PEEL BLEND FLAVONOID POWERHOUSE

20:1 Peel

• 100g $50 (36 1 tsp Servings)
• 400g $150 (144 1 tsp Servings)

200:1 Peel

• 100g $250 (Approx 300 1/8 tsp Servings)

INTERSTELLAR PEEL BLEND FLAVONOID POWERHOUSE

Insulin Sensitivity Restorer/ Diabetes Destroyer

200:1 100g = 300 1/8 tsp servings 

20:1 100g = 36 1 tsp servings

*200:1 means it takes 200kg to make 1kg

Fix the oxidative stress and you fix the insulin resistance. Diabetes is a byproduct of free radical damage. Flavonoids are the most powerful free radical scavengers on the planet. The vast majority of flavonoids are in the PEELS— the part everyone THROWS AWAY! No wonder diabetes and insulin resistance is rampant! Don’t believe me??? Check your blood sugar now and eat some orange peels for a few days and check again and you will see a HUGE improvement.

Thousands of scientific studies here:

Increased oxidative stress precedes the onset of high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance and obesity

“We demonstrate that the pathways for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress are coordinately up-regulated in both the liver and adipose tissue of mice fed an HFD before the onset of insulin resistance through discrete mechanism. “

FLAVONOIDS LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE

”Flavonoids from all 5 subgroups have been shown to attenuate a rise in or to reduce blood pressure during several pathological conditions (hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus). Flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and flavanols were able to modulate blood pressure by restoring endothelial function, either directly, by affecting nitric oxide levels, or indirectly, through other pathways.”

Oxidative stress shortens telomeres

“Telomeres in most human cells shorten with each round of DNA replication, because they lack the enzyme telomerase. This is not, however, the only determinant of the rate of loss of telomeric DNA. Oxidative damage is repaired less well in telomeric DNA than elsewhere in the chromosome, and oxidative stress accelerates telomere loss, whereas antioxidants decelerate it.”

Depression, anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment are associated with increased oxidative stress

“Co-occurrence of anxiety–depression like behaviors and memory deficits in rats correlates with elevated oxidative stress.”

Oxidative Stress and Anxiety: Relationship and Cellular Pathways

Anxiety is an alarm going off in your brain saying, “Yo!!! Yeah you!!! We got problems!!!”

“High O2 consumption, modest antioxidant defenses and a lipid-rich constitution make the brain highly vulnerable to redox imbalances. Oxidative damage in the brain causes nervous system impairment. Recently, oxidative stress has also been implicated in depression, anxiety disorders and high anxiety levels. The findings which establish a link between oxidative stress and pathological anxiety have inspired a number of other recent studies focusing on the link between oxidative status and normal anxiety and also on a possible causal relationship between cellular oxidative stress and emotional stress. This review examines the recent discoveries made on the link between oxidative status and normal anxiety levels and the putative role of oxidative stress in genesis of anxiety. We discuss the different opinions and questions that exist in the field and review the methodological approaches that are being used to determine a causal relationship between oxidative and emotional stress.”

Oxidative stress, cellular senescence and aging

“Almost a half century ago, the free radical theory of aging proposed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key component which contributes to the pathophysiology of aging in mammalian cells. Over the years, numerous studies have documented the role of oxidative stress caused by ROS in the aging process of higher organisms. In particular, several age-associated disease models suggest that ROS and oxidative stress modulate the incidence of age-related pathologies, and that it can strongly influence the aging process and possibly lifespan. The exact mechanism of ROS and oxidative stress-induced age-related pathologies is not yet very clear. Damage to biological macromolecules caused by ROS is thought to result in many age-related chronic diseases. At the cellular level, increased ROS leads to cellular senescence among other cellular fates including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. ”

Excessive caloric intake acutely causes oxidative stress

“These results suggest that the initial event caused by overnutrition may be oxidative stress, which produces insulin resistance, at least in part, via carbonylation and oxidation-induced inactivation of GLUT4.”

Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders

Acute oxidative stress and the ketogenic diet

Autophagy as a Molecular Target of Flavonoids Underlying their Protective Effects in Human Disease.

“Autophagy is a cellular pathway with the ability to maintain cell homeostasis through the elimination of damaged or useless cellular components, and its deregulation may initiate or aggravate different human diseases. Flavonoids, a group of plant metabolites, are able to modulate different molecular and cellular processes including autophagy.

Analyzed publications indicated that imbalance between cell death and survival induced by changes in autophagy play an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of human diseases. The use of different flavonoids as autophagy modulators, alone or in combination with other molecules, might be a worthy strategy in the treatment of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic diseases, leishmaniasis, influenza, gastric ulcers produced by Helicobacter pylori infection, diabetes, asthma, age-related macular degeneration or osteoporosis.”

RLIP76

When you turn off RLIP76 in mice they can’t get cancer, diabetes or become obese.

2-Hydroxyflavanone inhibits RLIP76 and can be found naturally in parsley, onion peels, berries, tea, and citrus fruit peels.

RLIP76 inhibition (via FLAVONOIDS  IN orange peel) prevents Obesity, Metabolic syndrome and cancer

“Feeding a Western high-fat diet (HFD) to C57BL/6 mice induces obesity, associated with a chronic inflammatory state, lipid transport, and metabolic derangements, and organ system effects that particularly prominent in the kidneys. Here, we report that RLIP76 homozygous knock-out (RLIP76−/−) mice are highly resistant to obesity as well as these other features of metabolic syndrome caused by HFD. The normal increase in pro-inflammatory and fibrotic markers associated with HFD induced obesity in wild-type C57B mice was broadly and nearly completely abrogated in RLIP76−/− mice. This is a particularly striking finding because chemical markers of oxidative stress including lipid hydroperoxides and alkenals were significantly higher in RLIP76−/− mice. Whereas HFD caused marked suppression of AMPK in wild-type C57B mice, RLIP76−/−. The baseline renal function was reduced in mice had baseline activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which was not further affected by HFDRLIP76−/− mice as compared with wild-type, but was unaffected by HFD, in marked contrast to severe renal impairment and glomerulopathy in the wild-type mice given HFD. Our findings confirm a fundamental role of RLIP76 in regulating the function of obesity-promoting pro-inflammatory cytokines, and provide a novel mechanism for targeted therapy of obesity and metabolic syndrome.”https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3743508/

“When you get rid of this [RLIP76] gene in a mouse, it would appear that the mouse can’t get obese, it can’t get diabetes, it can’t get high cholesterol and it can’t get cancer,” explained Sanjay Awasthi, M.D., professor in the Division of Molecular Diabetes Research at City of Hope hospital.

RLIP76, a Glutathione-Conjugate Transporter, Plays a Major Role in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome

Our recently published studies demonstrate that RLIP76−/− mice used for these studies were found to have marked insulin-sensitivity, and blood glucose was 46% lower than in RLIP76+/+animals (p<0.001). RLIP76−/− mice also had lower total serum cholesterol and triglycerides (43% and 40% of control, respectively; p<0.01) [1]. The hypoglycemia in RLIP76−/− mice is particularly remarkable because markers of oxidative-stress are remarkably increased in the tissues of the RLIP76−/− animals [1], [23]–[25]. Thus, in the absence of RLIP76, increases in these lipid-peroxidation products are insufficient by themselves to turn on any signaling pathway that can increase BG or lipids. Increased gluconeogenesis was particularly remarkable given that the activity of key gluconeogenic enzymes, G6Pase, F1,6-BPase, and PEPCK, in liver of RLIP76−/− mice was significantly inhibited.

Enhanced basal pAMPK levels in RLIP76−/− mice was another salient finding which strengthens the postulate that RLIP76 is a highly effective target for developing interventional strategies for MSy. Resveratrol, commonly used anti-oxidant, is known to activate AMPK which could contribute to its protective effects from high fat diet induced insulin-resistance [53], [54]. AMPK protects cells from stresses that cause ATP depletion by switching off ATP-consuming biosynthetic pathways. AMPK is activated by phosphorylation by an upstream protein kinase known as AMPK kinase. Activated AMPK can phosphorylate and regulate in vivo HMG-CoA, which is key regulatory enzyme of sterol synthesis [43], [47]. HMG-CoA limits the rate of cholesterol synthesis in liver tissue. Lipitor, inhibitor of HMG-CoA, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by lowering plasma cholesterol. Activation of AMPK leads to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by the phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase [43]. Loss of RLIP76 significantly affects the activation of stress and apoptosis pathway proteins [1], [25], [35]. Activation of AMPK leads to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by the phosphorylation of HMGCR. AMPK activation would be a good approach to treat T2D. These medications generally function to increase the effectiveness of insulin-mediated postprandial inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. These findings provide a new insight on the mechanisms of action of hypoglycemic and/or hypolipidemic drugs.

RLIP76 knock-out mice survive well and are active. In our extensive and previously published studies, RLIP76 inhibition specifically leads to targeting signaling of importance in diabetes mellitus and other oxidative stress related conditions like cancers where targeting RLIP76 leads to selective cancer cell death without affecting the survival of normal cells and tissues [1],[31]–[33]. Hence, both global and selectively targeted approaches can be reasonably pursued as required while targeting RLIP76. In conclusion, our results suggest that RLIP76 is a key effector controlled by multiple proteins known to regulate the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and that in its absence drugs that target these proteins will fail to function. The specific events that regulate the transport-effector/clathrin-endocytosis activity of RLIP76 (i.e. phosphorylation of RLIP76 by JNK, Akt, AMPK) will be explored in the future studies.

2′-Hydroxyflavanone (a flavonoid in orange peel): A novel strategy for targeting breast cancer

Intake of citrus fruits is known to reduce the risk for incidence of breast cancer. Hence, we tested the efficacy of citrus flavonoid 2′-hydroxyflavanone (2HF) in breast cancer. 2HF inhibited survival, clonogenic ability, cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. 2HF also decreased VEGF levels and inhibited migratory capacity of breast cancer cells. Administration of 2HF led to regression of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 tumors in the mice xenograft model. 2HF decreased the levels of RLIP76 both studies and MDA-MB-231 xenograft model of breast cancer. Western blot and histopathological analyses of resected tumors showed a decline in the levels of survival and proliferation markers Ki67, pAkt, survivin, and cell cycle proteins CDK4 and cyclin B1. 2HF treatment led to inhibition of angiogenesis as determined by decreased VEGF levels and angiogenesis marker CD31 . 2HF reversed the pro-/anti-apoptotic ratio of BAX/BCL-2 by decreasing anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 and increasing pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BIM . 2HF also decreased the mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin along with causing a parallel increase in pro-differentiation protein E-cadherin. Collectively, the ability of 2HF to decrease RLIP76, VEGF and regulate critical proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation proteins together provides strong rationale to further develop 2HF based interventions for targeting breast cancer.

It takes about 16 oranges to get a good dose of 2HF. Get the INTERSTELLAR PEEL BLEND instead in either 20:1 or 200:1 concentrations which is like eating that many oranges in just a few small scoops!

AWESOME MADE CONVENIENT!

INGREDIENTS: 

Annona cherimola Mill.(cherimoya) peel

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Rutin

Quercetin-3-glucoside

Quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside

Quercetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside

Source:
https://academic.oup.com/carcin/article/36/6/656/276738
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4817/079a52c3a6548846ad32839fcf76212f3c93.pdf

Antihyperglycemic Activity of  Annona cherimola Miller and Rutin on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

“It can be concluded from the data that EEAc is beneficial in controlling the blood glucose level in experimental diabetic rats and according to in vivo studies it acts as α-glucosidase inhibitor. This effect can be attributed in part to the presence of flavonol glycoside, rutin. In addition, results validate the use of A. cherimola in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Finally, it is the first bioassay-guided about the chemistry and antidiabetic properties of A. cherimola.”

Apple peel extract (malus domestica)

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Quercetin

Quercetin 3‐glycosides

Catechin

Epicatechin

Source:
https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/54/389/1977/534676

HEALTH BENEFITS OF APPLE PHENOLICS FROM POSTHARVEST STAGES FOR POTENTIAL TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT USINGIN VITRO MODELS

“An increasing number of studies indicate that regular intake of fruits and vegetables have clear links to reduced risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The beneficial effects in many cases have been attributed to the phenolic and antioxidant content of the fruits and vegetables. Apples are a major source of fiber and contain good dietary phenolics with antioxidant function. Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that intake of apples reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Our studies indicate that this reduced risk is potentially because of the modulation of postprandial glucose increase by phenolics present in apples via inhibition ofα‐glucosidase. Phenolic content was evaluated during 3 months of postharvest storage of four varieties of apples and results indicated positive linkage to enhanced postharvest preservation andα‐glucosidase inhibition. These in vitro results along with existing epidemiological studies provide strong biochemical rationale for further animal or human clinical studies.”

Banana peel (Musa Cavendish) extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Anthocyanin

Gallocatechin

β-carotene

α-carotene

Leucocyanidin

Source:
https://search.proquest.com/openview/0636b430724b0607c2d24741a56ca4c1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=816390

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874199000057

In vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic and oral glucose tolerance test of banana peels

“Banana fruit is claimed to have antidiabetic effects despite its high calorie content, and its peels also contain vital phytoconstituents including gallocatechin. Previously banana pulp has been studied for antihyperglycemic effects, and in the present investigation antihyperglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of inner peels of Musa sapientum (EMS), Musa paradisiaca (EMP), Musa cavendish (EMC) and Musa acuminata (EMA) fruit was evaluated using oral glucose tolerance test in normoglycemic rats. In vitro antioxidant study was conducted using DPPH, H2O2 radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing power assay. Wistar rats were divided into fourteen groups and twelve groups received different doses of aforementioned extracts, while control group received gum acacia solution and remaining group received standard drug, glimepiride. All the rats received glucose load at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight. Groups treated with EMC and EMA showed significant decrease in glucose level (p < 0.01) at 150 min as compared to control group. In hypoglycemic study, only EMP 500 mg/kg, p.o. treated group revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in glucose level at 120 min, while other groups did not show any sign of hypoglycemia. In glucose tolerance test, animals treated with EMC and EMA depicted dose dependent antihyperglycemic effect at 150 min while EMS and EMP showed significant reduction in plasma glucose at higher doses. In a similar fashion, EMA i.e. M. acuminata demonstrated highest antioxidant activity followed by EMC against DPPH radical. In ferric reducing power and H2O2 scavenging assay, EMA demonstrated maximal antioxidant activity when compared with other extracts.”

Benincasa hispida peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Catechin

Gallic acid

3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid

DPPH

Linoleic acid

Source:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2011.00643.x

The Pharmacological Importance of Benincasa hispida

“Benincasa hispida phytochemical analysis showed that the major constituents of Benincasa hispida fruits are volatile oils , flavonoids, glycosides, sacchrides, proteins, carotenes, vitamins, minerals, ß-sitosterin and uronic acid. The pharmacological studies revealed that the plant exerted many pharmacological activities , including central nervous effects ( anxiolytic , muscle relaxant , antidepressant , in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and to minimize opiates withdrawal signs), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiasthmatic, diuretic , nephroprotective , antidiabetic , hypolipidemic and antimicrobial effects .”

Bergamot

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Neohesperidin

Hesperetin

Neoeriocitrin

Eriodictyol

Naringin

Source:
https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03456.x

Bitter Orange peel extract (Citrus aurantium)

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Hesperidin

Naringenin

Nobiletin

Limonoids

Naringin

Sineesytin

Source:
https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-12-31

HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDIMIC ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF CITRUS AURANTIUM IN NORMAL AND ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

“Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder caused by partial or complete insulin deficiency, which produces inadequate glucose control and leads to acute and chronic complications. Premature and extensive arteriosclerosis involving renal, peripheral, and cardiovascular vessels remain the major complication of diabetes mellitus. Alteration in the serum lipid profile is known to occur in diabetes and this is likely to increase the risk for coronary heart disease. A reduction in serum lipids, particularly of the LDL and VLDL fraction and triglycerides, should be considered as being beneficial for the long-term prognosis of these patients.13 Lowering of blood glucose and plasma lipid levels through dietary modification and drug therapy seems to be associated with a decrease in the risk of vascular disease. In the present study, treatment with Citrus aurantium ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg b.w.) in normal rats produced significant decrease in blood glucose level. The hypoglycemic effect may be due to increased secretion of insulin from the b-cells of the pancreas, i.e., pancreatotrophic action.14 The results were comparable with that of tolbutamide, which acts by stimulation of insulin release,15 thus further confirming that the extract lowers the blood glucose by a similar action. Moreover, Citrus aurantium produced significant beneficial effects in the lipid profile in euglycemic rats, reducing triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL, and increasing HDL, significantly. The ethanolic extract increased secretion of insulin from b-cells of pancreas; this increased secretion of insulin stimulates fatty acid biosynthesis and also the incorporation of fatty acids into triglycerides in the liver and adipose tissue.16 Alloxan, a beta cytotoxin, induces ‘chemical diabetes’ in a wide variety of animal species by damaging the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas. Literature sources indicate that alloxan rats are hyperglycemic.17 The use of lower doses of alloxan (150 mg/kg b.w./i.p.) produced a partial destruction of pancreatic b-cells even though the animals became permanently diabetic. Thus, these animals have surviving b-cells and regeneration is possible.18 It is well known that the sulfonylureas (tolbutamide) act by directly stimulating the b-cells of the Islets of Langerhans More Details to release more insulin and these compounds are active in mild alloxan-induced diabetes where as they.17 Since our results show that tolbutamide reduced the blood glucose levels in the diabetic animals, the state of diabetes is not severe. Prolonged administration of an ethanolic extract of Citrus aurantium leads to significant reduction in blood glucose level, which is in agreement with other studies.18,20 The hypoglycemic activity of the drug was due to the regeneration of pancreatic cells that were partially destroyed by alloxan, and potentiation of insulin secretion from surviving b-cells of the islets of Langerhans.21 Diabetic rats were observed to have increased plasma lipids, which are responsible for several cardiovascular disorders.22 The higher lipid levels seen in diabetic rats was due to increased mobilization of free fatty acids from peripheral depots and also due to lipolysis caused by hormones.23,24 The ethanolic extract leads to regeneration of the b-cells of the pancreas and potentiation of insulin secretion from surviving b-cells; the increase in insulin secretion and the consequent decrease in blood glucose level may lead to inhibition of lipid peroxidation and control of lipolytic hormones. In this context, a number of other plants have also been reported to have antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and insulin stimulatory effects.25,26,27 It is well known that LDL plays an important role in arteriosclerosis and that hypercholesterolemia is associated with a defect relating to the lack of LDL receptors. The decrease of cholesterol and LDL levels achieved by administration of ethanolic extract, demonstrates a possible protection against hypercholesterolemia and the harm this condition brings about. Further studies are needed to identify the chemical constituents of the ethanolic extract of Citrus aurantium that may be responsible for the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity.”

Blueberry peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside

Myricetin 3-O-arabinoside

Quercetin 3-O-acetyl-rhamnoside

Quercetin 3-O-arabinoside

Quercetin 3-O-xyloside

Source:
http://phenol-explorer.eu/contents/food/95

Antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in peel and flesh of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) cultivars

“This study was designed to evaluate cultivar variations in phenolic content, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity of peel and flesh; and to determine their potential inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase in 33 blueberry (Vaccinium species) cultivars, including 29 rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) blueberries, two V. ashei hybrid derivatives, and two northern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The relation of phenolic, anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity to α-glucosidase inhibition in blueberries also was investigated. It was found that peel tissue possessed higher levels of total anthocyanins (TA), total phenolics (TP), antioxidant capacity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than flesh tissue in all blueberries tested. The percentage contributions of peel to whole berry on scavenging capacity against peroxyl free radicals (ROO), hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) radicals, were higher than those of flesh, even though the fruit contained much higher amounts of flesh than peel in terms of dry weight. Cultivars with high levels of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacities, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities could be selected for use in blueberry breeding programs to develop new lines with improved health benefits.”

Camellia sinensis fruit peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Epigallocatechin

Epicatechin

Gallocatechin

Catechin

Dihydroflavonol

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003986104004497

bioactivities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fruit peel extracts: Antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase 

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Naringin

Hesperidin

Didymin

Tangeretin

Nobiletin

Source:
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/15/8/5378

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IN VITRO TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT, IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM LEAVES AND RIND OF CITRUS RETICULATA BLANCO cv. MURCOT (HONEY)

“Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Murcot (honey) is one of the most important fruit tree crops in Pakistan. A detailed study regarding total antioxidant capacity (TAC), radical scavenging, antidiabetic and antimicrobial effects of the essential oils from leaves (CRL) and rind (CRR) of this plant were investigated. Essential oils obtained from steam distillation process were subjected to 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulpohonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolourization, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2.2’-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical decolourization, lipid peroxide inhibition using linoleic acid emulsion, superoxide anion radical scavenging and iron chelation activity assays. A linear correlation was observed between the percent inhibition of ABTS radical cation and the amount of essential oils from leaves (R2 =0.9978) and rind (R2 = 0.985). The percent superoxide anion radical scavenging activity was found to be 15.25 and 48.75 for CRL and CRR, respectively. The reducing power in terms of FRAP values were found to be 1.2 and 0.173 mM FeSO4 for CRL and CRR, respectively. Both CRL and CRR exhibited good metal chelating activities, 56.10 and 61.82 for CRL and CRR, respectively. Best results regarding antidiabetic activity were shown by essential oils from leaves of Citrus reticulata with low as well as high concentrations. The oils also showed antibacterial and antifungal activities comparable to chloramphanicol. The data obtained from oils demonstrate the powerful antioxidative, radical scavenging, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties of the plant. The data presented here shows that Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Murcot (Honey) extracts have great antioxidant and radical scavenging activity and thus may be used as a good source of natural antioxidants. The in vivo efficacy of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Murcot (Honey) oils against diabetes mellitus or other degenerative diseases may be partially attributed to radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the plant. “

Citrus clementina peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Citromitin

Tangeretin

Nobiletin

Epicatechin

Quercetin

Source:
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv/56/1/56_1_60/_article/-char/ja/
https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-016-0870-9

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

β-carotene

Limonene

β-pinene

γ-terpinene

Neral

Geranial

Source:
https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=193397

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Quercetin

Isovitexin

Isoscoparin

Saponarin

Apigenin

Source:
http://www.orientjchem.org/vol28no2/extraction-of-polyphenol-flavonoid-from-emblica-officinalis-citrus-limon-cucumis-sativus-and-evaluation-of-their-antioxidant-activity/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003194220100156X

Protective Role of Three Vegetable Peels in Alloxan Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Male Mice

“In a preliminary study, effects of ethanolic extracts of Cucurbita pepo, Cucumis sativus and Praecitrullus fistulosus peels were studied at 250 and 500 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 15 days in the alterations in serum glucose and in hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) in male mice. In the pilot experiment, the effective and safe concentration of each peel was administered (p.o.) for 10 consecutive days and then on 11th and 12th days alloxan was administered along with peel extracts. The treatment was continued up to 15th day. At the end, alterations in serum glucose, insulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, hepatic lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase were studied. All the three peel extracts nearly reversed most of these changes induced by alloxan suggesting their possible role in ameliorating diabetes mellitus and related changes in serum lipids. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid contents of the test peels were also estimated, which appear to be associated with the observed antidiabetic and antioxidative potentials.”

Cucurbita pepo FRUIT peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Nigericin

Valinomycin

Thiocyanoacetamide

Isorhamnetin

Kaempferol

Source:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00198044
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01917844
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roshanlal_Yadav/publication/305409797_Effect_of_cooking_methods_and_extraction_solvents_on_the_antioxidant_activity_of_summer_squash_Cucurbita_pepo_vegetable_extracts/links/57ebf56308ae92eb4d263e92.pdf

Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

“This study was aimed to evaluate the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of different doses of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) powder in male diabetic rats. A total of 35 rats were randomized into 5 groups of 7 each as follows: Group 1: Normal control; Group 2: Diabetic control; Group 3: Diabetics administered with low doses of pumpkin powder (1 g/kg); Group 4: Diabetics administered with high doses of pumpkin powder (2 g/kg), and Group 5: Diabetics administered with glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg), as positive control. The rats were made diabetic by alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight (BW)) injection and were treated for 4 weeks on a daily basis. Blood samples were collected following the experiment. Pancreatic specimens were also collected for histological analysis. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly increased, while insulin was decreased in diabetic rats as compared to the normal control group (p < 0.05). Low dose pumpkin significantly decreased glucose, triglycerides, LDL and CRP as compared to diabetic group and high dose pumpkin decreased cholesterol (p < 0.05). Histological analysis also revealed a significant increase in the diameter and number of langerhans islets in treated group with pumpkin, which was consistent with the latter findings. Therefore, pumpkin might be beneficial in diabetic patients.”

Dracaena cochinchinensis resin (dragons blood) Croton lechleri Müll Arg. (syn. C. draconoides Müll. Arg.)

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

6,4′‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐8‐methylflavane

5,4′‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐6‐methylflavane

7,4′‐dihydroxy‐5‐ methoxyhomoisoflavane

7‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxyflavane

4′,7‐dihydroxyflavane

Source:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hlca.200490106

A Systematic Review of the Botanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Dracaena cochinchinensis, a Plant Source of the Ethnomedicine “Dragon’s Blood”

“Dragon’s blood” is the name given to a deep red resin obtained from a variety of plant sources. The resin extracted from stems of Dracaena cochinchinensis is one such source of “dragon’s blood”. It has a reputation for facilitating blood circulation and dispersing blood stasis. In traditional Chinese medicine, this resinous medicine is commonly prescribed to invigorate blood circulation for the treatment of traumatic injuries, blood stasis and pain. Modern pharmacological studies have found that this resinous medicine has anti-bacterial, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, and anti-tumor activities, while it is also known to enhance immune function, promote skin repair, stop bleeding and enhance blood circulation. Various compounds have been isolated from the plant, including loureirin A, loureirin B, loureirin C, cochinchinenin, socotrin-4′-ol, 4′,7-dihydroxyflavan, 4-methylcholest-7-ene-3-ol, ethylparaben, resveratrol, and hydroxyphenol. The present review summarizes current knowledge concerning the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, toxicology studies and clinical applications of this resinous medicine as derived from D. cochinchinenesis.”

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Catechin

Quercetin

EGCG

Hesperidin

Naringin

Source:
https://www.japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/1848_pdf.pdf

Antidiabetic Activity of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Fruit Peels in Alloxan Diabetic Rats

“Durian contains flavonoids, namely catechin and quercetin [23] as well as polyphenols and tannins [10]. Quercetin had activity Aldos reductase inhibitors that could potentially be used in therapeutic antihyperglycemia [24]. In the rambutan fruit peels contained flavonoids and tannins [12]. Ethanolic extract of rambutan fruit peels contained quercetin, geraniin [13] and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which had antihyperglycemia activity [14] as well as powerful antioxidants [15]. Based on the content of flavonoids catechin, quercetin and EGCG and polyphenols and tannins, a mechanism thought to decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic rats through inhibition of glucose absorption, stimulates the release of insulin and indirect mechanisms through the antioxidant processes. Glucose binds to proteins can be oxidized and produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The combination of glycation and oxidation of glucose produces AGEs (advanced glycogen end-products) in which this process was irreversible long-lasting and can caused tissue damage. That glycated proteins and AGEs-modified proteins can lead to oxidative stress which can trigger the diabetic condition [22]. Another mechanism that was thought to have the effect of decreasing blood glucose levels in test animals, with the occurrence geraniin in rambutan fruit peel extract which had the ability to prevent the formation of AGEs [13]. This research has proven that the ethanol extract of durian rind and rambutan fruit peel can lowered blood glucose levels of alloxan-induced rats. However, the mechanism of the antidiabetic activity of the ethanol extract of durian and rambutan fruit peels was not certainly. So the evaluation to determine the mechanism of molecular pharmacology decrease in blood glucose levels that occurs, needs to be done. In addition it is necessary to ensure what the active compounds are most responsible for its pharmacological activity.”

Grapefruit peel extract (Citrus paradisi)

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Hesperidin

Naringin

Hesperedin

Narigenin

Rutin

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814606000185

PHENOLIC EXTRACTS FROM GRAPEFRUIT PEELS (CITRUS PARADISI) INHIBIT KEY ENZYMES LINKED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION

“This study sought to characterize the interaction of phenolic extract from grapefruit peels with α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase and angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme (ACE) activities. The free phenolic of grapefruit peels was extracted with 80% acetone, while the bound phenolic was extracted from the alkaline and acid‐hydrolyzed residue with ethyl acetate; and their interaction with the enzymes were assessed. The phenolic extracts inhibited α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase and ACE enzyme activities; however, free phenolic had significantly higher (P < 0.05) α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities than bound phenolic, while there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in their ACE inhibitory activities. Nevertheless, the extracts were strong inhibitor of α‐glucosidase when compared to α‐amylase. The phenolic inhibited sodium nitroprusside‐induced lipid peroxidation in pancreas in a dose‐dependent manner. Therefore, free and bound phenolic extracts from grapefruit peels could be used as nutraceutical for the management of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (including its precursor, metabolic syndrome) is one of the top five most significant diseases in the developed world and is rapidly becoming a burden in sub‐Sahara Africa. Natural inhibitors with relatively mild inhibition of α‐amylase but strong inhibitor of α‐glucosidase activity could be an effective therapy for type 2 diabetes with minimal side effects, while the inhibition of angiotenisn‐I‐converting enzyme is a useful approach in the treatment of hypertension in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients, and phenolics have promising potential. Our findings in this study have shown that grapefruit peels that are usually considered to be waste could be a cheap and good source of free soluble and bound phenolics with antidiabetic and antihypertensive potentials.”

Hawthorn (Crataegus Mexicana) peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Quercetin 3-O-glucoside

Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside

Quercetin 3-O-rhamnosyl

Quer-cetin 3-O-rhamnosyl

Rutin

Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margarita_Cervantes-Rodriguez/publication/281443679_Antioxidant-mediated_protective_effect_of_hawthorn_Crataegus_mexicana_peel_extract_in_erythrocytes_against_oxidative_damage/links/55e75b1708ae3e1218420b36/Antioxidant-mediated-protective-effect-of-hawthorn-Crataegus-mexicana-peel-extract-in-erythrocytes-against-oxidative-damage.pdf

Antioxidant-mediated protective effect of hawthorn (Crataegus mexicana) peel extract in erythrocytes against oxidative damage

“This study provides the first in vitro evidence for an active role of C. mexicana as antioxidant on erythrocytes. Hawthorn is a fruit with anti-oxidant potential, reduces morphological changes and extends life span of the red blood cells in vitro. Such protection could be due to the inhibition of membrane lipoperoxidation and oxidative damage in cytoskeletal proteins. The conjunction of antioxidants in this extract, and not just specific purified antioxidants, could be helpful to keep normal the rheology properties of the erythrocyte apparently without any pro-oxidative damage.

The antioxidants present in the acetone extract may contribute to protect the erythrocyte cell membrane against lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress, thereby participating in diminishing the morphological and many rheology changes that may happen in the pathogenesis of vasoocclusive diseases, such diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, different types of anemia, and the inhibition of cell storage lesion in RBCs.

More studies are required to correctly identify the bioactive compounds of C. mexicana and how it contribute to the erythrocyte protection, and their mechanisms of action in the protection of the RBCs. This study give the scientific biochemical bases to use hawthorn extracts in a clinical setting, to prevent or treat many diseases and conditions associated to oxidative stress.”

Huyou (Citrus changshanensis) fruit peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Naringin

Hesperidin

TAC

Neohesperidin

Neoeriocitrin

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814607001410
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814612009764
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfpp.13278

Purification of naringin and neohesperidin from Huyou (Citrus changshanensis) fruit and their effects on glucose consumption in human HepG2 cells

“Huyou (Citrus changshanensis) is rich in naringin and neohesperidin, which are natural flavanone glycosides with a range of biological activities. Among the different fruit parts, i.e. flavedo, albedo, segment membrane (SM), and juice sacs (JS), albedo showed the highest contents of both compounds, with 27.00 and 19.09 mg/g DW for naringin and neohesperidin, respectively. Efficient simultaneous purification of naringin and neohesperidin from Huyou albedo was established by the combination of macroporous D101 resin chromatography and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). Purified naringin and neohesperidin were identified by both HPLC and LC–MS, and their effects on glucose consumption were investigated in HepG2 cells. Cells treated with naringin and neohesperidin showed increased consumption of glucose, and this was associated with increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Therefore, naringin and neohesperidin from Huyou may act as potential hypoglycaemic agents through regulation of glucose metabolism.”

Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.) Fruit peel

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Procyanidin B2

Epicatechin

Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside

Quercetin-3-O-galactoside

Kaempferol-glucosyl-rhamnoside

Source:
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf200371r

The Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.) Fruit: A Review of Current Knowledge of Fruit Composition and Health Benefits

“The nutritional jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) fruit belonging to the Rhamnaceous family grows mostly in Europe, southern and eastern Asia, and Australia, especially the inland region of northern China. Jujube has a long history of usage as a fruit and remedy. The main biologically active components are vitamin C, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenic acids, and polysaccharides. Recent phytochemical studies of jujube fruits have shed some light on their biological effects, such as the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, immunostimulating, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and gastrointestinal protective activities and inhibition of foam cell formation in macrophages. A stronger focus on clinical studies and phytochemical definition of jujube fruits will be essential for future research efforts. This review may be useful for predicting other medicinal uses and potential drug or food interactions and may be beneficial for people living where the jujube fruits are prevalent and health care resources are scarce.”

Kumquat (Fortunella margarita ) peel

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Acacetin 3,6-di-C-glucoside

Vicenin-2

Lucenin-2 4′-methyl ether

Narirutin 4′-O-glucoside

Apigenin 8-C-neohesperidoside

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0963996910004643

Effects of Fortunella margarita Fruit Extract on Metabolic Disorders in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese C57BL/6 Mice

“Obesity is a nutritional disorder associated with many health problems such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we investigated the anti-metabolic disorder effects of kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle) fruit extract (FME) on high-fat diet-induced C57BL/6 obese mice.

The kumquat fruit was extracted with ethanol and the main flavonoids of this extract were analyzed by HPLC. For the preventive experiment, female C57BL/6 mice were fed with a normal diet (Chow), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat diet with 1% (w/w) extract of kumquat (HF+FME) for 8 weeks. For the therapeutic experiment, female C57BL/6 mice were fed with high-fat diet for 3 months to induce obesity. Then the obese mice were divided into two groups randomly, and fed with HF or HF+FME for another 2 weeks. Body weight and daily food intake amounts were recorded. Fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, serum and liver lipid levels were assayed and the white adipose tissues were imaged. The gene expression in mice liver and brown adipose tissues were analyzed with a quantitative PCR assay.

In the preventive treatment, FME controlled the body weight gain and the size of white adipocytes, lowered the fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC), serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels as well as liver lipid contents in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. In the therapeutic treatment, FME decreased the serum triglyceride (TG), serum TC, serum LDL-c, fasting blood glucose levels and liver lipid contents, improved glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance. Compared with the HF group, FME significantly increased the mRNA expression of PPARα and its target genes.

Our study suggests that FME may be a potential dietary supplement for preventing and ameliorating the obesity and obesity-related metabolic disturbances.”

Lagenaria siceraria peel extract

Primary Polyphenols / Flavonoids

Oleoresin

Limonoids

Quercetin

Rutin

Scopoletin

Source:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/13880209.2012.682116
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/8/5312/htm