorbic acid was observed in normal animals at all the doses studied. The cognition , as determined by the acquisition, retention and recovery in rats was observed to be dose dependent. The extract produced significant inhibition of lipid peroxide formation in comparison with ascorbic acid in a dose dependent manner in both liver and brain. The present study provides scientific support for the antistress (adaptogenic), Antioxidant and Nootropic activities of Carum carvi extract and substantiates its traditional use as a culinary spice in foods as beneficial and scientific in combating stress induced disorders.
CDP-Choline
The effects of cytidine (5′) diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) on Learning and memory were studied using conditioned reflex methods for passive avoidance and active avoidance with punishment reinforcement (step-through, step-down, shuttle box and maze), for active avoidance with alimentary reinforcement (staircase maze), and the Morris water maze. The majority of experiments involved comparative studies of the Nootropic agents meclofenoxate and/or piracetam. CDP-choline was administered orally, in some of the experiments also intraperitoneally, at doses of 10-500 mg/kg body weight once or twice daily for 5 or 7 days. In separate cases only single doses were administered. Trainings started one hour after the last dose of the agents . Retention tests were given 3 h, 24 h, 7 days or 10 days after training. The results obtained with the different methods document CDP-choline’s ability to improve Learning and memory in rats and mice. No essential differences in the effects of CDP-choline were established upon oral and intraperitoneal administration of the agent . The learning- and memory -facilitating effects of CDP-choline were similar to those of meclofenoxate and piracetam. The results of the present study permit us to define CDP-choline as a substance capable of improving Cognitive levels.
Celastrus Paniculatus
Nootropic activity of Celastrus paniculatus seed
The effect of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae) seed aqueous extract on Learning and memory was studied using elevated plus maze and passive avoidance test (sodium nitrite induced amnesia rodent model). The aqueous seed extract was administered orally in two different doses to rats (350 and 1050 mg/kg) and to mice (500 and 1500 mg/kg). The results were compared to piracetam (100 mg/kg, p.o.) used as a standard agent . Chemical hypoxia was induced by subcutaneous administration of sodium nitrite (35 mg/kg), immediately after acquisition training. In elevated plus maze and sodium nitrite-induced amnesia model, Celastrus paniculatus extract has showed statistically significant improve ment in memory process when compared to control. The estimation of acetylcholine sterase enzyme in rat Brain supports the plus maze and passive avoidance test by reducing acetylcholine sterase activity which helps in memory performance. The study reveals that the aqueous extract of Celastrus paniculatus seed has dose-dependent cholinergic activity, thereby improving memory performance. The mechanism by which Celastrus paniculatus enhances cognition may be due to increased acetylcholine level in rat brain.
asiaticoside (Centella Asiatica
Centella asiatica treatment during postnatal period enhances Learning and memory in mice
Present investigation was planned to evaluate the Nootropic effect of Centella asiatica. Three months old male Swiss albino mice were injected orally with graded doses (200, 500, 700, 1000 mg/kg body weight) of C. asiatica aqueous extract for 15 days to select an effective dose for Nootropic studies. Animals were tested in radial arm maze to assess the Learning and memory performance. Based on these results, mice were treated orally with 200 mg/kg of C. asiatica for 15 days from day 15 to day 30 post partum (p.p.) and the Nootropic effect was evaluated on the 31st day and 6 months p.p. The behavioral (open field, dark/bright arena, hole board and radial arm maze tests), biochemical (acetylcholine esterase activity) and histological studies (dendritic arborization) were carried out. Performance of juvenile and young adult mice was significantly improve d in radial arm maze and hole board tests, but locomotor activity did not show any change compared to control. Treatment resulted in increased acetylcholine esterase activity in the hippocampus. Dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA3 neuron s was also increased in terms of intersections and branching points, both at one month and 6 months. Results of the present investigation show that treatment during postnatal developMental stage with C. asiatica extract can influence the neuron al morphology and promote the higher Brain function of juvenile and young adult mice.
Citicoline
Herein, a novel validated potentiometric method is presented for the first time for citicoline determination. The method is based on measuring the potential using new constructed citicoline electrodes. The electrodes are based on the use of citicolinium/phosphomolybdate [Cit]2[PM] (sensor I) and citicolinium/tetraphenylborate [Cit][TPB] (sensor II) ion association complexes. These sensory materials were dispersed in plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymeric membranes. The sensors revealed a Nernstian response with the slopes 55.9 ± 1.8(r2 = 0.9994) and 51.8 ± 0.9 (r2 = 0.9991) mV/decade over a linearity range of 6.3 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−3 and 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−3 M and detection limits of 3.16 × 10−6 and 7.1 × 10−6 M for sensors I and II, respectively. To ensure the existence of monovalent citicoline, all measurements were performed in 50 mM acetate buffer at pH 3.5. All presented electrodes showed good performance characteristics such as rapid response, good selectivity, high potential-stability and long life-span. Method verification and validation in terms of response linearity, quantification limit, accuracy, bias, trueness, robustness, within-day variability and between-days variability were evaluated. The method was introduced for citicoline determination in different pharmaceutical formulations and compared with the standard high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
Citicoline is a choline donor involved in the biosynthesis of brain phospholipids and acetylcholine extensively used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study we investigated the effects of the oral administration of citicoline alone (C1000:1000 mg/day; C500:500 mg/day) or in combination with nimodipine (C +NI:300 + 90 mg/day) during 4 weeks on memory performance in elderly subjects with memory deficits and without dementia (N = 24; age = 66.12 +/- 10.78 years; MMS score = 31.69 +/- 2.76). Results indicated that citicoline in comparison with placebo improve s memory in free recall tasks, but not in recognition tests. A significant improve ment in word recall (5.17 +/- 1.1 vs. 3.95 +/- 1.2 omissions; p < 0.005), immediate object recall (6.5 +/- 1.6 vs. 5.5 +/- 1.2 omission; p < 0.05) and delayed object recall (8.5 +/- 2.1 vs. 6.7 +/- 2.4 omissions; p < 0.005) was observed after citicoline treatment. Similar results were found in the three subgroups of treatment (8 subjects per group), suggesting that citicoline possesses memory -enhancing activity at doses of 300-1000 mg/day. A decrease in systolic blood pressure and minor changes in lymphocyte cell counting were also observed in old subjects after receiving citicoline. These effects are consistent with the vasoregulatory and neuroimmune actions of citicoline and suggest that this compound may improve memory by acting on mechanisms of brain neurotropism and cerebrovascular regulation. According to the present results, showing that citicoline improve s memory performance in elderly subjects, we concluded that this molecule is suitable for the treatment of memory deficits in old people.
Clitoria Ternatea
Background
Clitoria ternatea (CT) is an herbal plant that has been used as a memory booster in folk medicine. CT root extract has been proven to restore chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-induced memory deficits in a rat model, but the underlying mechanisms and the toxicity profile following repeated exposure have yet to be explored.
The aim of the study
To investigate the effects of the chronic (28 days) oral administration of CT root extract on CCH-induced Cognitive impairment, neuron al damage and cholinergic deficit, and its toxicity profile in the CCH rat model.
Materials and methods
The permanent bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries (PBOCCA) surgery method was employed to develop a CCH model in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Then, these rats were given oral administration of CT root extract at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively for 28 days and subjected to behavioural tests. At the end of the experiment, the Brain was harvested for histological analysis and cholinesterase activities. Then, blood samples were collected and organs such as liver, kidney, lung, heart, and spleen were procured for toxicity assessment.
Results
Chronic treatment of CT root extract at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg, restored memory impairments induced by CCH. CT root extract was also found to diminish CCH-induced neuron al damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. High dose (300 mg/kg) of the CT root extract was significantly inhibited the increased acetylcholine sterase (AChE) activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the PBOCCA rats. In toxicity study, repeated doses of CT root extract were found to be safe in PBOCCA rats after 28 days of treatment.
Conclusions
Our findings provided scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of CT root extract in the treatment of vascular dementia (VaD)-related cholinergic abnormalities and subsequent Cognitive decline.
Convolvulus Pluricaulis
COMPARATIVE Nootropic EFFECT OF EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES AND CONVOLVULUS PLURICAULIS.
The aim of the present study was to highlight the comparative Nootropic effects of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis using two validated models of memory namely jumping box and elevated plus maze. Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis are regarded as the botanical source of Shankhpushpi along with Clitorea ternatea and Canscoradecussata. Shankhpushpi, an important agent of indigenous system of medicine is known as a Brain tonic, alterative and laxative. However various authors on Indian medicinal plants have different opinion about its correct botanical source. Rats were treated orally with vehicle (2% Tween 80 suspension), standard treatment (Piracetam, 200mg/kg body weight), alcoholic extracts of Evolvulous alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis (250mg/kg body weight) respectively, one hour prior to the evaluation of behavioral parameters. The results indicate that alcoholic extracts of Evolvulous alsinoidesexhibited superior Nootropic activity as compared to Convolvulus pluricaulis in terms of time spent in the enclosed arm in plus maze model and the mean avoidance response on the jumping box model
Cordycepin ( Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.)
Bioactive principles from Cordyceps sinensis: A potent food supplement – A review
Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a well-known entamophagus fungus, naturally distributed in the Tibetan Plateau of Asia and Himalayas. Recently this synonym is transferred to Ophiocordyceps by both scientific and non-scientific communities. It is widely used as a tonic and medicinal food in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as it possess wonderful health benefits. To support its functional attributes, various investigations have been carried out to find out its adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, Nootropic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective role. Its fruiting portion as well as the larvae possesses potent bio-active fractions and their composition almost found to be similar in both. The bioactive principles are nucleosides, exo-polysaccharides, sterols and, proteins, among others. Among nucleosides, adenosine and cordycepin are the major biochemical markers. Further, different types of solvent extracts and their mixtures exhibit wide range of pharmacological activities, while the water and methanol extracts with the richest sources of nucleosides and polysaccharides also show wide range of pharmacological activities. This review gives a panoramic view of potential health benefits of various classes of bio-active fractions along with the need for sustainable management of CS for human wellness.
Cornus Officinalis
A TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO HERBAL Nootropic AGENTS: ANOVERVIEW
Nootropic agents used as a memory enhancer can improve thinking, memory , and alertness in people with Alzheimer’s disease andother disease that affect the mind. memory is perhaps the most vital of all aspects that differentiates human beings from other animals. However, memory can become faulty due to several reasons, and in that case the person is not able to make full use of his or her potentials. Since ages, agents and natural remedies have been prescribed to enhance memories in people. 4 million people are thought to be suffering from age related memory and increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Although several Nootropic agents are available to treat memory problems. In recent years research on medicinal plants have been studied for Nootropic activity. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), Evolvulus alsinoides (Shankhpushpi),Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha),Acorus calamus(Bach)etc.,are used as a memory enhancer agents . The abstract refers to several plants with their activity. The main aim of this article isto give up the data reviews on plants withNootropic properties.
Crataeva Nurvala
Nootropic activity of Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham against scopolamine induced Cognitive impairment
Loss of cognition is one of the age related Mental problems and a characteristic symptom of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s. Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham, a well explored traditional Indian medicinal plant of Westernghats, is routinely used as folkloric medicine to treat various ailments in particular urolithiasis and neurological disorders associated with Cognitive dysfunction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the Nootropic activity of Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham stem bark in different Learning and memory paradigm viz. Elevated plus maze and Y-maze against scopolamine induced Cognitive impairment. Moreover, to elucidate possible mechanism, we studied the influence of Crataeva nurvala ethanolic extract on central cholinergic activity via estimating the whole Brain acetyl cholinesterase enzyme. Ethanolic extracts of Crataeva nurvala (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) were administered to adult Wistar rats for successive seven days and the acquisition, retention and retrieval of spatial recognition memory was determined against scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) induced amnesia through exteroceptive behavioral models viz. Elevated plus maze and Y-maze models. Further, whole Brain acetyl cholinesterase enzyme was estimated through Ellman’s method. Pretreatment with Crataeva nurvala ethanolic extract significantly improve d spatial Learning and memory against scopolamine induced amnesia. Moreover, Crataeva nurvala extract decreased rat Brain acetyl cholinesterase activity in a dose dependent manner and comparable to the standard agent Piracetam. The results indicate that ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvala might be a useful as Nootropic agent to delay the onset and reduce the severity of symptoms associated with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The underlying mechanism of action of its Nootropic potentiality might be attributed to its anticholinesterase property.
Cressa Cretica
Evaluation of Nootropic activity of Cressa creticain scopola-mine-induced memory impairment in mice
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the pharmacological effects of Cressa creticaon Learning and memory in mice. Mor-ris water maze was used to test Learning and memory . Two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) of ethanolic extract of Cressa creticawere administered for 28 successive days in mice. The dose of 400 mg/kg p.o. of CCE (Cressa creticaextract) significantly enhanced Learning and memory of mice. This dose significantly opposed the memory loss caused by Scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.). The effect of CCE on whole Brain MDA, SOD, GSH, Catalase, NO activity was estimated to analyze how CCE shows Nootropic activity. CCE reduced wholeBrain MDA, NO levels. Antioxidant properties and presence of flavonoid s in Cressa creticamay be responsible for Nootropic activity. Piracetam (200 mg/kg, i.p) was utilized as standard Nootropic agent . Hence Cressa creticaseems to be a potent candidate for Enhancing Learning and memory and it would be beneficial for the treatment of amnesia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Dangsheng Polysaccharide (radix codonopsis)
Nootropic EFFECT OF DANGSHENG, CODONOPSIS PILOSULA (FRANCH.) NANNF
Twenty Percent alcohol extract of Dangshen (DS-A) was used for facilitation of memory tested by one trail passive avoidance response (step down test) in mice and operant conditional reflex (fixed ratio) in rats. The extract reduced the impairment of acquisition of memory produced by scopolamine (SCPL), the disruption of consolidation of memory caused by sodium nitrite and the deficit of retrieval of memory induced by alcohol. And also, DS-A could improve operant conditional reflex impaired by SCPL. Similar effects were observed with the n-butyl alcohol extrect (DS-FIII), further purified from DS-A, of the agent . It suggested that the active components of Dangshen may be in DS-FIII. Effect of DS-FIII on M-cholinergic receptors were measured by radioligand receptor assay (RRA).No specific binding; of DS-FIII to M-receptor was observed. However, 5 days after ip injection of DS-FIII higher Bmax values were observed. Effects of DS-FIII and SCPL on Ach content of cortex and hippocampus were measured by radioimmunoassay(RIA) .SCPL reduced the Ach content in cortex and hippocampus markedly. Whereas, DS-FIII could not affect the reduction and raise the Ach content. The results suggested that one of mechanisms of action of Dangshen on memory facilitation may be related to cholinergic system. But, the mechanism of the Nootropic action of Dangshen is very complicate and need to be further studied.
Dichrocephala Integrifolia
Alzheimer’s disease the most common form of dementia in the elderly is a neurodegenerative disease that affects 44 millions of people worldwide. The first treatments against Alzheimer’s disease are acetylcholine sterase inhibitors; however, these medications are associated with many side effects. Dichrocephala integrifolia is a traditional herb widely used by indigenous population of Cameroon to treat and prevent Alzheimer’s disease and for memory improve ment. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the decoction prepared from leaves of D. integrifolia, on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Seven groups of six animals were used. The first two groups received distilled water for the distilled water and scopolamine groups. The four test groups received one of the four doses of the decoction of the plant (35, 87.5, 175 or 350 mg/kg p.o.) and the positive control group received tacrine (10 mg/kg), a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, during 10 consecutive days. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg), a cholinergic receptor blocker, administered 30 min after treatments, was used to induce memory impairment to all groups except the distilled water group on day 10 of agent treatment. The behavioral paradigms used to evaluate the effects of the treatment were the elevated plus maze for Learning and memory , Y maze for spatial short-term memory , the novel object recognition for recognition memory and Morris water maze for the evaluation of spatial long-term memory . After behavioral tests, animals were sacrificed and brains of a subset were used for the assessment of some biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels) and for the evaluation of the acetylcholine sterase activity. From the remaining subset brains , histopathological analysis was performed. The results of this study showed that, D. integrifolia at the doses of 87.5 and 350 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01) improve d spatial short-term and long-term memory , by increasing the percentage of spontaneous alternation in the Y maze and reducing the escape latency in the Morris water maze. Furthermore, the results of histopathological evaluation showed that D. integrifolia attenuated the neuron al death in the hippocampus induced by scopolamine. The main finding of this work is that D. integrifolia improve s Learning capacities and counteracts the memory impairment induced by scopolamine. Thus, D. integrifolia can be a promising plant resource for the management of Alzheimer’s disease and memory loss.
