Alzheimer's Disease -It has been suggested, on the basis of traditional medicine, its in vitro cholinergic binding properties and modulation of mood and cognitive performance in humans, that Salvia officinalis might potentially provide a novel natural treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

The results of this study indicate the efficacy of S. officinalis extract in the management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, S. officinalis may well reduce agitation of patients but this needs to be confirmed.

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Diabetes - S. officinalis has been used as a traditional remedy against diabetes in many countries and its glucose-lowering affects have been demonstrated in animal studies.

In a study, it was found that methanolic extracts of S. officinalis significantly decreased serum glucose in type I diabetic rats without affecting pancreatic insulin production

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Anti-Obesity - In several studies on anti-obese components from natural medicine, the effects of S. officinalis and its active components on the pancreatic lipase activity and lipid digestion were investigated.

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Apoptosis - In the present study, the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of water extracts of Salvia fruticosa (SF) and Salvia officinalis (SO) and of their main phenolic compound rosmarinic acid (RA) were evaluated in two human colon carcinoma-derived cell lines, HCT15 and CO115, which have different mutations in the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways.

Our results show that SF, SO, and RA induce apoptosis in both cell lines, whereas cell proliferation was inhibited by the two sage extracts only in HCT15. SO, SF, and RA inhibited ERK phosphorylation in HCT15 and had no effects on Akt phosphorylation in CO115 cells.

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Anti-Inflammatory - Salvia officinalis L. leaves, obtained from four plant populations of different origin, were investigated for their topical anti-inflammatory properties.

The content of ursolic acid in sage and sage-based remedies for the topical treatment of inflammatory diseases is proposed as a parameter for quality control purposes.

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Anti-Tumor - Ethanol extract of Salvia officinalis (SO) has been analyzed for its anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferation and anti-migration activi-ties.

SO extract exhibited a significant inhibitory activity in CAM assay in a dose de-pendent manner.

These findings indicated that SO extract might be a promising candidate for anti-angiogenic treatment.

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Antioxidant - The goal of this study was to monitor the anti-proliferative activity of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis extracts against cancer cells and to correlate this activity with their phytochemical profiles using liquid chromatography/diode array detection/electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC/DAD/ESI-MSⁿ).

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This next study sought to determine the antioxidant activity and protective ability of water-extractable phytochemicals from Salvia officinalis leaves (strongly aromatic leaves used in flavoring cooked foods) on lipid peroxidation induced by some pro-oxidants in rat brain and liver homogenates in vitro.

The results of the study revealed that the extract inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) production in basal and pro-oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in the brain and liver in a dose-dependent manner.

This antioxidant and protective effect of this leaf could be harnessed in the management and prevention of degenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress.

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Anti-Cancer - The aim of this investigation was to study the cytotoxicity of Salvia officinalis L. (sage) essential oil. Salvia officinalis essential oil was gained by aqueous extraction from plant material and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography.

The three most significantly regulated pathways by sage were aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, cell cycle (G1/S checkpoint) regulation, and p53 signaling.

To the best of our knowledge, this study suggests for the first time the ability of Salvia officinalis essential oil to inhibit human HNSCC cell growth. The therapeutic potential of sage essential oil might exceed that of its common use in otorhinolaryngology.

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Anti-Mutagenic Effects - Antimutagenic properties of terpenoid fractions of sage (Salvia officinalis) were tested in mammalian system in vivo through examining the ability of sage to decrease the frequency of aberrant cells induced by a potent mutagen.

The percent of aberrations decreased with increasing concentrations of sage. Only nontoxic concentrations of sage without mutagenic effects can be recommended for use as inhibitors of mutagenesis or carcinogenesis.

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