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SCIENCE & INGREDIENTS:
Agaricus bisporus
Nature has been a source of Medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, based on their use in traditional medicine. Since ancient time’s plants as well as fungus sources of Medicinal compounds have continued to play a dominant role in maintenance of human health. Over 50% of all modern clinical drugs are of natural product origin and play an important role in drug development programs in the pharmaceutical industry. Mushrooms are an important natural source of food and medicine. Traditional aboriginals knew the importance of edible and wild Mushrooms, and these are now being screened for their bioactivity in various ailments.
THE nutritional AND medical benefits OF AGARICUS BISPORUS : A REVIEW
Mushrooms are considered as potential source of many essential nutrients and therapeutic bioactive compounds. Agaricus bisporus belongs to Basidiomycetes family and the most important commercially cultivated Mushroom in the world. The rich nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fibers, minerals, and vitamins present this Mushroom as famous healthy food. Moreover, because of the presence of some active ingredients, such as polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, essential amino acids, peptides, glycoproteins, nucleosides, triterpenoids, lectins, fatty acids and their derivatives, these Mushrooms have been reported to have antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities.
antioxidant and anti-aging effects of acidic-extractable polysaccharides by Agaricus bisporus
This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of D-galatose-induced (D-gal-induced) aging mice as well as monosaccharide compositions of acidic-extractable polysaccharides (AcAPS) and its major purified fractions (AcAPS-1, AcAPS-2 and AcAPS-3) from the fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus. The Results suggested that both AcAPS and its purified fractions might be suitable for functional foods and natural drugs in preventing the acute aging–associated diseases.
In present study, the soluble polysaccharides by enzyme-assisted extraction from Agaricus bisporus (EnAPS) and its purified fractions of EnAPS-1, -2 and -3 were successfully obtained, and the antioxidant activities and anti-aging effects were investigated. The in vitro antioxidant assay demonstrated that EnAPS-2 had superior scavenging activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, chelating activities of Fe2+ and reducing power. The in vivo animal experiments showed that both EnAPS and its purifies fractions had potential anti-aging effects against the d-galctose-induced aging diseases on liver, kidney, brain and skin, possibly by increasing the antioxidant enzymes, reducing the lipid peroxidation, improving the organ functions and remitting the lipid metabolism. The Conclusions demonstrated that the polysaccharides by A. bisporus might be suitable for applying functional foods and natural drugs in preventing and delaying the aging and its complications.
Composition and biological properties of agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies– a review
White Agaricus bisporus is both the most popular and the most commonly eaten edible Mushroom species in the world. It is popular not only because of its taste, but also due to its high level of nutrients: dietary fiber (chitin), essential, semi-essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids including linoleic and linolenic acids, easily digestible proteins, sterols, phenolic and indole compounds, and vitamins − especially provitamin D2 andB1 , B2 , B6 , B7 , and C. fruiting bodies of A. bisporus have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activity.
anti-Aromatase activity of phytochemicals in White Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)
The studies showed that Mushroom extract decreased both tumor cell proliferation and tumor weight with no effect on rate of apoptosis. Therefore, our studies illustrate the anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo of Mushroom extract and its major fatty acid constituents.
Results demonstrated that the polysaccharides, especially AlAPS-2, showed potential antiaging and hepatoprotective effects by enhancing the antioxidant status, decreasing serum hepatic enzyme activities, and improving the lipid metabolism. This study suggested that the polysaccharides extracted and purified from A. bisporus could be exploited as a potent dietary supplement to attenuate aging and prevent age-related diseases.
Fungi are vital to numerous industrial and household processes, especially producing cheeses, beer, wine, and bread, and they are accountable for breaking down organic matter. The remarkable Medicinal and nutritional values of the Mushrooms have increased their consumption. Agaricus bisporus belongs to the Agaricaceae family, and it is a top-ranked cultivated Mushroom that is well known for its edibility. A. bisporus is rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, and minerals and has potential anticancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammation properties. The bioactive compounds extracted from this Mushroom can be used for the treatment of several common human diseases including cancer, bacterial and fungal infections, diabetes, heart disorder, and skin problems.
phytochemical and pharmacological potentials of Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus showed significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activity.
anti-tumor activity of Agaricus bisporus Extracts and its Relation with IL-2 in tumor-Bearing Mice
Mushroom is widely used as a traditional Medicinal fungus, and it has been known to exhibit immune–stimulatory and anti-cancer activity. The Results showed that both extracts significantly inhibit the growth of tumor up to 72.2% at the end of experiment, while only the ethanolic extract significantly increased the level of IL-2 production from 11.2 and 16.9 pg/ml up to 26.4 and 42.5 pg/ml after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment respectively.
Study on preliminary phytochemical screening
and anti ulcer activity of Agaricus bisporus
Peptic ulcer is the most prevalent gastrointestinal disease. Even though a wide range of drugs are available for the treatment of peptic ulcer, but many of these do not fulfill all the requirements and have side effects. The Results of the present study reveal that the A. bisporus having efficiency in the gastro protective activity. It is recommended that the above Mushroom can be further studied for their anti ulcer efficacy in human subjects.
Agaricus bisporus (white button Mushroom; WBM) contains high levels of dietary fibers and antioxidants including vitamin C, D, and B12; folates; and polyphenols that may provide beneficial effects on cardiovascular and diabetic diseases. It was Concluded that A bisporus Mushroom had both hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in rats.
White button Mushroom (WBM) (Agaricus bisporus) is a potential prostate cancer (PCa) chemo–preventative and therapeutic agent.
anti-cancer effects of phenolic–rich Extracts of Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)
In Summary, phenol-rich button Mushroom extracts inhibited prostate cancer cell growth in vitro, and caused apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. There was significant modulation of anti-proliferative genes by BBEA. These effects appear to be mediated in part by BBEA-induced oxidative stress. My present research provided the data to support the anti-cancer effects of button Mushrooms and provides preliminary data for future mechanistic studies.
AB showed potent antioxidant effect in an in-vitro assay. It was powerful as radical scavenger, reducing agent, metal chelator and inhibitor for lipid peroxidation. AB has been tested on Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) in particular on its antioxidant potential and on AD brain in AlCl3 modal.
Agaricus blazei Murrill
Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) popularly known as ‘Cogumelo do Sol’ in Brazil, or ‘Himematsutake’ in Japan, is a Mushroom native to Brazil, and widely cultivated in Japan for its Medicinal uses, so it is now considered as one of the most important edible and culinary–Medicinal biotechnological species. It was traditionally used to treat many common diseases like atherosclerosis, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, dermatitis and cancer. In vitro and in vivo ABM has shown immunomodulatory and antimutagenic properties, although the biological pathways and chemical substances involved in its pharmacological activities are still not clear. The polysaccharides phytocomplex is thought to be responsible for its immunostimulant and antitumor properties, probably through an opsonizing biochemical pathway. Clinical studies are positive confirmations, but we are still at the beginning, and there are perplexing concerns especially relative to the content of agaritine. Argantine is a well-known carcinogenic and toxic substance in animals, that must be completely and fully evaluated.
Agaricus blazei Murrill (“Kawariharatake” in Japan, “Cogmelo de Deus” in Brazil) was first discovered in Florida, USA, in 1944. Its main natural habitat is the mountainous district of Piedade in Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was found that the rate of occurrence of adult diseases in the Piedade region is extremely low since people took A. blazei as a part of their regular diet. The miracle Mushroom was brought to Japan in 1965, an artificial cultivation process was established in 1978, and it has been well evaluated in terms of biochemical and Medicinal properties since the 1980s. Many animal studies and clinical experience have demonstrated that A. blazei shows antitumor activity, immunological enhancement, and also the fungus is effective for treatment of AIDS, diabetes, hypotension, and hepatitis.
effects of the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on Immunity, Infection and cancer
Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is an edible, Medicinal Mushroom of Brazilian origin. It is used traditionally against a range of diseases, including cancer and chronic hepatitis, and has been cultivated commercially for the health food market. AbM has recently been shown to have strong immunomodulating properties, which has led to increasing scientific interest. In this article, we review current knowledge as to the immunological properties of AbM, and its possible clinical use in connection with infections and cancer. We also present some novel findings, which point to highly different biological potency between AbM extracts of different source and manufacturing.
Laccase from the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei: production, purification and characterization
The Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei produced high amounts of laccase (up to 5,000 units l−1) in a complex, agitated liquid medium based on tomato juice, while only traces of the enzyme (<100 units l−1) were detected in synthetic glucose-based medium. Purification of the enzyme required three chromatographic steps, including anion and cation exchanging. A. blazei laccase was expressed as a single protein with a molecular mass of 66 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.0. Spectroscopic analysis of the purified enzyme confirmed that it belongs to the “blue copper oxidases”. The enzyme’s pH optimum for 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP) and syringaldazine was pH 5.5; but for 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) no distinct pH optimum was observed (highest activity at the lowest pH tested). Purified laccase was stable at 20°C, pH 7.0 and pH 3.0, but rapidly lost its activity at 40°C or pH 10. Sodium chloride strongly inhibited the enzyme activity, although the inhibition was completely reversible. The following kinetic constants were determined (Km, kcat): 63 μM, 21 s−1 for ABTS, 4 μM, 5 s−1 for syringaldazine, 1,026 μM, 15 s−1 for DMP and 4307 μM, 159 s−1 for guaiacol. The Results show that—in addition to the wood-colonizing white-rot Fungi—the typical litter-decomposing basidiomycetes can also produce high titers of laccase in suitable liquid media.
An extract of the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill can protect against allergy
Conclusion
This particular AbM extract may both prevent allergy development and be used as a therapeutical substance against established allergy.
effect of an Extract Based on the Medicinal
Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on expression of
cytokines and Calprotectin in Patients with
ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
An immunomodulatory extract (AndoSanÔ) based on the Medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) has shown to reduce blood cytokine levels in healthy volunteers after 12 days’ ingestion, pointing to an anti-inflamma-tory effect. The aim was to study whether AndoSanÔ had similar effects on cytokines in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Calprotectin, a marker for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), was also mea- sured. Patients with CD (n = 11) and with UC (n = 10) consumed 60 ml ⁄ day of AndoSanÔ. Patient blood plasma was harvested before and after 6 h LPS (1 ng ⁄ ml) stimulation ex vivo. plasma and faecal calprotectin levels were analy-sed using ELISA and 17 cytokines [IL-2, IFN-c, IL-12 (Th1), IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (Th2), IL-7, IL-17, IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-8, MIP-1b, MCP-1, G-CSF, GM-CSF and IL-10] by multiplex assay. After 12 days’ ingestion of Ando- SanÔ, baseline plasma cytokine levels in UC was reduced for MCP-1 (40%) and in LPS-stimulated blood for MIP-1b (78%), IL-6 (44%), IL-1b (41%), IL-8 (30%), G-CSF (29%), MCP-1 (18%) and GM-CSF (17%). There were corresponding reductions in CD: IL-2 (100%), IL-17 (55%) and IL-8 (29%) and for IL-1b (35%), MIP-1b (30%), MCP-1 (22%), IL-8 (18%), IL-17 (17%) and G-CSF (14%), respectively. Baseline concentrations for the 17 cytokines in the UC and CD patient groups were largely similar. Faecal calprotectin was reduced in the UC group. Ingestion of an AbM-based Medicinal Mushroom by patients with IBD resulted in interesting anti-inflammatory effects as demon- strated by declined levels of pathogenic cytokines in blood and calprotectin in faeces
An immunostimulatory extract based on the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) has been shown to stimulate mononuclear phagocytes in vitro to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and to protect against lethal peritonitis in mice. The present aim was to study the effect of AbM on release of several cytokines in human whole blood both after stimulation ex vivo and in vivo after oral intake over several days in healthy volunteers. The 17 signal substances examined were; T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-12], T helper 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), pleiotropic (IL-7, IL-17), pro-inflammatory [IL-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (mainly produced by Th1 cells)] – and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, chemokines [IL-8, macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1] and leukocyte growth factors [granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor]. After stimulation of whole blood ex vivo with 0.5–5.0% of a Mushroom extract, AndoSan™ mainly containing AbM, there was a dose-dependent increase in all the cytokines studied, ranging from two to 399-fold (TNF-α). However, in vivo in the eight volunteers who completed the daily intake (60 ml) of this AbM extract for 12 days, a significant reduction was observed in levels of IL-1β (97%), TNF-α (84%), IL-17 (50%) and IL-2 (46%). Although not significant, there was a trend towards reduced levels for IL-8, IFN-γ and G-CSF, whilst those of the remaining nine cytokines tested, were unaltered. The discrepant Results on cytokine release ex vivo and in vivo may partly be explained by the antioxidant activity of AbM in vivo and limited absorption of its large, complex and bioactive β-glucans across the intestinal mucosa to the reticuloendothelial system and blood.
The Mushroom Agaricus blazei is studied for its nutraceutical potential and as a Medicinal supplement. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemoprotective effect of β-glucan extracted from the Mushroom A. blazei against DNA damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), using the comet assay (genotoxicity) and micronucleus assay with cytokinesis block (mutagenicity) in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). To elucidate the possible β-glucan mechanism of action, desmutagenesis or bioantimutagenesis types, three treatment protocols were tested: simultaneous, pre-treatment, and presimultaneous. The Results showed that β-glucan does not exert genotoxic or mutagenic effect, but that it does protect against DNA damage caused by B[a]P in every protocol tested. The data suggest that β-glucan acts through binding to B[a]P or the capture of free radicals produced during its activation. On the other hand, the pre-treatment Results also suggest the possibility that β-glucan modulates cell metabolism.
The edible Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), which has been used in traditional medicine against a range of diseases and possess immunomodulating properties, probably due to its high content of β-glucans. Others and we have demonstrated stimulatory effects of extracts of this Mushroom on different immune cells. Dendritic cells are major directors of immune function. We wanted to examine the effect of AbM stimulation on signal substance release from monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). After 6 d incubation with IL-4 and GM-CSF, the cells were true MDDC. Then the cells were further incubated with up to 10% of the AbM-based extract, AndoSan™, LPS (0.5 μg/ml) or PBS control. We found that the AbM extract promoted dose-dependent increased levels of IL-8, G-CSF, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and MIP-1β, in that order. The synthesis of IL-2, IL-8 and IFNγ were similar for the AbM extract and LPS. However, AndoSan™ induced a 10- to 2-fold higher production than did LPS of G-CSF, TNFα and IL-1β, respectively. AbM did not induce increased synthesis of Th2 or anti-inflammatory cytokines or the Th1 cytokine IL-12. We Conclude that stimulation of MDDC with an AbM-based extract resulted in increased production of proinflammatory, chemotactic and some Th1-type cytokines in vitro.
Agaricus brasiliensis
The Royal Sun Medicinal Mushroom, Agaricus brasiliensis, is used as a natural health product. In Japan, however, the quality control of some of these Mushroom products has been viewed as a safety problem. Focusing on the quality control of A. brasiliensis KA21, we have performed several safety studies. To date, we have established evidence that this Mushroom can be used safely as an immunostimulant and to mediate biochemical parameters associated with obesity or diabetes. Furthermore, to improve the manufacturing process of this Mushroom, we have studied the relationship between its pharmaceutical actions and the conditions of its cultivation and thermal management. The purpose of this review is to report the findings of basic and clinical studies of the fruit body of A. brasiliensis KA21.
A process for simultaneous efficient production of bioactive polysaccharide and ergosterol by fed-batch fermentation of Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis was developed. effects of carbon source and initial sugar concentration on the production of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and ergosterol were studied at first. Sucrose was suitable for EPS production although the cells could not grow well. glucose was beneficial for the cell growth and production of ergosterol. When the initial glucose concentration exceeded 40 g/l, the ergosterol accumulation was decreased slightly. A repeated fed-batch fermentation strategy with glucose as carbon source, which feeding of glucose was commenced to 15 g/l from 72 to 120 h at 24 h intervals when the total glucose concentration of the broth was below 15 g/l in 7 l stirred bioreactor, was developed successfully to increase simultaneously EPS and ergosterol production. The maximum EPS and ergosterol production were 1.67 ± 0.08 g/l and 2.50 ± 0.04 mg/100 mg DW on 144 h, respectively, which were 26.9% and 17.2% higher than those by batch fermentation in the same cultivation conditions. It was the first reported to product simultaneously EPS and ergosterol in agitated fermentation of A. brasiliensis.
Agaricus campestris
Many species of edible Mushrooms are known to contain a wide array of compounds with high nutritional and Medicinal values. However, these values vary widely among Mushroom species because of the wide diversity of compounds with different solubilities to solvents used in extraction. We report here the comparison of antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against cancer cells in extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, Agaricus campestris, and A. bisporus from 7 different solvents, including water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, chloroform, hexane, and petroleum ether. The extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activities using the % DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate) scavenging activity method. Our Results revealed that the water extracts exhibited the highest % DPPH scavenging activity in comparison to all other solvent extracts. The highest value was obtained from the water extract of P. sajor-caju (78.1%), and the lowest one was from the hexane extract of A. bisporus (0.8%). In general, extracts from nonpolar solvents exhibited much lower antioxidant activities than those from polar solvents. The cytotoxic effects of these extracts were evaluated using 2 cancer cell lines of larynx carcinoma (HEp-2) and breast carcinoma (MCF-7). When added into Hep-2 cells, the hexane extracts from P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, A. bisporus, and A. campestris yielded the highest IC50 values of 1.7 ± 1.56, 2.1 ± 2.82, 4.4 ± 1.71, and 2.2 ± 1.34 μg/mL, respectively, in comparison to all other solvent extracts. Similar IC50 values were obtained when the MCF-2 cancer cells were tested, suggesting that hexane is the preferred solvent to extract the anticancer compounds from these Mushrooms. Our Results also indicated that extracts from solvents with nonpolar or intermediate polarity were more potent than those with high polarity in their cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and extracts from different Mushrooms by the same solvent possessed varied degrees of cytotoxicity.
Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of
Agaricus campestris (Mushroom)
Agaricus campestris (Mushroom) has been documented as a traditional treatment for diabetes. Here the administration of Mushroom in the diet (62·5 g/kg) and drinking water (2·5 g/l) countered the hyperglycaemia of streptozotocin- diabetic mice. An aqueous extract of Mushroom (1 mg/ ml) stimulated 2-deoxyglucose transport (2·0-fold), glucose oxidation (1·5-fold) and incorporation of glucose into glycogen (1·8-fold) in mouse abdominal muscle. In acute 20 min tests, 0·25–1 mg/ml aqueous extract of Mushroom evoked a stepwise 3·5- to 4·6-fold stimulation of insulin secretion from the BRIN-BD11 pancreatic B-cell line. This effect was abolished by 0·5 mM diazoxide and prior exposure to extract did not affect subsequent stimulation of insulin secretion by 10 mM -alanine, thereby negating a detrimental effect on cell viability. The effect of extract was potentiated by 16·7 mM glucose, -alanine (10 mM) and IBMX (1 mM), and a depolarising concentration of KCl (25 mM) did not augment the insulin-releasing activity of Mushroom. activity of the extract was found to be heat stable, acetone soluble and unaltered by exposure to alkali, but decreased with exposure to acid. Dialysis to remove components with molecular mass <2000 Da caused a 40% reduction in activity. Sequential extraction with solvents revealed insulin-releasing activity to be greatest in polar fractions. Lack of haemagglutinin activity with extract activity indicated that activity was unlikely to be due to a lectin-mediated event. These Results demonstrate the presence of antihyperglycaemic, insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity in A. campestris.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF polyphenolic PROFILES
AND antioxidant activity OF
Agaricus bisporus AND Agaricus campestris
In the context of a worldwide growing population there is a need for renewable biological resources for food and animal feed, safe and healthy, as well as materials, energy and other products. Thus, an important and sustainable use of renewable resources has become one of the major goals of bio-economic strategy at the national and European levels. Quality, food safety and human health are some of the major concerns of Romania. Due to considerable genetic resources and remarkable biological quality, Mushrooms are currently considered functional foods with important nutritional and therapeutic qualities. Nationally, 90% of the Mushroom production is covered by Agaricus bisporus species (champignon), being consumed mainly in urban areas. At the same time in rural areas is harvested from spontaneous mycoflora and consumed, mainly Agaricus campestris species. These two species are related, belonging to the same Agaricaeae family. nutritional and therapeutic important properties of these species are given by their bioactive metabolites including polysaccharides, proteins, dietary fibres, polyphenolic compounds and other bio- molecules. In this paper is presented comparative qualitative (HPTLC) and quantitative (spectrophotometric) chemical composition in polyphenolic compounds and the scavenger potential of free radical DPPH of the two species. The comparative analysis is made for alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of the two species. The Results shows the differences and similarities in terms of composition in polyphenolic compounds, dependence between chemical composition and antioxidant potential and also the importance of the solvent used to obtain the extracts. Thus, this study contributes to understanding the importance of the valorisation of indigenous natural resources potential, respectively of the species Agaricus campestris.
Agaricus subrufescens
Agaricus subrufescens, a cultivated edible and Medicinal Mushroom, and its synonyms
Agaricus subrufescens Peck was cultivated first in the late 1800s in eastern North America. The type consists partly of cultivated material and partly of field-collected specimens. Once a popular market Mushroom, the species faded from commerce in the early 20th century. More recently, a Mushroom species growing wild in Brazil has been introduced into cultivation in Brazil, Japan and elsewhere. This Brazilian Mushroom has been referred to by various names, most commonly as A. blazei Murrill (sensu Heinemann) and most recently as A. brasiliensis Wasser et al. The author first cultivated A. subrufescens in 1981 and has grown and studied Brazilian isolates since 1992. The species has an amphithallic pattern of reproduction. Based on DNA sequence analysis of the rDNA ITS region and on mating studies and genetic analysis of hybrid progeny, there is a strong case for conspecificity of the Brazilian Mushrooms with A. subrufescens. Based on a study of the type and other data, the recent lectotypification of A. subrufescens is accepted. Data are presented on Mushrooms of diverse geographical origins, including A. rufotegulis Nauta from western Europe, another apparent con-specific. A possible role for interpopulational hybridization in current populations of A. subrufescens is proposed. The agronomic history of the species is reviewed.
Agaricus subrufescens: A review
Medicinal Mushrooms have currently become a hot issue due to their various therapeutic properties. Of these, Agaricus subrufescens, also known as the “almond Mushroom”, has long been valued by many societies (i.e., Brazil, China, France, and USA). Since its discovery in 1893, this Mushroom has been cultivated throughout the world, especially in Brazil where several strains of A. subrufescens have been developed and used as health food and alternative medicine. This article presents up-to-date information on this Mushroom including its taxonomy and health promoting benefits. Medicinal properties of A. subrufescens are emphasized in several studies which are reviewed here. In addition, safety issues concerning the use of this fungus will be discussed.
Agaricus subrufescens, a cultivated edible and Medicinal Mushroom, and its synonyms
Agaricus subrufescens Peck was cultivated first in the late 1800s in eastern North America. The type consists partly of cultivated material and partly of field-collected specimens. Once a popular market Mushroom, the species faded from commerce in the early 20th century. More recently, a Mushroom species growing wild in Brazil has been introduced into cultivation in Brazil, Japan and elsewhere. This Brazilian Mushroom has been referred to by various names, most commonly as A. blazei Murrill (sensu Heinemann) and most recently as A. brasiliensis Wasser et al. The author first cultivated A. subrufescens in 1981 and has grown and studied Brazilian isolates since 1992. The species has an amphithallic pattern of reproduction. Based on DNA sequence analysis of the rDNA ITS region and on mating studies and genetic analysis of hybrid progeny, there is a strong case for conspecificity of the Brazilian Mushrooms with A. subrufescens. Based on a study of the type and other data, the recent lectotypification of A. subrufescens is accepted. Data are presented on Mushrooms of diverse geographical origins, including A. rufotegulis Nauta from western Europe, another apparent con-specific. A possible role for interpopulational hybridization in current populations of A. subrufescens is proposed. The agronomic history of the species is reviewed.
In the past decades many papers were published on the nutritional effect and bioactive components of edible Mushrooms. The Fungi are able to accumulate secondary metabolites, for example, phenolic compounds, polyketides, terpenes and steroids. In case of Mushrooms the button Mushrooms are preferred in the Eastern-European region. Therefore white and cream type button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and different A. subrufescens (syn. A. blazei) cultivars were cropped, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were measured in two years of experiments. To develop the description method of Mushroom products, software-supported profile analysis was applied to characterize them. The aim of the research was to compare the sensory profiles of the samples, and to find those characteristics, they actually differ in.
In vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Agaricus
subrufescens extracts
Agaricus blazei Murill, most recently referred as Agaricus subrufescens is a fungus that belongs to the Brazilian diversity and, considered as an important producer of bioactive compounds beneficial to human health. Studies have demonstrated that these compounds present immunomodulatory, antioxidant and antitumor properties. However, there is little information about the appropriate methodology for obtaining extracts with biological activities and their possible citotoxicity. The Mushroom extracts were evaluated by cytotoxicity assays using primary cultures of granulocytes and macrophages colony forming cells (CFU-GM) and established V79 cell line. Lipoperoxidation analysis using fibroblast V79 cells were also conducted. The extract fraction that produced a crystalline product was obtained from the alcoholic extraction at 60°C. This fraction exhibited an antioxidant activity on mitochondrial membranes and did not present cytotoxic activity on concentrations lower than 2.5 mg/mL in both cells systems evaluated CFU-GM and V79. Moreover, no significant alterations on the fibroblast V79 adhesion or proliferation capacity was observed. We suggest that the alcoholic fraction obtained from A. subrufescens at 60°C has a great potential for biotechnological application since it is easily obtained and presented low cytotoxicity potential.
photoprotective and antimutagenic activity of Agaricus subrufescens Basidiocarp Extracts
The photoprotective and antimutagenic activity of opened and closed basidiocarps of Agaricus subrufescens (=A. blazei; =A. brasiliensis) obtained by different extraction methods were evaluated on Aspergillus nidulans conidia submitted to ultraviolet (UV) light. The aqueous extracts were obtained by three extraction methods: maceration, infusion, and decoction, at two different extraction times. The extracts of A. subrufescens did not present toxicity for A. nidulans conidia. A suspension of A. nidulans conidia was submitted to extracts before and after the exposure to UV light. All basidiocarp extracts, regardless of the extraction method or development stage, protected A. nidulans conidia against the damaging effects of the mutagenic agent. The antimutagenic and photoprotective activity was strengthened with extracts obtained by 168-h maceration, followed by 24-h maceration and 60-min infusion and, at last, by 30-min infusion. Although the extracts presented protector effect as well as recoverer effect to the action of UV light, the preventive effect was more evident. Differences in the biological activity in function of the different development stages were detected with greater antimutagenic and photoprotective activity for the opened basidiocarps. However, the extraction method is the most important factor to be considered when compared to the basidiocarp development stage to obtain better antimutagenic and photoprotective activity of A. subrufescens basidiocarps.
In this work, the inhibitory activity of a wide range of polysaccharide extracts from two Iranian and French strains of Agaricus subrufescens were evaluated toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Among them, two extracts S9 and S′7 obtained from Iranian and French strains under different extraction conditions showed selective AChE inhibitory activity with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 154.63 and 145.43 μg/mL, respectively. It should be noted that all extracts from both strains demonstrated no BChE inhibitory activity. S9 and S′7 were also tested for their effect on amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation, antioxidant activity, and neuroprotectivity. Their activity against Aβ aggregation was comparable to that of donepezil as the reference drug but they induced moderate antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging activity and negligible neuroprotectivity against Aβ-induced damage.
Agaricus villaticus
It has the effects of anti-oxidation, anti-tumor activity, anti-bacterial, blood nourishing, spirit benefiting, liver tonifying and five zang organs tonifying
Mushrooms of the genus Agaricus as functional foods
Mushrooms of the genus Agaricus are noted for their pharmacological and culinary properties. In this study, it was performed a critical literature review, focusing primarily on aspects of the chemical composition of these mushrooms whose pharmacological properties and nutri- tional composition characterize them as functional foods. It was also discussed articles conducted in vitro and in vivo proving the high antioxidant potential of the A^ari- caceae family, in addition to articles which emphasize the toxicity characteristics and safety for its use in therapy or in human nutrition. These mushrooms exhibit numerous bioactive substances as well as safety regarding toxicity, which characterize them as functional foods. Despite the countless beneficial effects on human health, mushrooms of the genus Agaricus are little known by the population, making it necessary partnership and combined efforts among producers, industries and researchers in order to
disseminate, research and consumption of these foods
Agrocybe aegerita
antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Eight Medicinal Mushroom species from China
The objective of the current study was to verify antidiabetic effects of different types of Mushrooms as folk medicines in treating diabetes. The antidiabetic effects were evaluated by in vitro α-glycosidase and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory assays and antioxidant activity assay. Ganoderma lucidum extract exhibited the best dose-dependent inhibitory activity against α-glycosidase with IC50 at 4.88 mg/mL, and also exhibited aldose reductase inhibitory potential with IC50 value of 9.87 mg/mL. Tremella fuciformis demonstrated the highest AR inhibitory activity (IC50=8.39 mg/mL). antioxidant activities of selected Mushrooms were evaluated based on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The result showed that G. lucidum contained the highest TPC (39.3 mg GAE/g sample extract), TFC (15.1 mg CE/g sample extract), and the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50=3.66 mg/mL) among the Mushroom samples.
Amanita Caesarea
Mushrooms are macro Fungi that exist everywhere around us. They have significant roles in human health–life as source of nutrition and bioactive compounds. Many edible Mushrooms have been reported as promising biotechnological tools for production of secondary metabolites of various biological activities. The genus macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola are a group of edible Mushrooms that are distributed all over the world. The studies on different species of these edible Mushrooms have revealed their nutritional Medicinal potentials. This review aims to present the importance of the genera macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola as both food and medicine, and they offer new insights to researchers to develop new drugs and nutraceuticals.
Amauroderma rude
Medicinal Mushrooms in recent years have been the subject of many experiments searching for anticancer properties. We previously screened thirteen Mushrooms for their potential in inhibiting tumor growth, and found that the water extract of Amauroderma rude exerted the highest activity. Previous studies have shown that the polysaccharides contained in the water extract were responsible for the anticancer properties. This study was designed to explore the potential effects of the polysaccharides on immune regulation and tumor growth. Using the crude Amauroderma rude extract, in vitro experiments showed that the capacities of spleen lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells were all increased. In vivo experiments showed that the extract increased macrophage metabolism, lymphocyte proliferation, and antibody production. In addition, the partially purified product stimulated the secretion of cytokines in vitro, and in vivo. Overall, the extract decreased tumor growth rates. Lastly, the active compound was purified and identified as polysaccharide F212. Most importantly, the purified polysaccharide had the highest activity in increasing lymphocyte proliferation. In Summary, this molecule may serve as a lead compound for drug development.
We have previously screened thirteen Medicinal Mushrooms for their potential anti-cancer activities in eleven different cell lines and found that the extract of Amauroderma rude exerted the highest capacity in inducing cancer cell death. The current study aimed to purify molecules mediating the anti-cancer cell activity. The extract of Amauroderma rude was subject to fractionation, silica gel chromatography, and HPLC. We purified a compound and identified it as ergosterol by EI-MS and NMR, which was expressed at the highest level in Amauroderma rude compared with other Medicinal Mushrooms tested. We found that ergosterol induced cancer cell death, which was time and concentration dependent. In the in vivo experiment, normal mice were injected with murine cancer cell line B16 that is very aggressive and caused mouse death severely. We found that treatment with ergosterol prolonged mouse survival. We found that ergosterol–mediated suppression of breast cancer cell viability occurred through apoptosis and that ergosterol up-regulated expression of the tumor suppressor Foxo3. In addition, the Foxo3 down-stream signaling molecules Fas, FasL, BimL, and BimS were up-regulated leading to apoptosis in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Our Results suggest that ergosterol is the main anti-cancer ingredient in Amauroderma rude, which activated the apoptotic signal pathway. ergosterol may serve as a potential lead for cancer therapy.
Amauroderma rugosum
Amauroderma rugosum is one of the traditional Chinese Medicinal Mushrooms and is used to reduce inflammation, treat diuretic and upset stomach, and prevent cancer. Here, we present a genomic resource of Amauroderma rugosum (ACCC 51706) for further understanding its biology and exploration of the synthesis pathway of bioactive compounds. Genomic DNA was extracted and then subjected to Illumina HiSeq X Ten and PacBio Sequel I sequencing. The final genome is 40.66 Mb in size, with an N50 scaffold size of 36.6 Mb, and encodes 10 181 putative predicted genes. Among them, 6931 genes were functionally annotated. Phylogenomic analysis suggested that A. rugosum and Ganoderma sinense were not clustered together into a group and the latter was grouped with the Polyporaceae. Further, we also identified 377 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and 15 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. This is the first genome-scale assembly and annotation for an Amauroderma species. The identification of novel secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters would promote pharmacological research and development of novel bioactive compounds in the future.
Antrodia camphorata
terpenoids from the Medicinal Mushroom Antrodia camphorata: chemistry and Medicinal potential
Antrodia camphorata is a Medicinal Mushroom endemic to Taiwan for the treatment of intoxication, liver injury, cancer, and inflammation. Owing to its rare occurrence and potent pharmacological activities, efforts have been devoted to identify its bioactive constituents, especially terpenoids. Since 1995, a total of 162 terpenoids including triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, and steroids have been characterized. The ergostane-type triterpenoids (antcins) and meroterpenoids (antroquinonols) are characteristic constituents of A. camphorata. The terpenoids show anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective activities. This review summarizes the research progress on terpenoids in A. camphorata during 1995–2020, including structural diversity, resources, biosynthesis, pharmacological activities, metabolism, and toxicity. The Medicinal potential of the terpenoids is also discussed.
Ergostanes are major bioactive constituents of the Medicinal Mushroom Antrodia camphorata. These tetracyclic triterpenoids usually occur as 25R/S epimeric pairs, which renders their chromatographic separation difficult. In this study, we used analytical supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC) to separate seven pairs of 25R/S-ergostanes from A. camphorata. The (R)- and (S)-forms for each of the seven pairs could be well resolved (Rs > 1.3) on a Chiralcel OJ-H column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm, chiral), eluted by 10% MeOH in CO2 at 2 mL/min with a back pressure of 120 bar and a column temperature of 40 °C. Particularly, this chiral-SFC method could rapidly and efficiently separate low-polarity epimers like antcin A and antcin B, which were very difficult for RP-HPLC. A 3-min preparative-scale method was established to purify (25S)- and (25R)-antcin A for the first time. However, OJ-H column suffered from peak overlapping of different pairs of ergostanes. We found that Princeton 2-ethylpyridine column (2-EP, 4.6 × 250 mm, 3 μm, achiral) could effectively separate different pairs, although the resolutions for 25-R/S forms of each epimeric pair were not as good as OJ-H column. Meanwhile, all the (25S)-forms showed stronger retentions than the corresponding (25R)-epimers on the 2-EP column. These Results demonstrated different selectivity of chiral- and achiral-SFC in separating 25R/S-ergostane epimers. Aside from high separation efficiency, SFC also showed advantage over HPLC in short analysis time and low consumption of organic solvents. Finally, both OJ-H and 2-EP columns were used on analytical SFC to separate 25R/S-ergostanes in an extract of A. camphorata.
Antrodia camphorata is an extremely rare fungus native to the forested regions of Taiwan. It is also a traditional Chinese medicine, and Taiwanese aborigines applied it for treating liver diseases and protecting from food and drug intoxication. Scientific studies have demonstrated that A. camphorata crude extracts and pure compounds possess a variety of beneficial functions, such as anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and immuno-modulatory activities. Recent studies have shown that many of these biological and pharmacological activities can be attributed to various active constituents, including polysaccharides, terpenoids, steroids, lignans, benzoquinone derivatives, benzenoids, and maleic and succinic acid derivatives. A. camphorata has been considered as a novel phytotherapeutic agent. However, detailed mechanistic studies or even clinical trials on A. camphorata are still rare. With the help of modern analytical techniques, it is not surprising that many novel constituents are being identified or fractionated from A. camphorata mycelium and fruiting bodies. This review summarizes the latest published Results from A. camphorata research, focusing on the biological and pharmacological activities of the crude extract and known constituents of A. camphorata.
Antrodia cinnamomea
edible and Medicinal Mushrooms have usually been considered as a sustainable source of unique bioactive metabolites, which are valued as promising provisions for human health. Antrodia cinnamomea is a unique edible and Medicinal fungus widespread in Taiwan, which has attracted much attention in recent years for its high value in both scientific research and commercial applications owing to its potent therapeutic effects, especially for its hepatic protection and anticancer activity. Due to the scarcity of the fruiting bodies, the cultivation of A. cinnamomea by submerged fermentation appears to be a promising substitute which possesses some unique advantages, such as short culture time period and its high feasibility for scale-up production. However, the amount of fungal bioactive metabolites derived from the cultured mycelia of A. cinnamomea grown by submerged fermentation is much less than those obtained from the wild fruiting bodies. Hence, there is an urgent need to bridge such a discrepancy on bioactive metabolites between the wild fruiting bodies and the cultured mycelia. The objective of this article is to review recent advances and the future development of the mycelial submerged fermentation of A. cinnamomea in terms of enhancement for the production of fungal bioactive components by the optimization of culture conditions and the regulation of fungal metabolism. This review provides valuable information for further biotechnological applications of A. cinnamomea as well as other Mushrooms being the source of bioactive ingredients by submerged fermentation.
Current evidence for the hepatoprotective activities of the Medicinal Mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is an endemic Mushroom species of Taiwan, and has been demonstrated to possess diverse biological and pharmacological activities, such as anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and immunomodulation. This review focuses on the inhibitory effects of AC on hepatitis, hepatocarcinoma, and alcohol-induced liver diseases (e.g., fatty liver, fibrosis). The relevant biochemical and molecular mechanisms are addressed. Overall, this review summarizes the hepatoprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. However, there is no doubt that human and clinical trials are still limited, and further studies are required for the development of AC-related products.
In recent years, Antrodia cinnamomea has attracted great attention around the world as an extremely precious edible and Medicinal Mushroom. Ubiquinone derivatives, which are characteristic metabolites of A. cinnamomea, have shown great bioactivities. Some of them have been regarded as promising therapeutic agents and approved into clinical trial by US FDA. Although some excellent reviews have been published covering different aspects of A. cinnamomea, this review brings, for the first time, complete information about the structure, bioactivity, chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and metabolic regulation of ubiquinone derivatives in A. cinnamomea. It not only advances our knowledge on the bioactive metabolites especially the ubiquinone derivatives in A. cinnamomea, but also provides valuable information for the investigation on other edible and Medicinal Mushrooms.
Antrodia cinnamomea is an extremely rare and endemic fungal species native to forested regions of Taiwan. In modern Taiwanese culture, A. cinnamomea is believed to be a valuable gift from the heaven. Thereby, it is claimed as the “National Treasure of Taiwan” and “Ruby” among Mushrooms.” Traditionally, A. cinnamomea was used to prepare Chinese medicine for treating various illness including liver diseases, food and drug intoxication, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypertension, itchy skin, and tumorigenic diseases. Recent scientific studies strongly support that the pharmacological activities of A. cinnamomea go far beyond the original usage, as A. cinnamomea has exhibited various pharmacological properties including anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotection, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. Till date, more than 400 scientific reports have been published on the therapeutic potential of A. cinnamomea, or its closely related species Antrodia salmonea, and their compounds. In the present review, the taxonomic description of A. cinnamomea, ethnomedical value, chemical constituents, and pharmacological effects particularly antioxidant and Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective effects will be discussed.
Antrodia salmonea
Antrodia salmonea (AS), a well-known medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Antrodia salmonea (AS), a well-known medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we investigated the activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes in RAW264.7 macrophages by the fermented culture broth of AS, studied the resulting protection against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation, and revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying these protective effects. We found that non-cytotoxic concentrations of AS (25–100 μg mL−1) protected macrophages from LPS-induced cell death and ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant potential of AS was directly correlated with the increased expression of the antioxidant genes HO-1, NQO-1, and γ-GCLC, as well as the level of intracellular GSH followed by an increase in the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the Nrf2–ARE pathway. Furthermore, Nrf2 knockdown diminished the protective effects of AS, as evidenced by the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including PGE2, NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β, in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Notably, AS treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced ICAM-1 expression in macrophages. Our data suggest that the anti-inflammatory potential of Antrodia salmonea is mediated by the activation of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defense mechanisms. Results support the traditional usage of this beneficial mushroom for the treatment of free radical-related diseases and inflammation.
Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that Antrodia salmonea may be useful for the prevention of angiogenesis and atherosclerosis.
Antrodia salmonea (AS) is a fungus, which belongs to a fungal family of Taiwanofungus salmoneus with the features of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. Recent studies have shown that AS has anti-cancer functions in ovarian and breast cancer. However, the effects of AS on prostate cancer (PCa) proliferation remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of AS in PCa proliferation through apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation in PCa cell lines. Our results showed that Antrodia salmonea extract (ASE) inhibited PCa cells growth with a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ASE decreased the anchorage-independent growth formation ability in PC3 cells. Moreover, ASE-induced cell growth inhibition in PCa cells (DU145, PC3) was correlated to decreased cell cycle-related proteins such as cyclin A/B and cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1/2/4, and increased cell cycle inhibitor proteins p21. Besides, ASE decreased the total protein level of epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream signaling pathways Akt and Erk in both PCa cells. We found that apoptotic markers such as cleaved-PARP protein levels increased significantly in DU145 cells indicating ASE might induce apoptosis. In conclusion, our results suggest that ASE may have the ability to induce PCa cell death through regulating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis pathways.
Armillaria luteo-virens
Mushrooms have been valued as food and health supplements by humans for centuries. They are rich in dietary fiber, essential amino acids, minerals, and many bioactive compounds, especially those related to human immune system functions. Mushrooms contain diverse immunoregulatory compounds such as terpenes and terpenoids, lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) and polysaccharides. The distributions of these compounds differ among Mushroom species and their potent immune modulation activities vary depending on their core structures and fraction composition chemical modifications. Here we review the current status of clinical studies on immunomodulatory activities of Mushrooms and Mushroom products. The potential mechanisms for their activities both in vitro and in vivo were summarized. We describe the approaches that have been used in the development and application of bioactive compounds extracted from Mushrooms. These developments have led to the commercialization of a large number of Mushroom products. Finally, we discuss the problems in pharmacological applications of Mushrooms and Mushroom products and highlight a few areas that should be improved before immunomodulatory compounds from Mushrooms can be widely used as therapeutic agents.
wild edible macro Fungi Floccularia luteovirens proved to be a valuable source for the identification of novel lead molecules with therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, the chemical constituents of Floccularia luteovirens are rarely reported due to absence of efficient purification methods. In this study, a hydrophilic interaction chromatography directed by on-line HPLC-DPPH assay has been developed and successfully applied for the isolation of free radical inhibitor from the methanolic extract of Floccularia luteovirens. Using a hydrophilic interaction chromatographic column coupled with the HPLC-DPPH assay for screening the potential radical scavengers, the mid-pressure hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) proved to be more efficient in the pretreatment stage, yielding the fraction rich in free radical scavengers in good yield (5.9% recovery from 130.0 g of fresh F. luteovirens). From highly potent fraction, the target compound was isolated using the Click XION preparative chromatography with 17.2% recovery. The isolated compound was L-(+)-ergothioneine, where the purity (>95%) and antioxidant activity of were confirmed by chromatography and HPLC-DPPH assay, while the structure of this compound was elucidated from HR ESI-MS and NMR data. This method proved to be very efficient for the recognition and isolation of highly polar free radical inhibitors from Fungi extracts, and is also applicable for the purification of highly polar compounds from other sources.
Submerged Cultivation of Medicinal Mushrooms: Bioprocesses and Products
Medicinal Mushrooms belonging to higher Basidiomycetes are an immensely rich yet largely untapped resource of useful, easily accessible, natural compounds with various biological activities that may promote human well-being. The Medicinal properties are found in various cellular components and secondary metabolites (polysaccharides, proteins and their complexes, phenolic compounds, polyketides, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, nucleotides, etc.), which have been isolated and identified from the fruiting bodies, culture mycelium, and culture broth of Mushrooms. Some of these compounds have cholesterol-lowering, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulating, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities ready for industrial trials and further commercialization, while others are in various stages of development. Recently, the submerged cultivation of Medicinal Mushrooms has received a great deal of attention as a promising and reproducible alternative for the efficient production of Mushroom mycelium and metabolites. Submerged cultivation of Mushrooms has significant industrial potential, but its success on a commercial scale depends on increasing product yields and development of novel production systems that address the problems associated with this technique of Mushroom cultivation. In spite of many researchers’ efforts for the production of bioactive metabolites by Mushrooms, the physiological and engineering aspects of submerged cultures are still far from being thoroughly studied. The vast majority of studies have focused on polysaccharide and ganoderic acid production in submerged cultivation of Medicinal Mushrooms, and very little has been written so far on the antioxidant and hemagglutinating activity of submerged Mushroom cultures. The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the present state of the art and future prospects of submerged cultivation of Medicinal Mushrooms to produce mycelium and bioactive metabolites, and to make a contribution for the research and development of new pharmaceutical products from Mushrooms. A brief overview of the metabolic diversity and bioactive compounds of Mushrooms produced by submerged cultures is also given.
In this study, the culture requirements of the Cerrena unicolor OBCC 5005 strain were determined to optimize bioactive exopolysaccharide production in submerged culture. The effects of initial medium pH, carbon and nitrogen sources, inoculum age and amount, and mineral source on exopolysaccharide and mycelial biomass production by the C. unicolor OBCC 5005 strain were studied using a one-factor-at-a-time method. The highest exopolysaccharide production was obtained when culture parameters were used as initial medium pH: 5.5, 5% sucrose, 5% mycological peptone, and 5% of 4-day inoculants in the presence of 5 mM Fe2+. Optimized culture conditions at a flask scale were applied to a 3-L stirred tank reactor. As a result, 7.92 g/L and 7.34 g/L maximum exopolysaccharide production in optimized conditions at flask and stirred-tank reactor scales were achieved, respectively. The present study is the first to prove that C. unicolor can yield high bioactive exopolysaccharide production at flask and stirred-tank reactor scales.
Mushroom lectins: Specificity, Structure and Bioactivity Relevant to human Disease
lectins are non-immunoglobulin proteins that bind diverse sugar structures with a high degree of selectivity. lectins play crucial role in various biological processes such as cellular signaling, scavenging of glycoproteins from the circulatory system, cell–cell interactions in the immune system, differentiation and protein targeting to cellular compartments, as well as in host defence mechanisms, inflammation, and cancer. Among all the sources of lectins, plants have been most extensively studied. However, more recently fungal lectins have attracted considerable attention due to their antitumor, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities. Given that only 10% of Mushroom species are known and have been taxonomically classified, Mushrooms represent an enormous unexplored source of potentially useful and novel lectins. In this review we provide an up-to-date Summary on the biochemical, molecular and structural properties of Mushroom lectins, as well as their versatile applications specifically focusing on Mushroom lectin bioactivity.
High Processing Tolerances of immunomodulatory Proteins in Enoki and Reishi Mushrooms
This study investigated the processing tolerances of two Mushroom proteins with immunomodulatory activities, including FVE from Enoki (Flammulia velutipes) and LZ8 from Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) Mushrooms, under food processing treatments such as heating, sterilization, frozen storage, extraction in acid/alkaline conditions, and dehydration. Results showed that the capability of these two proteins to induce IFN-γ secretion by murine splenocytes remained after 100 °C heating for 30 min, 121 °C autoclaving for 15 min, and −80 °C freezing. The retained activities of both proteins on cell proliferation and IFN-γ production did not decrease at 0.6 M hydrochloric acid (at pH 2) but strikingly dropped at 5 M sodium hydrate (at pH 13). After vacuum dehydration, FVE and LZ8 retained most of their activities on cell proliferation; nevertheless, the IFN-γ secretion decreased to about half of the initial values. These findings suggest that these two Mushroom proteins have a good thermal/freezing resistance, acid tolerance, and dehydration stability and are candidates for processing in food and nutraceutical utilization.
Defense Proteins with antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities from Fungi and Bacteria
Defensins are a group of proteins characterized by a conservedcysteine-stabilized alpha-helix and beta-sheet structural motif. They are widely distributed among vertebrates and invertebrates. In addition to the presence of defensins in mammals and submammalian vertebrates enumerated in Chap. 23, Fungi and bacteria also produce a variety of defensins with antiproliferative activity toward tumor cells and anticancer activity in tumor bearing mice. The fungal proteins include ribonucleases, antifungal proteins, antibacterial proteins, ubiquitin-like peptides, ribosome inactivating proteins, hemolysins, hemagglutinins/lectins, laccases, and proteases. The bacterial proteins comprise ribonucleases and antifungal proteins. Some of the aforementioned proteins also display antimicrobial activities toward pathogenic microbes.
This study was to isolate the anti-leukaemic component from edible Mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) Bigelow. Crude protein was extracted from the basidioma, and then purified with DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography followed by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. A protein which exerted high growth inhibitory effect on human leukaemic U937 cells and sufficient toxicological safety on normal human white blood cells was isolated and named HM-3A. Electrophoresis showed HM-3A approximately 52 kDa in size. N-terminal analysis found the amino acid sequence ATTQWKTSAA and confirmed HM-3A a novel protein. High-performance anion-exchange column chromatography revealed HM-3A a glycoprotein with galactose as the major monosaccharide. Haemagglutination assay proved it non-lectin. We suggest that HM-3A is worth further investigation for antitumour use.
lectins from Medicinal Plants: Characterizations and Biological properties
lectins are a group of carbohydrate-binding proteins of non-immune origin found in a diversity of organisms, plants, animals, Fungi, bacteria and virus with potent biological activity. The present chapter is an attempt to represent a multidisciplinary study on this lectins isolated from Medicinal plants like Nymphaea nouchali, Kaempferia rotunda, Kaempferia parviflora, Alisma orientale, Pinellia ternate and Phthirusa pyrifolia covering their purification process, information on hemagglutination activities and inhibition by sugars, as well as variation of stability with the change of temperature, pH and in presence of denaturants. Along with the toxicity of Kaempferia rotunda lectin and Nymphaea nouchali lectin against the brine shrimp nauplii, antibacterial activities of Kaempferia rotunda lectin, Nymphaea nouchali lectin, Eugenia uniflora L seeds lectin and Phthirusa pyrifolia leaf lectin, antiproliferative activities of Alisma orientale lectin, Pinellia ternate lectin, Kaempferia rotunda lectin, Nymphaea nouchali lectin and Pinellia ternate agglutinin against a number of cancer cell lines are described in brief.
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm
Armillaridin (AM) is an aromatic ester compound isolated from honey Medicinal Mushroom, Armillaria mellea, which has anti-cancer potential. This study was designed to examine the effects of AM on differentiation and activation macrophages, the major ontogeny of innate immunity. macrophages were derived from CD14+ monocytes which were sorted from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion test. cells were stained with Liu’s dye for observation of morphology. expression of surface antigens was examined by flow cytometric analysis. Phagocytosis and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as functional assays, were evaluated by counting engulfed yeasts and DCFH-DA reaction. The viability of macrophages was not significantly reduced by AM. AM at nontoxic concentrations markedly increased cytoplasmic vacuoles. The expression of surface CD14, CD16, CD36, and HLA-DR was suppressed. The phagocytosis function, but not ROS production, of macrophages was inhibited by AM. Armillaridin could inhibit the differentiation and activation of human macrophages. It may have potential to be developed as a biological response modifier for inflammatory diseases.
The basidiomycetous tree pathogen species Armillaria mellea (honey Mushroom) produces a large variety of structurally related antibiotically active and phytotoxic natural products, referred to as the melleolides. During their biosynthesis, some members of the melleolide family of compounds undergo monochlorination of the aromatic moiety, whose biochemical and genetic basis was not known previously. This first study on basidiomycete halogenases presents the biochemical in vitro characterization of five flavin-dependent species A. mellea enzymes (ArmH1 to ArmH5) that were heterologously produced in species Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that all five enzymes transfer a single chlorine atom to the melleolide backbone. A 5-fold, secured biosynthetic step during natural product assembly is unprecedented. Typically, flavin-dependent halogenases are categorized into enzymes acting on free compounds as opposed to those requiring a carrier-protein-bound acceptor substrate. The enzymes characterized in this study clearly turned over free substrates. Phylogenetic clades of halogenases suggest that all fungal enzymes share an ancestor and reflect a clear divergence between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
Melleolide, a new antibiotic from Armillaria mellea
Melleolide, a new sesquiterpenoid orsellinate, has been isolated from cultures of . Its structures was elucidated by X-ray crystallography.
Armillaric Acid, A New Antibiotic Produced by Armillaria mellea
A new antibiotic armillaric acid (2), has been isolated from the cultured mycelia of Armillaria mella (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quel (Trichlometaceae). Its structure was elucidated on the basis of the spectral data. Compound 2 exhibits inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria and yeast.
The cultivation, bioactive components and pharmacological effects of Armillaria mellea
Armillaria mellea, a symbiotic fungus in the underground tubers of Chinese Medicinal orchid Gastrodia elata, is one of the main biological active components and pharmaceutical effects of its host gastrodia. The purpose of this review is to bring attention to the biological properties of this unique A. mellea Mushroom and its constituents, as well as to suggest the potential for the development of new drugs related to this fungus. It contains various known and untapped bioactive metabolites such as polysaccharides, sesquiterpene aryl esters, steroids and fibrinolytic enzymes. It could be exploited as an important source of new biological natural products with anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial functions. The batch culture is preferred as an alternative means of getting bioactive components from Armellaria fermentation. Challenges in investigations on A. mellea include the optimization of culture parameters, the further elucidation of the molecular pharmacological mechanism and relationship between structure and function of their secondary metabolites.
The water-soluble polysaccharide (AMP), with a molecular mass of 7.8 × 103 Da as determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), was obtained from the fruiting body of Armillaria mellea. Methylation, Smith degradation, acetolysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and acid hydrolysis studies were conducted to elucidate its structure. The Results indicated that AMP consisted of a backbone composed of (1→6)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl, (1→2,6)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl and (1→6)-linked-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues in the ratio of 3:1:1, and terminated with one single terminal (1→)-β-d-glucopyranosyl at the O-2 position of (1→2,6)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl, on average, along the main chain. Preliminary tests in vitro showed that AMP has stimulating effects on murine lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide in a dose-dependent manner. It is a possible potential immunopotentiating agent for use in health-care food or medicine.
Auricularia auricula-judae (higher Basidiomycetes)
antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Eight Medicinal Mushroom species from China
The objective of the current study was to verify antidiabetic effects of different types of Mushrooms as folk medicines in treating diabetes. The antidiabetic effects were evaluated by in vitro α-glycosidase and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory assays and antioxidant activity assay. Ganoderma lucidum extract exhibited the best dose-dependent inhibitory activity against α-glycosidase with IC50 at 4.88 mg/mL, and also exhibited aldose reductase inhibitory potential with IC50 value of 9.87 mg/mL. Tremella fuciformis demonstrated the highest AR inhibitory activity (IC50=8.39 mg/mL). antioxidant activities of selected Mushrooms were evaluated based on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The result showed that G. lucidum contained the highest TPC (39.3 mg GAE/g sample extract), TFC (15.1 mg CE/g sample extract), and the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50=3.66 mg/mL) among the Mushroom samples.
Auricularia auricula-judae, a nutrient-rich Mushroom used in traditional medicine, is a macroFungi that exhibits various biological properties. In this study, we have reported on the mechanisms that promote the wound-healing effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide–rich extract obtained from A. auricula-judae (AAP). AAP contained high amounts of polysaccharides (349.83 ± 5.00 mg/g extract) with a molecular weight of 158 kDa. The main sugar composition of AAP includes mannose, galactose, and glucose. AAP displayed antioxidant activity in vitro and was able to abort UVB-induced intracellular ROS production in human fibroblasts in cellulo. AAP significantly promoted both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion, along with augmentation of the wound-healing process by increasing collagen synthesis and decreasing E-cadherin expression (All p < 0.05). Specifically, the AAP significantly accelerated the wound closure in a mice skin wound-healing model on day 9 (2.5%AAP, p = 0.031 vs. control) and day 12 (1% and 2.5%AAP with p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 vs. control, respectively). Overall, our Results indicate that the wound-healing activities of AAP can be applied in an AAP-based product for wound management.
In this study, crude polysaccharides of culinary–Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricular-judae were extracted by hot water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were investigated. An optimum extraction condition was obtained at a ratio of liquid to solid 70 mL/g, temperature 90°C, time 4 h and extraction number 4. Accordingly, the best yield of crude polysaccharides was 6.89% with 76.12% in purity. Some bacteria and Fungi were used for antimicrobial studies. It was found that crude A. auricula-judae had great antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but no activities on the others. The inhibitory diameters of antimicrobial zones for the two were 5.55 ± 0.182 and 9.84 ± 0.076 mm, respectively. Moreover, crude A. auricula-judae had significant antioxidant activities in scavenging free radicals, reducing power assays, and Fe2+ chelating ability assay. Results revealed that crude A. auricula-judae has a great potential as antimicrobial and antioxidant, and it can be a supplementary food for human health.
Obesity, a rapidly growing threat to human health worldwide, is responsible for a large proportion of the total burden of disease. Therefore, obesity control could be a vital scheme to prevent many diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the activities and mechanism of Auricularia auricula-judae 70% ethanol extract (AAE) in preventing hypolipidemic and hepatic steatosis. A normal diet (ND) and a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without 0.1% (w/w), 0.3% (w/w), and 1% (w/w) AAE were given to male C57BL/6 mice. plasma lipids and liver enzymes were measured and tissue sections of liver were examined. Further mechanistic studies of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes were performed in vitro by verifying triglyceride, glycerol, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and messenger RNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification. Body weight and adipose tissue mass were significantly reduced in mice fed an ND and a HFD plus AAE compared with mice fed an HFD. In AAE-supplemented groups, plasma lipids and liver enzymes decreased dose-dependently. AAE suppressed the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes (PPARγ, C/EBPα, FAS) in 3T3-L1 cells without cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that AAE may reduce the risk of hepatic steatosis by modulating plasma lipids via the regulation of adipogenic/lipogenic transcriptional factors. AAE may have interesting applications to improve plasma lipids and liver enzymes.
Auricularia auricula-judae is an important culinary–Medicinal Mushroom. The A. auricula-judae polysaccharides (AAPs) were prepared from A. auricula-judae in the early stage through alkali extraction and deproteination with the Sevag method, and optimal acid hydrolysis conditions were established by Box−Behnken to prepare the degraded polysaccharides (AAPs-F) from AAPs. In this study, a nonenzymatic glycosylation reaction system was used for the evaluation of the inhibitory effects on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In addition, high glucose resistance was assessed by glucose consumption of HepG2 cells and the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans under high sugar stress. It was found that both 0.5 mg·mL-1 AAPs and 0.2 mg·mL-1 AAPs-F could significantly inhibit AGE formation in short- and long-term glycosylation (P < .05) in a dose-dependent manner, determined by ultraviolet and fluorospectrophotometry. It indicated activity against AGE formation for different concentrations of AAPs and AAPs-F. AAPs-F at 0.5 mg·mL-1 significantly enhanced the glucose absorption of HepG2 cells by 24.4% (P < .05) in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h, and markedly extended the lifespan of C. elegans by 32.9% (P < 0.05) under high sugar stress conditions. This study demonstrated that the derived hydrolysates produced by the hydrolysis of acid had a prominent effect on the inhibition of AGE formation and relieved the stress state caused by high sugar levels.
Auricularia polytricha
Auricularia polytricha was cultivated on a sawdust basal substrate supplemented with different proportions (30%, 45%, and 60%, respectively) of stalks of three grass plants, i.e., Panicum repens (PRS), Pennisetum purpureum (PPS), and Zea mays (ZMS), to determine the most effective substrate. The mycelial growth rate, total colonization time, days to primordial formation, biological efficiency and chemical composition of fruiting bodies were evaluated. The Results indicated that 30PPS was the best substrate for mycelial growth of A. polytricha, with a corresponding total colonization period of 32.0 days. With the exception of 30PPS, the total biological efficiency of all of the substrates containing P. repens stalk, P. purpureum stalk and Z. mays stalk was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control. The most suitable substrate with a high biological efficiency was 60PRS (148.12%), followed by 30ZMS (145.05%), 45ZMS (144.15%) and 30PRS (136.68%). The nutrient values of fruiting bodies were affected by different substrates. The ash contents of A. polytricha cultivated on a substrate containing Z. mays stalk were higher than that of the control; meanwhile, the protein contents of Mushroom cultivated on a substrate containing P. repens stalk (except substrate 45PRS) were higher than that of the control. The biological efficiency of the substrates was tested, and according to the Results, it is feasible to use the stalks of P. repens and Z. mays on partially replaced sawdust to cultivate A. polytricha.
Boletus speciosus Frost
The fungal polysaccharides have been revealed to exhibit a variety of biological activities, including antitumor, immune‑stimulation and antioxidation activities. In the present study, the immune and anticancer activities of a novel polysaccharide, BSF‑A, isolated from Boletus speciosus Frost was investigated. The inhibitory rate of S180 tumors in mice treated with 40 mg/kg BSF‑A reached 62.449%, which was the highest rate from the three doses administered; this may be comparable to mannatide. The antitumor activity of BSF‑A is commonly considered to be a consequence of the stimulation of the cell‑mediated immune response, as it may significantly promote the macrophage cells in the dose range of 100‑400 µg/ml in vitro. The levels of the cytokines, IL‑6, IL‑1β and TNF‑α, and nitric oxide, induced by BSF‑A treatment at varying concentrations in the macrophage cells were similar to the levels in the cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. There was weak expression of the TNF‑α, IL‑6, IL‑1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in the untreated macrophages, but this increased significantly in a dose‑dependent manner in the BSF‑A‑treated cells. BSF‑A also had a time‑ and dose‑dependent effect on the growth inhibition of the Hep‑2 cells, with the concentration of 400 µg/ml having the highest inhibitory rate. A quantitative PCR array analysis of the gene expression profiles indicated that BSF‑A had anticancer activities that affected cell apoptosis in the Hep‑2 cells. The Results obtained in the present study indicated that the purified polysaccharide of Boletus speciosus Frost is a potential source of natural anticancer substances.
Conclusion: An analysis of transcriptome resources enabled us to examine gene expression profiles, verify differential gene expression, and select candidate signaling pathways as the mechanisms of the immunomodulatory activity of BSF-1. Based on the experimental data, we believe that the significant antitumor activities of BSF-1 in vivo mainly involve the MAPK signaling pathways.
A new water-soluble heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 15 kDa was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Boletus reticulatus Schaeff. Structural characterization Results revealed that B. reticulatus Schaeff polysaccharide (BRS-X) had a backbone of 1,6-linked α-D-galactose and 1,2,6-linked α-D-galactose which branches were mainly composed of a terminal 4-linked β-D-glucose and the ratio of D-galactose and D-glucose was 5:1. Bioactivity assays indicated that BRS-X displayed a strong proliferative activity in T cells and B cells and promoted the secretion of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgE, IgD and IgM. In addition, BRS-X could facilitate the proliferation and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells and could significantly inhibit the growth of tumors in S180-bearing mice. The Results of transcriptome sequencing analysis illustrated that total 46 genes enriched in MAPK and total 34 genes enriched in PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in BRS-X group. The protein VEGF and VEGFR expression were significantly reduced under the treatment with BRS-X. These findings provide a scientific basis for the edible and Medicinal value of BRS-X.
A homogeneous water-soluble flaky polysaccharide named LRP-1 (18.82 kDa) was extracted and purified from the rare edible and Medicinal Fungi Leccinum rugosiceps. The structure characterization of LRP-1 was analyzed by GPC, GC, GC–MS, FT-IR, SEM, 1D/2D NMR, and its antitumor and immunoregulatory activities were determined. The Results show that LRP-1 is a new polysaccharide with a backbone which is mainly composed of →1-α-D-Fucp-3→, →1-α-D-Rhap-3→, →1-β-D-Glcp-6→, →1-β-D-Glcp-3→, →1-α-D-Glcp-4→, →1-β-D-Galp-6 → and →1-α-D-Manp-6→. Results of MTT assay show that LRP-1 inhibit the growth of human hepatoma cells HepG-2 and human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells in vitro. LRP-1 could also induce the secretion of NO and immune factors (IL-6 and TNF-α) of RAW264.7. This study suggests that LRP-1 has potential to be used as nutraceutical food with antitumor and immunoregulatory activities.
polysaccharides in boletes (Boletales) are economically significant to both function food and Medicinal industries. The polysaccharides were extracted from the fruit bodies of eight boletes, namely, Aureoboletus longicollis, Butyriboletus hainanensis, Crocinoboletus rufoaureus, Hemioporus japonicus, Neoboletus infuscatus, Neoboletus obscureumbrinus, Tylopilus otsuensis, Xanthoconium fusciceps, which were collected from tropical China; their physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities were characterised and evaluated, respectively. The Results revealed that the polysaccharides among the eight boletes were mainly composed of glucose, mannose, and galactose, with a broad molecular weight range, and contained a pyranose ring revealed by FT-IR and NMR spectral analyses. Many factors such as different species of boletes, geographic conditions, molecular weight, configuration, and monosaccharide content may affect the antioxidant power of polysaccharides, simultaneously, instead of one single factor. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides were measured according to in vitro assays of DPPH scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging, and ferrous ion reducing tests. The polysaccharide of C. rufoaureus has greatly superior antioxidant activity and it could serve as potential functional food or medicine.
Unlike many saprobic edible Mushrooms, few of the edible mycorrhizal Mushrooms can be cultivated. The market is supplied with what can be collected in the Northern Hemisphere during the few months of the year that each species fruits. Most do not preserve well and few have made the accidental journey from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere. There is, therefore, a golden opportunity for the production of these high value foods in the Southern Hemisphere for Northern Hemisphere off-season markets. Boletus edulis (porcini) has become naturalised in South Africa, Kenya and New Zealand while Lactarius deliciosus (saffron milk cap) is well established in Australia and both Tuber borchii (bianchetto) and Rhizopogon rubescens (shoro) in New Zealand. It has also been demonstrated that commercial quantities of Tuber melanosporum (Périgord black truffle) can be produced in New Zealand and that fruiting bodies of both saffron milk cap and shoro will fruit in experimental plantations. This provides a sound basis for further research aimed at the commercial production of important edible ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms in Southern Hemisphere countries primarily aimed at off-season Northern Hemisphere markets.
anticancer and other therapeutic relevance of Mushroom polysaccharides: A holistic appraisal
The discovery of nutritious dietary supplements and side effect-free therapeutics are a priority in the current scenario of increasing instances of metabolic syndromes. In this direction, Mushroom polysaccharides have shown immense promise. Scores of studies have characterized and evaluated their biological relevance, which range from antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antilipemic to immunomodulatory. Hence, it is important to accumulate the key findings of these investigations, and to apply the insights to develop functional foods, and immunomodulators. This review attempts to meet this goal by gleaning the key discoveries on Mushroom polysaccharides in the recent years, and to present them in a comprehensive manner. With this objective, the physiological relevance of the polysaccharides, the underlying mechanism, and hurdles in the path of their therapeutics transition, have been discussed. Finally, critical comments have been made to expedite research in this area.
A new anti-tumor protein (designated as Boletus edulis or in short BEAP) was isolated from dried fruit bodies of the edible bolete Mushroom Boletus edulis. The purification protocol employed comprised fast ion exchange chromatography on a Hitrap Q column and ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-52 cellulose column. Superdex G75 gel filtration and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that BEAP was a protein with a molecular weight of 16.7 KD. The protein exhibited potent anti-cancer activity on A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo. With the use of AO/EB staining, annexin V-FITC/PI, and Western blotting, it was demonstrated in vitro that the cytotoxicity of BEAP was mediated by induction of apoptosis and arrest of A549 cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. BEAP significantly suppressed the growth of A549 solid tumors in vivo. These Results prove that BEAP is a new multifunctional protein with anti-tumor and anti-metastasis capabilities.
Cantharellus cibarius
CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS ñ culinary–Medicinal Mushroom
CONTENT AND BIOLOGICAL activity
One of the most frequently harvested Mushrooms in Polish forests is Yellow chanterelle (chanterelle) ñ Cantharellus cibarius Fr. from the Cantharellaceae family. Chanterelle is an ectomycorrhizal Mushroom occurring in Poland. Chanterelle lives in symbiosis with pine, spruce, oak and hornbeam. In cookery, chanterelle is appreciated because of the aroma, taste, firmness and crunchiness of its fruiting bodies. wild edi-ble Mushrooms are widely consumed in Asia, Western Europe and Central America. Chanterelle contains agreat number of carbohydrates and proteins and a low amount of fat. Actual review presents the main groupsof physiologically active primary and secondary metabolites in the fruiting bodies of chanterelle such as indole and phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins, free amino acids, sterols, carotenoids, enzymes,vitamins and elements with biological activity. The presence of these compounds and elements conditions thenutrient and therapeutic activity of chanterelle, e.g., immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antivi-ral, antimicrobial and antigenotoxic properties.
Ceriporia lacerata
skincare is very critical in preventing aging and skin trouble, which is difficult to recover if progressed. However, the development of effective anti-aging solutions is still on the horizon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional efficacy of Ceriporia lacerata exo-pharmaceutical substance (CLEPS) in view of its use in innovative skin care cosmetics. CLEPS was found to have no cytotoxicity against normal human dermal fibroblasts and B16 melanoma cells in a wide concentration range of 0.05–7 mg/mL. It exhibited a whitening effect by inhibiting melanin synthesis comparable to that of the respective reference compound (arbutin). Notably, CLEPS not only substantially increased collagen (65.4%) and filaggrin synthesis (36%), but also significantly inhibited the activity of collagenase (93.4%), suggesting that CLEPS could prevent skin barrier damage or skin wrinkles. In addition, it showed an excellent anti-inflammatory effect and wound-healing effect. Overall, CLEPS exhibited exceptional anti-aging effects in human skin cells, designating as a potential natural cosmeceutical ingredient.
Chroogomphidius viscidus
species Diversity and Utilization of Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi in China
The investigation and utilization of Medicinal Fungi in China has received considerable attention in recent years. However, information on Medicinal Fungi is scattered throughout the literature, and many nomenclatural inconsistencies have been found in the Chinese reports. The publications on Chinese Medicinal Fungi have been critically checked; as a result, 540 Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi from China were enumerated in the present checklist. All names have been checked or revised in accordance with contemporary taxonomy and the latest version of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). The “out-of-date” names, illegitimate names, nonexistent names, and misapplied names in previous reports were revised. The common synonyms are listed after their valid names. The main Medicinal functions of each species, together with the original or important references, are provided. The 540 species belonging to 10 classes, 26 orders, 76 families, and 199 genera of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota have been recorded with Medicinal values. Most are the higher Basidiomycetes (482 species), which comprise approximately 89% of all the Chinese Medicinal species. In total, 126 Medicinal functions are thought to be provided by Chinese Medicinal Fungi, and 331 (61% of the total Medicinal Fungi) can be used as antitumor agents. Other common functions are hemostasis, antibacterial, improving immunity, detoxication, and anti-inflammatory. Fifteen species, including Ganoderma lucidum, are the most important or commonly used Medicinal Fungi, and 26 species, including Agaricus bisporus, are commonly cultivated in China as food or for Medicinal products.
We investigated a total of 335 samples of Korean native Mushroom extracts as part of our lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor screening program. Among the Mushroom-methanolic extracts we investigated, 35 exhibited an inhibitory activity greater than 30% against LOX at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Especially, Collybia maculata, Tylopilus neofelleus, Strobilomyces confusus, Phellinus gilvus, P. linteus, P. baumii, and Inonotus mikadoi exhibited relatively potent LOX inhibitory activities of 73.3%, 51.6%, 52.4%, 66.7%, 59.5%, 100.0%, and 85.2%, respectively. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of inoscavin A from the methanolic extract of P. baumii, which showed the most potent activity and was identified by spectroscopic methods. Specifically, inoscavin A exhibited potent LOX inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 6.8 μM.
antibacterial activity in Higher Fungi (Mushrooms) and Endophytic Fungi from Slovenia
Discovery and development of new antibiotics is still very important because of the constant appearance of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. The broth microdilution test was applied for screening of antibacterial activity in extracts of higher and endophytic Fungi. Among tested extracts, three possessed significant antibacterial activity: extracts of Mushrooms Amanita virosa. (Fr.) Bertill. (Amanitaceae) and Cortinarius praestans. Cordier (Cortinariaceae) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. and Staphylococcus aureus., respectively, and extract of endophytic fungus Trucatella hartigii. (Tubeuf) Steyaert (Amphisphaeriaceae) against Enterococcus faecalis. and S. aureus.. The extract of Truncatella hartigii. was further analyzed by one- and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, and the position of the active compound was determined on the chromatogram.
antimicrobials from Mushrooms for Assuring Food Safety
The interest in discovering and developing natural antimicrobials has significantly increased due to consumer preferences for foods that are free of chemical preservatives while still microbiologically safe. One of the best sources of natural antimicrobials is certain Mushrooms (Fungi) as many of them not only have nutraceutical functions but also possess antimicrobial properties. This article reviews the available information on Mushroom antimicrobials for food safety control. It includes available resources, extraction procedures, antimicrobial activities, and the status of their applications to food safety. The review indicates that there are great potential benefits to be gained from Mushroom antimicrobials in food production, processing, and preservation as a biosolution to meet the increasing demands for food quality and safety.
In the present study, we assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of Chroogomphus rutilus. The complete mitochondrial genome of C. rutilus was composed of circular DNA molecules, with a size of 37,508 bp. The GC content of the C. rutilus mitogenome was 22.82%. A total of 18 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 24 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes were detected in the C. rutilus mitogenome. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined mitochondrial gene dataset indicated that the C. rutilus exhibited a close relationship with species from the genus Rhizopogon. This study served as the first report on the complete mitochondrial genome from the family Gomphidiaceae, which will promote the understanding of phylogeny, evolution, and taxonomy of this important fungal species.
In vivo and in vitro treatments were carried out to investigate the effects of a 95% ethanol extract of Chroogomphus rutilus (CRE) on antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antitumor properties. CRE showed potent radical scavenging activity against DPPH in vitro. It could increase antioxidant enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and could reduce malondialdehyde content in vivo in mice in which aging was induced by D-galactose. CRE had hypoglycemic activity and could significantly inhibit α-glucosidase activity in vitro and decrease blood glucose concentration in vivo. CRE could decrease the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and increase the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in diabetic mice. The MTT assay showed that CRE also had a certain inhibitory effect on the tumor cells. These Results suggest that CRE may be beneficial for human health and could be useful for applications in medicine, the food industry, and agriculture.
Clitocybe aurantiaca
A New antioxidant, Clitocybin A, from the Culture Broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca
Clitocybin A (1), a new antioxidant, was isolated from the culture broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca. This compound was purified by solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Its structure was determined as 4,6-dihydroxy-2-ρ-hydroxyphenyl-isoindol-1-one on the basis of the UV, NMR, and MS spectroscopic analysis. The compound 1 showed potent free radical scavenging activity against superoxide, ABTS, and DPPH radicals, and protective effect against cellular DNA damage induced by oxidative stress.
Clitocybin D, a novel human neutrophil elastase inhibitor, was isolated from the culture broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca. This compound was purified by solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. The compound was determined to be 4-(4,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-3H-isoindol-1-yl)-benzoic acid on the basis of 1D and 2D NMRs and MS spectroscopic analysis. Analysis of the human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitory activity of the isolated compound revealed that it showed significant HNE inhibitory activity with an value of .
High concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in damaging biological systems. We isolated clitocybin A from the culture broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca and then clitocybin B and C derivatives were synthesized from clitocybin A. IMR-90 lung fibroblast cells were pre-treated or post-treated with clitocybin A, B and C to the addition of 100 μM H2O2. These compounds inhibited the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2-induced cell death as judged by hypodiploid cell formation. The inhibitory effect of clitocybins on H2O2-induced cell death was comparable to that with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known ROS scavenger. The inhibition of H2O2-induced cell death by clitocybins was mediated by the reduction of caspase 3 and 9 activation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria and the degradation of IκB-α and IκB-β, which could be resulted in the prevention of cellular senescence. It suggests that clitocybins are novel compounds scavenging ROS and protect cells from apoptosis and cellular senescence.
Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis. Clitocybin A, a novel isoindolinone, isolated from the culture broth of Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca has been reported to possess free radical scavenging activity. However, the antiproliferative effects of clitocybin A on VSMCs are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of clitocybin A on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB–induced proliferation of VSMCs and examined the molecular basis of the underlying mechanism. Clitocybin A inhibited DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. In accordance with These findings, clitocybin A blocked the PDGF-BB–inducible progression through G0/G1 to S phase of the cell cycle in synchronized cells and decreased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen. In addition, clitocybin A inhibited the PDGF-BB–induced phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) / Akt kinase. However, clitocybin A did not change the expression levels of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2, phospholipase C-γ1, and PDGF-Rβ phosphorylation. These Results indicate that clitocybin A may inhibit VSMCs proliferation through G1 phase arrest by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Clitocybin A, an isoindolinone from Clitocybe aurantiaca, was investigated to assess its anti-wrinkle properties, through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging and elastase inhibitory activities, procollagen synthesis, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, in human primary dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDF-N) cells. Clitocybin A exhibited no significant cytotoxicity up to 10 ppm in HDF-N cells, with cell viability and cell proliferation activity greater than 94.6% and 91.9%, respectively. Strong and concentration-dependent ROS radical scavenging activities of clitocybin A were observed following irradiation with UVB at . Furthermore, clitocybin A treatment of cells at 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm exhibited decreased elastase activity, in a concentration-dependent manner, by 1.97%, 6.6%, and 8.31%, respectively, versus the control group. The effects of clitocybin A on procollagen synthesis and MMP-1 expression were investigated. Clitocybin A treatment of cells at 1, 5, and 10 ppm increased procollagen synthesis, by 67.9%, 74.4%, and 112.9%, respectively, versus the control group. At these concentrations, MMP-1 expression decreased significantly following UV irradiation. Together, These findings suggest that clitocybin A may be an effective ingredient for use in anti-wrinkle cosmetic products.
Clitocybin A is a novel anti-wrinkle cosmetic agent produced by the strain from a Korean native Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca. In this study, fermentation, extraction, and purification conditions for a large scale production of clitocybin A were optimized, and its cytotoxicity and inhibition activity on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were characterized. The mass production of anti-wrinkle agent was achieved according to the 300 L fermentation process with a fed-batch cultivation using the modified yeast-maltose (YM) broth, and a total of 12.5 kg of cell mass was obtained in a 120 L culture broth for 14 days. After extraction and purification, clitocybin A was identified by HPLC. The cytotoxicity of clitocybin A was examined by the MTT assay. When assayed at 100 and 200 concentrations, clitocybin A showed no cytotoxicity, demonstrating safety. The inhibition activity of clitocybin A on the expression of MMP-1 was examined against UV irradiation. Oleanolic acid (control group) showed a relatively low MMP-1 inhibiting activity (ca. 16.7%) at 10 and showed increased cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. In contrast, clitocybin A showed no cytotoxicity at 100 , and exhibited a relatively high MMP-1-inhibiting activity (33.1%). These findings indicate that clitocybin A may be a safe and effective anti-wrinkle agent for use in functional cosmetics.
High concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in damaging biological systems. We isolated clitocybin A from the culture broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca and then clitocybin B and C derivatives were synthesized from clitocybin A. IMR-90 lung fibroblast cells were pre-treated or post-treated with clitocybin A, B and C to the addition of 100 μM H2O2. These compounds inhibited the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2-induced cell death as judged by hypodiploid cell formation. The inhibitory effect of clitocybins on H2O2-induced cell death was comparable to that with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known ROS scavenger. The inhibition of H2O2-induced cell death by clitocybins was mediated by the reduction of caspase 3 and 9 activation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria and the degradation of IκB-α and IκB-β, which could be resulted in the prevention of cellular senescence. It suggests that clitocybins are novel compounds scavenging ROS and protect cells from apoptosis and cellular senescence.
Clitocybin A, an isoindolinone from Clitocybe aurantiaca, was investigated to assess its anti-wrinkle properties, through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging and elastase inhibitory activities, procollagen synthesis, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, in human primary dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDF-N) cells. Clitocybin A exhibited no significant cytotoxicity up to 10 ppm in HDF-N cells, with cell viability and cell proliferation activity greater than 94.6% and 91.9%, respectively. Strong and concentration-dependent ROS radical scavenging activities of clitocybin A were observed following irradiation with UVB at . Furthermore, clitocybin A treatment of cells at 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm exhibited decreased elastase activity, in a concentration-dependent manner, by 1.97%, 6.6%, and 8.31%, respectively, versus the control group. The effects of clitocybin A on procollagen synthesis and MMP-1 expression were investigated. Clitocybin A treatment of cells at 1, 5, and 10 ppm increased procollagen synthesis, by 67.9%, 74.4%, and 112.9%, respectively, versus the control group. At these concentrations, MMP-1 expression decreased significantly following UV irradiation. Together, These findings suggest that clitocybin A may be an effective ingredient for use in anti-wrinkle cosmetic products.
Clitocybin A is a novel anti-wrinkle cosmetic agent produced by the strain from a Korean native Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca. In this study, fermentation, extraction, and purification conditions for a large scale production of clitocybin A were optimized, and its cytotoxicity and inhibition activity on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were characterized. The mass production of anti-wrinkle agent was achieved according to the 300 L fermentation process with a fed-batch cultivation using the modified yeast-maltose (YM) broth, and a total of 12.5 kg of cell mass was obtained in a 120 L culture broth for 14 days. After extraction and purification, clitocybin A was identified by HPLC. The cytotoxicity of clitocybin A was examined by the MTT assay. When assayed at 100 and 200 concentrations, clitocybin A showed no cytotoxicity, demonstrating safety. The inhibition activity of clitocybin A on the expression of MMP-1 was examined against UV irradiation. Oleanolic acid (control group) showed a relatively low MMP-1 inhibiting activity (ca. 16.7%) at 10 and showed increased cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. In contrast, clitocybin A showed no cytotoxicity at 100 , and exhibited a relatively high MMP-1-inhibiting activity (33.1%). These findings indicate that clitocybin A may be a safe and effective anti-wrinkle agent for use in functional cosmetics.
A New antioxidant, Clitocybin A, from the Culture Broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca
Clitocybin A (1), a new antioxidant, was isolated from the culture broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca. This compound was purified by solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Its structure was determined as 4,6-dihydroxy-2-ρ-hydroxyphenyl-isoindol-1-one on the basis of the UV, NMR, and MS spectroscopic analysis. The compound 1 showed potent free radical scavenging activity against superoxide, ABTS, and DPPH radicals, and protective effect against cellular DNA damage induced by oxidative stress.
Medicinal macroFungi as cosmeceuticals: A Review
Macro Fungi (Mushrooms) have been studied for their nutritional value and Medicinal properties. However, progress in the biotechnological application of macroFungi in the cosmetic industry as cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics remains slow. Currently, the cosmetic industry is in a constant search for valuable natural ingredients or extracts with relevant bioactive properties (e.g., antiaging, anticollagenase, antielastase, antihyaluronidase, antipigmentation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antityrosinase) to design formulations. edible Medicinal Mushrooms are an unlimited source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. They can be used as a source of ingredients to develop organic cosmeceuticals, nutriceuticals, and nutracosmetics for topical and oral administration.
Synthesis of Clitocybin A, B and C and their Biological Evaluation for antioxidant activities
Clitocybin A, isolated from the culture broth of Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca, showed various biological activities such as cell death inhibition effects, anti-wrinkle effects, aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibition effects. In an effort to further develop this promising compound toward a potent antioxidant, we have modified the structure of clitocybin A by changing the number of free phenolic hydrogen in isoindolinone moiety. In this paper, clitocybin A and its analogues, clitocybin B and C were synthesized and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. Clitocybin A possessing two phenolic hydrogens in isoindolinone moiety of clitocybin A analogues showed more potent radical scavenging activity than clitocybin B possessing one phenolic hydrogen. In inhibition of cellular DNA damage in H2O2treated cells, clitocybin C lacking free phenolic hydrogen in isoindolinone moiety showed more potent activity than clitocybin A possessing two phenolic hydrogens.Among the tested compounds, clitocybin A only showed dose-dependently HNE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 78.8 uM. The presence of free phenolic hydrogens inisoindolinone moiety of clitocybin A analogues plays an important role in antioxidant activities.
inhibitory effect of Melanogenesis by 5-Pentyl-2-Furaldehyde Isolated from Clitocybe sp.
In the continued search for melanogenesis inhibitors from microbial metabolites, we found that the culture broth of Clitocybe sp. MKACC 53267 inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. The active component was purified by solvent extraction, silica gel chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and finally by preparative HPLC. Its structure was determined as 5-pentyl-2-furaldehyde on the basis of the UV, NMR, and MS spectroscopic analysis. The 5-pentyl-2-furaldehyde potently inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 cells with an value of 8.4 , without cytotoxicity.
Clitocybe geotropa
Agaricomycetes Mushrooms (Basidiomycota) as potential neuroprotectants
Badalyan S.M. et Rapior S. Agaricomycetes Mushrooms (Basidiomycota) as potential neuroprotectants. Italian Journal of Mycology, 50, 30-43 (2021). doi:10.6092/issn.2531-7342/12542 _______ The edible and Medicinal agaricoid and polyporoid Mushrooms (phylum Basidiomycota, order Agaricomycetes) have long been known by humans as valuable food and medicines. They are producers of different groups of high- and lowmolecular weight bioactive compounds (alkaloids, phenolics, polysaccharides, proteins, terpenoids, vitamins etc.) with around 130 therapeutic effects, including neuroprotective. Mushroom-derived biotech products are reported as effective neuroprotectants, however their potential to prevent or mitigate several neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, epilepsy, depression and others has not been fully explored. This review discusses the neuroprotective potential of Agaricomycetes Fungi and possibilities for their application as natural neuroprotectants.
Clitocybe gibba (Fr.) Kummer
Infundibulicybe geotropa (Bull.) Harmaja is an edible mushroom found in Bolu province in northwestern Turkey. The chemical composition and bioactivity of these mushrooms has not been previously investigated. We examined the phenolic composition, elemental content, and antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of methanol extracts of fruiting bodies. The phenolic compounds in the fungal samples were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and element content was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using the commercially available Rel assay kit. The antigenotoxic effects of the extract were determined using the MTT assay to assess cell viability and the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay). The total phenolic content (ppm) of I. geotropa was found to be catechin (), clorogenic acid (), and coumaric acid (). The TAS, TOS, and OSI of the extract were mmol/L, μmol/L, and , respectively. The elemental levels were within “normal” range. In HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells, the extract (100 and 200 μg/ml) showed no genotoxic potential and ameliorated hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced oxidative DNA damage. I. geotropa may be considered a good nutrient due to its phenolic constituents and antioxidant potential.
Clitocybe Nebularis
Current knowledge of the Medicinal properties of Basidiomycetes Mushroom species of the genus Clitocybe and of the biological activity of C. nebularis fruiting bodies is reviewed. The main focus is the therapeutic potential of lectins from C. nebularis. species of the genus Clitocybe, including C. nebularis, have not been traditionally considered as Medicinal Mushrooms; however, recent studies have demonstrated their antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antioxidative properties, their antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal) activities against various bacteria and Fungi, as well as their potential use in therapy for alcoholism and as psychotropic agents. These activities have been shown to be due to various compounds, either isolated or in extracts, mainly polysaccharides but also phenols, ribonucleosides, and proteins. These include laccase, protease inhibitors, and lectins. C. nebularis has been shown to be rich in a variety of lectins and isolectins with distinct carbohydrate-binding specificities, showing versatile biological activities. They exhibit immunostimulatory and adhesion-/phagocytosis-promoting properties, as well as toxicity in various invertebrates. Mushroom species of the genus Clitocybe, including C. nebularis, thus constitute a valuable source of compounds showing diverse biological activities with a broad potential for applications in biomedicine or biotechnology. On the basis of such evidence reviewed here, we propose that C. nebularis and other Clitocybe species can be considered to be Medicinal Mushrooms.
Coprinus comatus (Agaricomycetes)
Coprinus comatus, an edible and Medicinal Mushroom, not only tastes delicious, but also has various pharmacological activities. Recently, it has been reported that researchers have extracted more and more active ingredients, including polysaccharides, comatin, active protein complexes, and phenols from fruit bodies, mycelium, or fermentation liquor of C. comatus and studied their corresponding functions. At present, researchers mainly focus on the hypoglycemic effect of C. comatus, while other effects are less studied. This paper summarizes not only the hypoglycemic effect of C. comatus, but also other functions, such as antioxidant activity, alcohol liver protection, cancer inhibition, antiandrogenic function, anti-inflammatory effect, treatment of leukemia, and so on, which will provide scientific basis for the deep processing and comprehensive utilization of C. comatus.
The culinary–Medicinal Mushroom Coprinus
comatus as a natural Antiandrogenic
Modulator
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in men. chemotherapy, androgen ablation, and androgen antagonist treatments have proven to have significant effects in the early stages of prostate cancer, whereas advanced prostate cancer is resilient to such treatments. The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, is the major drug target of prostate cancer therapy. Transition to the androgen-independent stage involves the activation of signaling pathways, AR gene mutations, and other mechanisms. Higher basidiomycetes Mushrooms have been used since ancient times in folk medicine to treat a diversity of diseases, including cancer. The present study evaluates the antiandrogenic activity of different Coprinus comatus strains in their ability to interfere with AR function. The authors found that the most active extract was C comatus strain 734 extracted with hexane (CC734-H). This extract was able to (1) inhibit AR-mediated reporter activity, (2) inhibit the proliferation and viability of the LNCaP cell line, and (3) inhibit the colony formation of the LNCaP cell line, in comparison to the DU-145, PC-3, and MDA-Kb2 cells. In addition, CC734-H was able to reduce AR levels and prostate-specific antigen gene expression in the LNCaP-treated cell line. This study illustrates the potential of the C comatus Mushroom as a natural antiandrogenic modulator that could serve in the treatment of prostatic diseases
Three polysaccharide fractions from fruiting bodies of Coprinus comatus-CC30, CC60, and CC80-are obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation with ethanol percentages of 30%, 60%, and 80%, respectively. The hypoglycemic activity of the three fractions was tested based on mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Results indicate that fraction CC60 is the most effective fraction in water extract from C. comatus; it can remarkably reduce the blood glucose concentration in 120 min at a dosage of 1000 mg/kg administered orally. It also presents a long-term hypoglycemic effect during 21 days of injection at the same dosage. This polysaccharide fraction provide a novel path to improve the treatment currently used for patients with diabetes. The data on mice spleen lymphocyte proliferation and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-inhibiting activity of fractions indicate that the hypoglycemic activity of CC60 is possibly activated through immune stimulation, not PTP1B inhibition.shroom.
Cordyceps militaris
Cordyceps militaris (L.: Fr.) Link – An important Medicinal Mushroom.
Cordyceps militaris is an important Medicinal Mushroom useful for the extraction of several bio–metabolites for natural drugs to revitalize the various physiological systems of the body from the ancient era. The constituents of C. militaris are now using widely in the modern pharmaceutical industries. The active principles of C. militaris are beneficial to act principally as pro–sexual, anti– cancer, immunomodulatory, and anti–oxidant agent, let alone its others beneficial activities for most of the systems of the body. In addition, it has lots of clinical applications. The prospects of this novel Mushroom could be used not only for modern Medicinal manufacturers, but also for the community people for the betterment of their health
effects of various carbon sources and carbon/nitrogen ratios on production of a useful bioactive metabolite, cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), by submerged cultivation of a Chinese traditional Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris were investigated in shake flasks. The carbon sources examined were lactose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose and xylose, and glucose was found to be most favourable to cordycepin production, whereas cells grew best in galactose medium. The dry cell weight (DW) was increased with an increase in initial glucose concentration within the range of 25–70 g/l as investigated. The highest cordycepin production, i.e. 245.7 ± 4.4 mg/l on day 18, was obtained in medium containing 40 g glucose/l. To enhance further the cordycepin production, the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratios was studied using central composite design and response surface analysis. The maximum cordycepin production and productivity of 345.4 ± 8.5 mg/l and 19.2 ± 0.5 mg/l per day were achieved in medium with optimized carbon and nitrogen sources, i.e. 42.0 g glucose/l and 15.8 g peptone/l. The information obtained is helpful for the hyperproduction of cordycepin by submerged cultivation of C. militaris on a large scale.
production of cordycepin by surface culture using the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris
The production conditions of cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), which is a kind of nucleoside analogue, were investigated by a surface culture using Cordyceps militaris NBRC 9787. About 98% of the cordycepin synthesized by Cordyceps militaris was secreted into the culture medium, and other nucleic acid-related compounds except for cordycepin and guanine were only slightly observed in the medium. The preferable nitrogen source for the cordycepin production was the mixture of peptone and yeast extract, in which the ratio of the yeast extract was 75% or greater. The optimal carbon/nitrogen ratio (w/w) was 2/1 when glucose was used as the carbon source. The lower medium depth resulted in a higher productivity over the present experimental range from 1.8 to 5.3 cm. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum cordycepin concentration in the culture medium reached 640 mg/l, and the maximum cordycepin productivity was 32 mg/(l·day).
Cordyceps militaris dried fruiting bodies were extracted with 5% KOH solution. The extract was purified by freeze-thawing treatment, and dialysis (100 kDa), giving rise to a homogeneous polysaccharide (Mw 23,000 Da). Its monosaccharide composition was mannose (56.7%), galactose (34.5%), and glucose (8.8%). The anomeric configurations were determined by their coupling constants. A complex polysaccharide was identified by NMR and methylation analysis. The HSQC spectrum showed signals at δ 107.7/5.06 and 106.1/5.14; 105.9/5.12 relative to β-d-Galf, and O-2-substituted β-d-Galf units, respectively. The sign at δ 104.4/5.21 corresponded to α-d-Galf. Other signals corresponded to α-d-Manp O-6- and O-2-substituted (δ 100.2/4.94; 100.5/5.27; 100.6/5.23; 100.7/5.16), and α-d-Manp 2,6-di-O-substituted (from δ 99.3 to 99.9). The main linkages, confirmed by methylation analysis, showed the derivatives: 2,3,4-Me3-Manp (11.9%) and 3,4,6-Me3-Manp (28.6%). The branches were (1 → 6)-linked-α-d-Manp or (1 → 2)-linked-β-d-Galf, terminating with β-d-Galf, α-d-Galf, α-d-Galp, or α-d-Manp. 42.7% of the partially hydrolyzed product consisted of 3,4,6-Me3-Manp, suggesting a (1 → 2)-linked backbone.
The methods for increasing the production of cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), which is a kind of nucleoside analogue, were investigated by a surface culture of Cordyceps militaris NBRC 9787 using liquid medium. As a result of adding various compounds such as purine biosynthesis-related compounds, coenzymes and surfactant to the basal medium for the purpose of enhancing the cordycepin production, glycine, l-aspartic acid, l-glutamine, adenine and adenosine were shown to be effective additives. The most preferable condition of the additives was the combination of 1 g/l of adenine and 16 g/l of glycine, and the maximum cordycepin production reached 2.5 g/l, which corresponds to 4.1 times that in the basal medium, and this value was higher compared to other reports. As a more efficient method, the repeated batch operation was shown to be practicable, and the productivity by the repeated batch operation in the optimal medium reached 0.19 g/(l d), which corresponds to 5.5 times that by the batch operation in the basal medium. The nucleic acid-related compounds produced by the surface culture were also analyzed. The Results indicated that about 97% of the cordycepin synthesized by C. militaris was excreted into the culture medium, and the production of cordycepin and guanine might be linked to each other.
The Ascomycete Cordyceps militaris, an entomopathogenic fungus, is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines. Studies related to its pharmacological properties suggest that this Mushroom can exert interesting biological activities. Aqueous (CW and HW) and alkaline (K5) extracts containing polysaccharides were prepared from this Mushroom, and a β-D-glucan was purified. This polymer was analysed by GC-MS and NMR spectrometry, showing a linear chain composed of β-D-Glcp (1→3)-linked. The six main signals in the 13C-NMR spectrum were assigned by comparison to reported data. The aqueous (CW, HW) extracts stimulated the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2 by THP-1 macrophages, while the alkaline (K5) extract did not show any effect. However, when the extracts were added to the cells in the presence of LPS, K5 showed the highest inhibition of the pro-inflammatory genes expression. This inhibitory effect was also observed for the purified β-(1→3)-D-glucan, that seems to be the most potent anti-inflammatory compound present in the polysaccharide extracts of C. militaris. In vivo, β-(1→3)-D-glucan also inhibited significantly the inflammatory phase of formalin-induced nociceptive response, and, in addition, it reduced the migration of total leukocytes but not the neutrophils induced by LPS. In Conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effect of β-(1→3)-D-glucan.
A novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Cordyceps militaris, a Chinese traditional Medicinal Mushroom
A novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Cordyceps militaris was purified and partially characterized for the first time, which was designated C.militaris fibrinolytic enzyme (CMase). This extracellular enzyme from C.militaris was isolated by ammonium sulphate fraction, and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using gel filtration chromatography. The apparent molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 27.3kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were pH 6.0 and 25°C, respectively. In the presence of metal ions such as Mg2+ and Fe2+ ions the activity of the enzyme increased, whereas EDTA and Cu2+ ion inhibited the enzyme activity. Interestingly the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the enzyme is extremely similar to those of the trypsin proteinases from insects, and has no significant homology with those of the fibrinolytic enzyme from other Medicinal Mushroom. In Conclusion, C.militaris produces a strong fibrinolytic enzyme CMase and may be considered as a new source for thrombolytic agents.
Efficient CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Disruption system in edible–Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris
Cordyceps militaris is a well-known edible Medicinal Mushroom in East Asia that contains abundant and diverse bioactive compounds. Since traditional genome editing systems in C. militaris were inefficient and complicated, here, we show that the codon-optimized cas9, which was used with the newly reported promoter Pcmlsm3 and terminator Tcmura3, was expressed. Furthermore, with the help of the negative selection marker ura3, a CRISPR-Cas9 system that included the Cas9 DNA endonuclease, RNA presynthesized in vitro and a single-strand DNA template efficiently generated site-specific deletion and insertion. This is the first report of a CRISPR-Cas9 system in C. militaris, and it could accelerate the genome reconstruction of C. militaris to meet the need for rapid development in the Fungi industry.
Cordycepin, an active Constituent of Nutrient
Powerhouse and potential Medicinal Mushroom
Cordyceps militaris Linn., ameliorates age-related
Testicular Dysfunction in Rats
age-related male sexual dysfunction covers a wide variety of issues, together with spermatogenic and testicular impairment. In the present work, the effects of cordycepin (COR), an active constituent of a nutrient powerhouse Cordyceps militaris Linn, on senile testicular dysfunction in rats was investigated. The sperm kinematics, antioxidant enzymes, spermatogenic factors, sex hormone receptors, histone deacetylating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and autophagy-related mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) expression in aged rat testes were evaluated. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into young control (2-month-old; YC), aged control (12-month-old; AC), and aged plus COR-treated groups (5 (COR-5), 10 (COR-10), and 20 (COR-20) mg/kg). The AC group showed reduced sperm kinematics and altered testicular histomorphology compared with the YC group (p < 0.05). However, compared with the AC group, the COR-treated group exhibited improved sperm motility, progressiveness, and average path/straight line velocity (p < 0.05–0.01). Alterations in spermatogenesis-related protein and mRNA expression were significantly ameliorated (p < 0.05) in the COR-20 group compared with the AC group. The altered histone deacetylating SIRT1 and autophagy-related mTORC1 molecular expression in aged rats were restored in the COR-20 group (p < 0.05). In Conclusion, the Results suggest that COR holds immense nutritional potential and therapeutic value in ameliorating age-related male sexual dysfunctions.
Cordyceps sinensis
The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of cordymin, a peptide purified from the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps sinensis, were studied. The effects of cordymin on cytokine levels and total antioxidant activity were analysed. The antinociceptive effects of cordymin in vivo and in vitro were also determined. Cordymin treatment decreased the levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta and total antioxidant status. Cordymin inhibited the acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in mice in a dose-dependent manner. In the hot-plate test, Results showed that cordymin significantly inhibited the reaction time to thermal stimuli at 30, 60 and 90 min. In neurolysin inhibition assay, cordymin showed strong activities against neurolysin (IC50 = 0.1 µM). Our Results show that cordymin is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine.
Cordymin is a peptide purified from the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps sinensis. The present study investigated the effects of Cordymin in prevention of focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (IR) injury. The right middle cerebral artery occlusion model was used in the study. The effects of Cordymin on mortality rate, neurobehavior, grip strength, glutathione content, lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione reductase activity, catalase activity, Na+K+ATPase activity glutathione S transferase activity and on the regulation of C3 and C4 protein level, polymorphonuclear cells, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in a rat model were studied respectively. treatment (orally) of Cordymin significantly boosted the defense mechanism against cerebral ischemia by increasing antioxidants activity related to lesion pathogenesis. restoration of the antioxidant homeostasis in the brain after reperfusion may have helped the brain recover from ischemic injury. Moreover, Cordymin significantly inhibited infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and IR-induced up-regulation of the brain production of C3 protein level, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Cordymin significantly improved the outcome in rats after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in terms of neurobehavioral function. Our findings suggest that cordymin have a neuroprotective effect in the ischemic brain, which is due to the inhibition of inflammation and increase of antioxidants activity related to lesion pathogenesis. Cordymin can be used as potential preventive agent against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Medicinal Mushroom for prevention of Disease of Modern Civilization
Disease of modern civilization (DMC) such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is caused by the pressure and tension, as well as nutritional imbalance, coupled with a lack of exercise, long-term cumulative a class of diseases. Medicinal Mushrooms have diverse morphological, physiological, and ecological characteristics that support their diverse lifestyles. These specific interspecies interactions depend on the production of a wide range of bioactive substances. Medicinal Mushrooms are well recognized for their Medicinal properties and have been used in traditional medicine for millennia.
As a rich source of novel polysaccharides, Cordyceps sinensis (CS), one of the valued traditional Chinese Medicinal Fungi, is a major focus of many natural products research efforts. More than 33 polysaccharides have been characterized till the date. polysaccharides from CS possess a wide spectrum of biological activities like antitumor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory activity, kidney and lung protection, etc. This review covers the recent literature and updates the information on polysaccharides from CS, covering about 130 research articles emphasizing the isolation, characterization of polysaccharides and their biological functions.
Review on yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) – An exotic Medicinal Mushroom
Cordyceps sinensis, popularly known as Yarsagumba, is a rare age old Mushroom that has been valued extensively in traditional Chinese medicine. People of China and Tibet have been using this for various Medicinal purposes since emperors’ age. Its unique life cycle and diverse Medicinal uses compelled science to show interest during last three decades. The present study reviews about its basic knowledge, claimed uses, their scientific backgrounds and its impact on socioeconomic status. Much research work has been carried out leading to isolation of bioactive compounds and many of them undergoing clinical trials too. On the other hand it shows immense effects on the lifestyle and economic status of inhabitants of those high altitude villages where it is found naturally. Despite of its scientific progress, further development is required particularly in formulation of dosage forms and analysis leading to the best utilization of this most costly Medicinal Mushroom.
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of cordymin on diabetic osteopenia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and the possible mechanisms involved. The diabetic rats received daily intraperitoneal injection with cordymin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Cordymin could restore the circulating blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and insulin levels in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the treatment of diabetic rats with cordymin could partially reverse the β cells death and decrease the total antioxidant status (TAOS) in the diabetic rats. The Results may directly and indirectly account for the possible mechanism of the beneficial effect of cordymin on diabetic osteopenia, which was confirmed with the increased bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in diabetic rats ( ). All those findings indicate that cordymin may play a protective role in diabetic osteoporosis.
Cordyceps sobolifera
A novel serine protease, designated as cordysobin, was purified from dried fruiting bodies of the Mushroom Cordyceps sobolifera. The isolation procedure utilized ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and SP-Sepharose followed by gel filtration on Superdex 75. The protease did not adsorb on DEAE-cellulose but bound to SP-Sepharose. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the protease resolved as a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 31 kDa. Its optimal pH was 10.0, and the optimal temperature was 65°C. The protease displayed a Km value of 0.41 μM and 13.44 μM·min−1 using Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-MCA as substrate at pH 10.0 and 37°C. Protease activity was enhanced by the Fe2+ ion at low concentration range of 1.25–10 mM and was strongly inhibited by Hg2+ up to 1.25 mM. The protease was strongly inhibited by chymostatin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), suggesting that it is a serine protease. It manifested significant inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) with an IC50 value of 8.2 × 10−3 μM, which is the highest anti-HIV-1 RT activity of reported Mushroom proteins.
Cordyceps taii
Cordyceps taii, an edible Medicinal Mushroom native to south China, is recognized as an unparalleled resource of healthy foods and drug discovery. In the present study, the antioxidant pharmacological properties of C. taii were systematically investigated. In vitro assays revealed the scavenging activities of the aqueous extract and polysaccharides of C. taii against various free radicals, that is, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical. The EC50 values for superoxide anion-free radical ranged from 2.04 mg/mL to 2.49 mg/mL, which was at least 2.6-fold stronger than that of antioxidant thiourea. The polysaccharides also significantly enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and markedly decreased the malondialdehyde production of lipid peroxidation in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model. Interestingly, the immune function of the administration group was significantly boosted compared with the D-galactose-induced aging model group. Therefore, the C. taii polysaccharides possessed potent antioxidant activity closely associated with immune function enhancement and free radical scavenging. These findings suggest that the polysaccharides are a promising source of natural antioxidants and antiaging drugs. Consequently, a preliminary chemical investigation was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and revealed that the polysaccharides studied were mainly composed of glucose, mannose, and galactose. Fourier-transform infrared spectra also showed characteristic polysaccharide absorption bands.
Coriolus versicolor(CV)
Coriolus versicolor: A Medicinal Mushroom with promising Immunotherapeutic Values
Coriolus versicolor(CV) is a Medicinal Mushroom widely prescribed for the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer and infection in China. In recent years, it has been extensively demonstrated both preclinically and clinically that aqueous extracts obtained from CV display a wide array of biological activities, including stimulatory effects on different immune cells and inhibition of cancer growth. The growing popularity of aqueous CV extracts as an adjunct medical modality to conventional cancer therapies has generated substantial commercial interest in developing these extracts into consistent and efficacious oral proprietary products. While very limited information is available on the physical chemical, and pharmacodynamic properties of the active principles present in these extracts, there has been sufficient scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing at least some of these constituents into an evidence-based immunodulatory agent. In this article, the background, traditional usage, pharmacological activities, clinical effects, adverse reactions, active constituents, and regulatory aspects of CV are reviewed. Presented also in this review are the current uses and administration, potential drug interactions, and contraindication of aqueous extracts prepared from CV.
bioactive compounds obtained from Coriolus versicolor (Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr) Lloyd, 1920.) Mushrooms cultivated in a stirred-tank bioreactor were tested to determine their antimicrobial potential. extracellular polysaccharides were isolated from the fermentation broth by ethanol precipitation. A methanol extract was prepared from mycelium. The cultivation conditions applied during the fermentation process provided for significant biomass 6.63 ± 0.31 g dry weight L− 1 and yield of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) (0.74 ± 0.12 g L− 1). Microscopic analyses revealed that the mycelium grew predominately in the form of fluffy pellets. The methanol extract demonstrated very good activity against all the tested Gram-positive bacteria. Bacillus spizizeni and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most sensitive strains (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 0.3125 mg mL− 1). Among the Gram-negative bacteria, Yersinia enterocolitica had the lowest MIC value, 5 mg mL− 1. Microbicidal activity of mycelia methanol extract was established in seven out of ten tested Gram-negative bacteria strains with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 20 to 40 mg mL− 1. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus showed higher sensitivity to the extracellular polysaccharides (MIC values 2.5 mg mL− 1). FTIR analysis revealed a more complex chemical composition of the methanol extract compared to EPS, which might explain the better antibacterial activity of the methanol extract.
Our Results suggested that the submerged cultivation of Coriolus versicolor followed by ethanol precipitation of EPS and the methanol extraction of mycelia can be a promising process to obtain biological active compounds with significant antimicrobial activity.
Daedalea gibbosa
Substances from the Medicinal Mushroom
Daedalea gibbosa inhibit kinase activity
of native and T315I mutated Bcr-Abl
human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignancy of pluripotent hematopoietic cells characterized by a distinctive cytogenetic abnormality resulting in the creation of a p210 Bcr-Abl fusion protein with abnormal tyrosine kinase activity. Recently, a selective Abl kinase inhibitor, Imatinib mesylate, was introduced as a first line therapy for CML. Despite the initial response, CML patients develop a resistantance to Imatinib, which is mediated mainly by point mutations within the Abl protein. Herein, we describe the identification of mycelium organic extracts of Daedalea gibbosa with selective anti-proliferating and apoptosis– inducing activities against K562 cells and other laboratory model of CML. Using activity-guided purification, we isolated an active fraction, F6, which inhibits in vitro kinase activity of recombinant Abl. The active fraction significantly inhibits the autophosphorylation of native and mutated Bcr-Abl, which are resistant to Imatinib treatment including the T315I mutation. Using a colony-forming assay, we demon- strated that the active fraction is effective in inhibiting the colony formation of the Ba/F3 cell line harboring either native Bcr-Abl or its mutations, including the T315I mutation. Our data illustrated the potential of natural products in cancer therapeutics.
Daedaleopsis nitida
antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of
Daedaleopsis nitida Medicinal Mushroom from Turkey
antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Daedaleopsis nitida medicinal mushroom from Turkey *Mustafa Sevindik Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract In this study, antioxidant potantial, oxidant potantial, oxidative stress index and heavy metal contents of Daedaleopsis nitida (Durieu & Mont.) Zmitr. & Malysheva Mushroom were determined. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn contents of fruiting bodies of Mushroom were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. As a result of the study, TAS value of Mushroom extract was determined as 6.072 ± 0.067, TOS value was 7.165 ± 0.074 and OSI value was 0.118 ± 0.002. Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn contents of the fruiting bodies of Mushroom were determined 16.87 ± 0.73, 109.95 ± 2.17, 8.14 ± 0.81, 239.54 ± 14.30, 1.91 ± 0.64, 7.05 ± 0.83, 0.68 ± 0.31 and 55.96 ± 1.07, respectively.
Dictyophora indusiata
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of fruiting bodies of Dyctiophora indusiata
Dictyophora indusiata is an edible Mushroom belongs to Family Phallaceae of Phallales, Basidiomycota. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol and hot water extracts prepared from fruiting bodies of Dictyophora indusiata. Besides measuring of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, a reducing power and a chelating activity on ferrous ions were also measured to evaluate the antioxidant activity for those extracts. To measure the anti-inflammatory activities for the extracts, nitric oxide(NO) production from lipopolysaccharide(LPS) treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and carrageenan-induced acute hind paw edema of rats were investigated. The Results showed that the extracts have excellent DPPH scavenging and chelating activity on the ferrous ions compared with positive control. The nitric oxide(NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were decreased as we increased the concentration of the Mushroom extracts. significant reduction of paw edema of rats were observed at 2~6 h after treatment of methanol and hot-water extracts with 50 mg/ kg concentration to the rats which are induced acute hind paw edema by carrageenan administration. Therefore, the exper- imental Results suggested that methanol and hot-water extracts of Dictyophora indusiata fruiting bodies might be used for natural sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
Elaphomyces granulatus (deer truffle)
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the truffle Elaphomyces granulatus
The ethanol extract of fruiting bodies of Elaphomyces granulatus, a truffle-like fungus, was evaluated for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. inhibition of COX-2 activity was evaluated in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7). The extract of E. granulatus caused a 68% inhibition of COX-2 activity at 50 µg/mL. Bioassay-guided investigation led to the isolation and identification of two active compounds, syringaldehyde and syringic acid. Syringaldehyde moderately inhibited COX-2 activity with an IC50 of 3.5 µg/mL, while syringic acid strongly inhibited COX-2 activity with an IC50 of 0.4 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity of the extract and isolated compounds was evaluated in HL-60 cells by the DCFH-DA method. The extract of E. granulatus showed a potent antioxidant effect, with an IC50 of 41 µg/mL. Of the pure compounds, syringic acid displayed a strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 0.7 µg/mL, while syringaldehyde showed no activity in the assay.
Flammulina velutipes
Medicinal Mushrooms as a Source of novel functional Food
As an irreversible and complex degenerative physiological process, the treatment for aging seems strategically necessary, and polysaccharides play important roles against aging owing to their abundant bioactivities. In this paper, the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides (FPS) and its sulfated FPS (SFPS) on d-galactose-induced aging mice were investigated. The in vitro antioxidant activities demonstrated that SFPS had strong reducing power and superior scavenging effects on 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals and the chelating activities of Fe2+. The in vivo animal experiments manifested that the SFPS showed superior antioxidant and protective abilities against the d-galactose-induced aging by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities, decreasing lipid peroxidation, improving the inflammatory response and ameliorating the anile condition of mice. Furthermore, the structural analysis of SFPS was investigated through FT-IR, NMR, and HPLC analysis, and the Results indicated that SFPS was a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide with a weight-average molecular weight of 2.81 × 103 Da. Furthermore, SFPS has also changed in characteristic functional groups and monosaccharide composition compared to FPS. These Results suggested that sulfated modification could enhance the anti-oxidation, anti-aging and protective activities of F. velutipes polysaccharides, which may provide references for the development of functional foods and natural medicines.
The main objective of this work was to purify the exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Flammulina velutipes SF-06 and investigate the relationship between the different purified fractions and bioactive activity. Two fractions (EPS-1 and EPS-2) were separated and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 cellulose column chromatography. Monosaccharides composition analysis by gas chromatography indicated that EPS, EPS-1 and EPS-2 were heteropolysaccharides in which rhamnose was a major component. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis detected furanose-ring in EPS-1 and EPS-2. All fractions possessed considerable antioxidant activity, while EPS-2 has stronger antioxidant activity than EPS and EPS-1 in vitro. The EPS also exhibited potent anti-aging activation in mice, such as increased catalase and total antioxidant capacity, and decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Both the antioxidant in vitro and anti-aging in vivo potentials of EPS could be further utilized in the food industry.
This study was performed to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing effect Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides (FVP) by compatibilizing with ginsenosides on D-galactose-induced Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) rats. Results of the Morris water maze test suggested that the cognitive ability of AD rats was significantly elevated after combined treatment with FVP and ginsenosides. Moreover, the anti-oxidant effect was also elevated as reflected by the increased levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and decreased levels of malondialdehyde in the combination group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis showed that the TUNEL apoptosis cell rate, Bax, cytochrome C, caspase-3, caspase-9, and apoptosis-inducing factor expression levels were obviously decreased, and the Bcl-2 expression levels were obviously increased in the hippocampi of rats treated with FVP and ginsenosides. The Results suggested that the beneficial effect of FVP against AD can be significantly elevated by compatibilizing with ginsenosides. These findings provide scientific evidence supporting the use of FVP as a safe and effective drug to prevent and treat AD.
Antioxidative and renoprotective effects of residue polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes
Three extractable polysaccharides including Ac-RPS, Al-RPS and En-RPS were extracted from the residue of Flammulina velutipes and their antioxidative and renoprotective effects on STZ-induced mice were investigated. Biochemical and antioxidant analysis showed that the En-RPS had potential effects in decreasing the serum levels of CRE, BUN, ALB and GLU significantly, increasing the renal activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px remarkably, and reducing the renal contents of MDA prominently. Furthermore, the histopathological observations also displayed that En-RPS could alleviate kidney damage. These Results demonstrated that En-RPS extracted from the residue of F. velutipes possessed potent antioxidant activities, and could be used as a promising therapeutic agent for inhibiting the progression of diabetic nephropathy. In addition, the monosaccharide compositions of these three RPS were also analyzed.
polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes
improve scopolamine-induced impairment of
learning and memory of rats
Flammulina velutipes has been reported to be beneficial in learning and memory capabili- ties, but the mechanisms underlying this remain unclear. In this study, Morris water maze and biochemical analyses of rat brain were used to evaluate the effects of F. velutipes poly- saccharides (FVP) on scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments. Results suggested that FVP significantly decreased the escape latency and total swimming dis- tance of rats in the hidden platform test and increased the numbers of platform crossing and swimming distance of rats in the probe test. Biochemical examinations revealed that FVP significantly elevates SOD and GSH-Px activities, as well as neurotransmitter levels. The increased acetylcholine content owed to the increased acetylcholine acetyltransferase ac- tivity and decreased acetylcholinesterase activity. Moreover, learning and memory associated signalling pathways were activated by FVP elevating the expression of connexin 36 and p-CaMK II. These Results conclusively proved that FVP is a potent agent against the progression of cognitive impairment.
Fomes fomentarius
Mushrooms are known to complement chemotherapy and radiation therapy by countering the side effects of cancer. Recently, there has been great interest in isolation of novel bioactive compounds from Mushrooms due to their numerous health beneficial effects. Chemically water-extractable polysaccharide (MFKF-AP1β), with a molecular weight of 12 kDa, was isolated from fruiting bodies of Mushroom Fomes fomentarius. In this research, we investigated the anti-tumor effects of MFKF-AP1β on human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Results showed that MFKF-AP1β markedly inhibited A549 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner based on the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released and morphological alterations. In addition, MFKF-AP1β induced cellular apoptosis by causing single-stranded DNA breakage, as evidenced by apoptosis assay. Furthermore, MFKF-AP1β (25–100 μg/ml) significantly induced single-stranded DNA breakage in A549 cells, as shown by comet assay. Taken together, our Results demonstrate that MFKF-AP1β has strong anti-tumor effects mediated through induction of apoptosis. Therefore, MFKF-AP1β could be useful in lung chemotherapy.
Olive Cake (OC) generated by the olive oil industries, well implanted in Tunisia, represents a major disposal and potentially severe pollution problem. This work presents the study of bioconversion of OC in solid state fermentation with the Medicinal Mushroom, Fomes fomentarius so as to upgrade its nutritional values and digestibility for its use as ruminants feed. The fungus was cultured on OC for 7–30 d, and subsequently the chemical composition, lignocellulolytic enzyme activities and in vitro digestibility of the resultant substrate were determined. The Results obtained showed an increase in the crude protein ranging from 6% to 22% for the control and for treated OC, respectively. significant (P < 0.05) decreases in the values of neutral detergent fiber (hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin), acid detergent fiber (lignin and cellulose) and acid detergent lignin were detected (23%, 13% and 10%, respectively). The estimated in vitro digestibility improved from 9% (control) to 25% (treated OC). The present findings revealed F. fomentarius to be an efficient organism for lignocellulolytic enzymes production and simultaneous enhancement in crude protein and in vitro digestibility of OC.
Fomitopsis betulina
Differences in anomericity and in the branching degree of glucans lead to characteristic intermolecular association that influences their solubility in water or other solvents. A simple purification approach, based on the glucan solubility in aq. 0.1 M NaOH solution, was applied for the separation of mixed water-insoluble α-D-glucans from β-D-glucans extracted from fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis betulina, which is an underexploited Medicinal Mushroom. The Results indicated that the β-D-glucan is constituted by (1→3)-linked β-D-Glcp units substituted at O-6 by non-reducing β-D-Glcp and (1→6)-linked β-D-Glcp units, while the α-D-glucan has a linear (1→3)-linked glucan structure. Thus, the 0.1 M NaOH treatment proved to be a simple, efficient and low-cost purification method for separation of water-insoluble glucans with different anomeric configurations and degree of branching that were interacting by intermolecular forces.
Cytotoxic triterpenoids and triterpene sugar esters from the Medicinal Mushroom Fomitopsis betulina
Thirteen undescribed 24-methylene lanostane triterpenoids, named polyporenic acids E-M and fomitosides L-O, as well as seventeen known analogues, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Mushroom Fomitopsis betulina. Their structures were determined using 1D, 2D NMR, IR, and HRESIMS. Fomitoside L and fomitoside N exhibited cytotoxicity against HL60 leukemia cells (IC50 = 15.8 and 23.7 μM, respectively). Among the known compounds, notable cytotoxicities against HL60 leukemia cells and selectivity with respect to MRC-5 healthy cells were noticed for dehydropachymic acid (IC50 = 10.9 μM, SI 8.6), pachymic acid (IC50 = 11.0 μM, SI 9.8), 3-epi-dehydrotumulosic acid (IC50 = 19.9 μM, SI 5.8) and 12α-hydroxy-3α-(3′-hydroxy-4′-methoxycarbonyl-3′-methylbutyryloxy)-24-methyllanosta-8,24 (31)-dien-26-oic acid (IC50 = 19.2 μM, SI 2.2).
Fomitopsis officinalis
Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.) Bondartsev & Singer is a rare and endangered Medicinal Mushroom, known in medical practice as agarikon. Strain 5004 of F. officinalis from the IBK Mushroom Culture Collection of M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany was verified using morphological and molecular genetic techniques. DNA analysis shows 99% identity of the investigated strain to other F. officinalis sequences deposited in NCBI databases. The Results of the study of the biological characteristics of F. officinalis 5004 on agar nutrient media and plant substrates of various compositions are presented. We observed the microstructures of F. officinalis culture using light and scanning electron microscopy. The hyphae have regular unilateral clamp connections of two types: without a slit and rare medallion-type clamps, some anastomoses and mycelial cords as well as blastoconidia after prolonged cultivation (more than 30 days). The incrustation of the hyphae in the form of thin villi is revealed for the first time. The morphology of the mycelial colonies of F. officinalis depended on the composition of the nutrient medium. According to the radial growth rate the culture of investigated species belongs to the Fungi growing very slowly within 0.4–1.9 mm/day. The fastest growth of F. officinalis 5004 was observed on malt agar with the addition of larch sawdust: 1.8 ± 0.1 mm/day. The critical temperature for mycelial growth was 41 ± 0.1 ºC. We tried three variants of plant substrates for fructification: sunflower husk, larch sawdust and larch chips. The substrate composition influenced the vegetative growth and the formation of teleomorph stage. The sunflower husk was the most favorable substrate for the growth of vegetative mycelium. The mycelium had completely colonized this substrate by the 30th day, in contrast to the larch chips, which were only partially colonized (ca. 50%) on 30–40th days of experiment. The fungus developed fruit bodies on both substrates: the sunflower husk and larch chips. The least suitable substrate for vegetative growth of this species was the larch sawdust. After two months of incubation, the mycelium covered only 27% of the visible surface of substrate blocks, with no primordia and fruiting bodies forming. Thus, the obtained mycelium growth parameters on nutrient media, microand macromorphological characteristics can be used as additional taxonomic characteristics of F. officinalis culture in the vegetative stage of growth. The strain ІBK 5004 may become a potential producer for new fungal biotechnologies in Ukraine in the near future.
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.
In the present study, green synthesis and cost effective approach of silver nanoparticles using wild MedicinalMushroom Ganoderma applanatum(Pers.) Pat. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India is reported. Thebiosynthesised AgNPs were characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, particle analyser and scanning electronmicroscopy studies. It was found by dynamic light scattering analysis, that the average size and charges of the AgNPswere 133.0 ± 0.361 nm and−6.01 ± 5.30 mV, respectively. Moreover, theFourier transform infrared study was alsoconducted to identify the biomolecules or functional groups responsible for the reduction of Ag and stabilisation of theAgNPs. The potential biomedical application with reference to antimicrobial activity of the synthesised AgNPs wasinvestigated against some pathogenic microorganisms.
Our previous research has shown that lanostane triterpenoids from Ganoderma applanatum exhibit significant anti-adipogenesis effects. In order to obtain more structurally diverse lanostane triterpenoids to establish a structure–activity relationship, we continued the study of lanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of G. applanatum, and forty highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoinds (1–40), including sixteen new compounds (1–16), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated using NMR spectra, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and Mosher’s method. In addition, some of their parts were evaluated to determine their anti-adipogenesis activities in the 3T3-L1 cell model. The Results showed that compounds 16, 22, 28, and 32 exhibited stronger anti-adipogenesis effects than the positive control (LiCl, 20 mM) at the concentration of 20 μM. compounds 15 and 20 could significantly reduce the lipid accumulation during the differentiation process of 3T3-L1 cells, comparable to the untreated group. Their IC50 values were 6.42 and 5.39 μM, respectively. The combined Results of our previous and present studies allow us to establish a structure-activity relationship of lanostane triterpenoids, indicating that the A-seco-23→26 lactone skeleton could play a key role in anti-adipogenesis activity.
Ganoderma boninense
Six new 3,4-seco-27-norlanostane triterpenes, ganoboninones A–F (1–6), as well as three known compounds ganoboninketals A–C (7–9), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma boninense. The structures of 1–6 were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis. compounds 1–6 are new 3,4-seco-27-norlanostane triterpenoids featuring with an interesting tetradecahydrobenzo[4,5]indeno[1,7a-c]furan backbone. The absolute configurations in 1–6 were determined by CD spectral analysis, and ECD calculation. In an in vitro anti-Plasmodium falciparum bioassay, compounds 1, 2, and 6 showed antimalarial effects with IC50 values of 27.36, 15.68, and 2.03 μM, respectively. In a transactivation assay, compounds 5, 7, 8, and 9 showed agonistic activity to LXRβ with EC50 value of 203.00, 8.32, 257.00, and 86.70 nM, respectively.
Ganoderma leucocontextum
Sixteen new lanostane triterpenes, ganoleucoins A–P (1–16), together with 10 known tripterpenes (17–26), were isolated from the cultivated fruiting bodies of Ganoderma leucocontextum, a new member of the Ganoderma lucidum complex. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation. The inhibitory effects of 1–26 on HMG-CoA reductase and α-glucosidase were tested in vitro. compounds 1, 3, 6, 10–14, 17, 18, 23, 25, and 26 showed much stronger inhibitory activity against HMG-CoA reductase than the positive control atorvastatin. compounds 13, 14, and 16 presented potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase from yeast with IC50 values of 13.6, 2.5, and 5.9 μM, respectively. In addition, the cytotoxicity of 1–26 was evaluated against the K562 and PC-3 cell lines by the MTT assay. compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 18, and 25 exhibited cytotoxicity against K562 cells with IC50 values in the range 10–20 μM. Paclitaxel was used as the positive control with an IC50 value of 0.9 μM. This is the first report of secondary metabolites from this Medicinal Mushroom.
Ganoderma lingzhi
Heat treatment of Reishi Medicinal Mushroom (Ganoderma
lingzhi) Basidiocarp enhanced Its β-glucan Solubility,
antioxidant Capacity and Lactogenic properties
The effect of heat treatment on dried fruiting bodies of Reishi Medicinal Mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) is investigated. Control and samples treated for 20 min at temperatures of 70, 120, 150 and 180 ◦C were subjected for their free radical scavenging capacity, different glucans and total phenolic content determination. The growth rate of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei supple- mented with control and heat-treated samples is also investigated. The roasted Mushroom samples at 150 ◦C and 180 ◦C showed the highest level of β-glucan (37.82%) and free radical scavenging ca- pacity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). The content of total phenolics (TPC) was also influenced by heat treatment and significantly higher TPC values were recorded in samples treated at 120 ◦C and 150 ◦C. The presence of reducing sugars was only detected after heat treatment at 150 ◦C (0.23%) and at 180 ◦C (0.57%). The heat treatments at 120, 150 and 180 ◦C, significantly attenuated the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of pathogenic E. coli, in a linear relationship with an elevated temperature. The sup- plementation of heat-treated Reishi Mushroom at 120 ◦C resulted in the highest growth rate of probiotic L. casei. The obtained Results in this study revealed the significant effect of short-term heat treatment by enhancing the antioxidant capacity, β-glucan solubility and prebiotic property of the dried basidiocarp of Reishi Mushroom.
To contribute towards effective exploitation and utilization of natural antioxidants, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the medium composition for the production of exopolysaccharides from the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lingzhi (GLEPS). An optimal medium for GLEPS production was gave through Plackett-Burman design, path of steepest ascent, and Box-Behnken design as follows: glucose (59.62 g/L), yeast extract (10.03 g/L), CaCO3 (0.2 g/L), thiamine (45.13 mg/L), KH2PO4 (1.0 g/L), peptone (1.5 g/L), Tween 80 (10.26 mL/L), ZnSO4 (0.3 g/L), mannitol (1.5 g/L), MgSO4 (0.5 g/L), and aspartate (8.86 g/L). The GLEPS yield obtained was 3.57 ± 0.21 g/L-3.16-fold higher than that produced in basal medium alone. The resulting GLEPS rich in uronic acid, d-mannose, l-rhamnose, and d-glucose, was a heteropolysaccharide with high-molecular weights (475,000 kDa and 21.6 kDa, 87.97%). It was demonstrated that the GLEPS with higher carbohydrate and uronic acid contents exhibited strong in vitro antioxidant activities via radical scavenging, reductive capacity, and chelation of transition metal catalysis. These findings indicated that RSM is an efficient tool to predict the composition of culture medium required for maximizing GLEPS yield, and GLEPS had potent antioxidant activities and could be explored as a novel natural antioxidant in functional food or medicine.
Ganoderma lucidum
Screening of Inhibitory Activity of Edible Mushrooms on Dopamine β−Hydroxylase
Dopamine catalyses the enzymatic reaction of dopamine to norepinephrine. For the purpose of screening DBH inhibitory activity from edible mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum, Agaricus bisporus and Lentinus edodes were examined by tracing inhibitory activities against bovine adrenal DBH, utilizing tyramine as a substrate. Among the three edible mushrooms tested, Ganoderma lucidum showed potent enzyme inhibitory activilies above 100% against DBH in chloroform fraction. Lentinus edodes and Agaricus bisporus showed inhibitory activities in ethylacetate fraction on 79.7% and 64.7%, respectively. Each solvent fraction of these mushrooms were assessed in the aspects of their inhibitory activities against DBH, and their values were calculated. value of chloroform fraction of Ganoderma lucidum was , and those of ethylacetate fractions of Agaricus bisporus and Lentinus edodes were , respectively.
Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)−A Mushrooming Medicinal Mushroom
The medicinal properties of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. have been recognized for many centuries in China and other parts of Asia. During the last two decades, there has been a sharp increase in the level of commercial interest in G. lucidum products, not only in Asian countries but also in North America and Europe. Latest available estimates put the annual value of G. lucidum products worldwide at more than US $1.6 billion. This increased demand has stimulated improvements in artificial cultivation methods, of which currently the most widely adopted are the wood log, short wood segment, tree stump, sawdust bag, and bottle procedures. The application of modern analytical techniques has revealed the mushroom to contain numerous bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, triterpenes, and immunomodulatory proteins. Many of these compounds have anticancer and antitumor properties that appear to be based on an enhancement of the host immune system rather than on a direct cytocidal effect. Further expansion of the market for G. lucidum products will require the introduction of more reproducible protocols for mushroom production and downstream processing to improve quality control and ensure enduring public trust.
Antimicrobial Activity of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma
Over the past century, a number of synthetic antimicrobial agents have been discovered and developed, but drug resistance and toxicity are still the major hindrances to gaining successful therapeutic outcomes in many instances. Herbal medicines may represent a safe and useful supplement to existing chemotherapeutic therapies for the management of infectious diseases. Ganoderma has traditionally been used to treat chronic infectious diseases, such as chronic hepatitis and bronchitis in Asia, when it is administered alone or more often in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Preclinical (in vitro and in vivo animal) studies indicate that Ganoderma exhibits a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antiviral activities, whereas data in human beings are scanty. Polysaccharides or triterpenoids from Ganoderma showed activities against Herpes simple virus, Hepatitis B virus, HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus in vitro or in animal models. Ganoderma species also contain antibacterial constituents inhibiting gram-positive and/or gram-negative bacteria in vitro. However, it is difficult to extrapolate these findings to humans, as most of these preclinical studies were conducted under optimized conditions with the use of high doses of Ganoderma components. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study indicated that treatment of hepatitis B patients with G. lucidum polysaccharides at 5400 mg/day for 12 weeks resulted in significantly decreased serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B e antigen (HbeAg) levels. The mechanisms for the antimicrobial and antiviral activities of Ganoderma are largely undefined. Currently available data do not support the use of Ganoderma as an antibiotic, but it may play an adjunct role for the management of bacterial and viral infection. Further studies are needed in humans.
Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) is known as a bitter mushroom with remarkable health benefits. The active constituents found in mushrooms include polysaccharides, dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, triterpenoids, peptides and proteins, alcohols and phenols, mineral elements (such as zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, and iron), vitamins, and amino acids. The bioactive components found in the G. lucidum mushroom have numerous health properties to treat diseased conditions such as hepatopathy, chronic hepatitis, nephritis, hypertension, hyperlipemia, arthritis, neurasthenia, insomnia, bronchitis, asthma, gastric ulcers, atherosclerosis, leukopenia, diabetes, anorexia, and cancer. In spite of the voluminous literature available, G. lucidum is used mostly as an immune enhancer and a health supplement, not therapeutically. This review discusses the therapeutic potential of G. luidum to attract the scientific community to consider its therapeutic application where it can be worth pursuing.
Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is a woody mushroom highly regarded in traditional medicine and is widely consumed in the belief that it promotes health and longevity, lowers the risk of cancer and heart disease and boosts the immune system. However, objective scientific validation of the putative health benefits of Lingzhi in human subjects is lacking, and issues of possible toxicity must be addressed. The present double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention study investigated the effects of 4 weeks Lingzhi supplementation on a range of biomarkers for antioxidant status, CHD risk, DNA damage, immune status, and inflammation, as well as markers of liver and renal toxicity. It was performed as a follow-up to a study that showed that antioxidant power in plasma increased after Lingzhi ingestion, and that 10 d supplementation was associated with a trend towards an improved CHD biomarker profile. In the present study, fasting blood and urine from healthy, consenting adults (n 18; aged 22 –52 years) was collected before and after 4 weeks supplementation with a com-mercially available encapsulated Lingzhi preparation (1·44 g Lingzhi/d; equivalent to 13·2 g fresh mushroom/d) or placebo. No significant change in any of the variables was found, although a slight trend toward lower lipids was again seen, and antioxidant capacity in urine increased. The results showed no evidence of liver, renal or DNA toxicity with Lingzhi intake, and this is reassuring. The present study of the effects in healthy, well-nourished subjects provides useful, new scientific data that will support controlled intervention trials using at- risk subjects in order to assess the therapeutic effect of Lingzhi in the promotion of healthy ageing.
Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum
Ganoderma lucidum is one of the well-known medicinal basidiomycetes worldwide. The mitochondrion, referred to as the second genome, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells and participates in critical cellular functions. Elucidating the structure and function of this genome is important to understand completely the genetic contents of G. lucidum. In this study, we assembled the mitochondrial genome of G. lucidum and analyzed the differential expressions of its encoded genes across three developmental stages. The mitochondrial genome is a typical circular DNA molecule of 60,630 bp with a GC content of 26.67%. Genome annotation identified genes that encode 15 conserved proteins, 27 tRNAs, small and large rRNAs, four homing endonucleases, and two hypothetical proteins. Except for genes encoding trnW and two hypothetical proteins, all genes were located on the positive strand. For the repeat structure analysis, eight forward, two inverted, and three tandem repeats were detected. A pair of fragments with a total length around 5.5 kb was found in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, which suggests the possible transfer of DNA sequences between two genomes. RNA-Seq data for samples derived from three stages, namely, mycelia, primordia, and fruiting bodies, were mapped to the mitochondrial genome and qualified. The protein-coding genes were expressed higher in mycelia or primordial stages compared with those in the fruiting bodies. The rRNA abundances were significantly higher in all three stages. Two regions were transcribed but did not contain any identified protein or tRNA genes. Furthermore, three RNA-editing sites were detected. Genome synteny analysis showed that significant genome rearrangements occurred in the mitochondrial genomes. This study provides valuable information on the gene contents of the mitochondrial genome and their differential expressions at various developmental stages of G. lucidum. The results contribute to the understanding of the functions and evolution of fungal mitochondrial DNA.
Ganodermin, an antifungal protein from fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum
A 15-kDa antifungal protein, designated ganodermin, was isolated from the medical mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. The isolation procedure utilized chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Affi-gel blue gel, CM-Sepharose and Superdex 75. Ganodermin was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-Sepharose. Ganodermin inhibited the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Physalospora piricola with an IC50 value of 15.2 μM, 12.4 μM and 18.1 μM, respectively. It was devoid of hemagglutinating, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease and protease inhibitory activities.
A laccase from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum
A protein demonstrating laccase activity and potent inhibitory activity towards human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 1.2 μM) was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. The laccase had a novel N-terminal sequence and a molecular mass of 75 kDa, which is higher than the range (55–56 kDa) reported for most other mushroom laccases. It was isolated by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Affi-gel blue gel and adsorption on Con A-Sepharose. Unlike some of the previously isolated laccases, it was adsorbed only on Con A-Sepharose. The enzyme required a pH of 3–5 and a temperature of 70°C to exhibit maximal activity. Minimal activity was detected at pH 6 and 7. Activity was undetectable at pH 8 and 9 and after exposure to 100°C for 10 min.
THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES AND CURRENT MEDICAL USAGE OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOM: GANODERMA LUCIDUM
Mushrooms are an important natural source of food and medicines. Traditionally medicinal properties of mushroom have been well demonstrated particularly in Eastern Asian countries. In modern clinical practices, the bioactive compounds derived from the extract of mushroom sporocarps or mycelium has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, immune system disorders and infections. Recently, considerable attention is focused on anticarcinogenic bioactive compounds particularly those derived from medicinal or wild mushrooms. The present review analyses the potential therapeutic properties of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and their applications in human healthcare.
Two novel ergosterol derivatives, ganodermasides A and B, hydroxylated at C-15 were isolated from the methanol extract of spores of a medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, showed to extend the replicative life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast of K6001 strain. The stereostructures of ganodermasides A and B were determined based on the spectroscopic analysis and comparison of spectroscopic data. These new sterols have a 4, 6, 8(14), 22-tetraene-3-one unit with a unique hydroxylation at C-15. The anti-aging activity of these compounds on yeast is comparable to a well-known substance, resveratrol. Based on results of the investigation of the mechanism of biological activity, ganodermasides A and B regulated UTH1 expression in order to extend the replicative life span of yeast.
In the present study, the antibacterial activity of a chloroform extract isolated from the fruiting body of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi or Reishi) was investigated. Different concentrations of the crude extract have been used to evaluate its antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria – Bacillus subtilis ATCC 465, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterococcus feacalis ATCC 29737, and Gram-negative bacteria – Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 85327. The results of disk diffusion tests showed that the chloroform extract had growth inhibitory effects on two of the Gram-positive bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined as well. Both MIC and MBC for Staphylococcus aureus were 8 mg/mL, and for Bacillus subtillis, they were 8 and 16 mg/mL, respectively. To investigate the chloroform extract for its bioactive components, established biochemical methods – the Liebermann-Burchard, Nöller, and Salkowski tests – were used. The results revealed that a variety of lipid derivatives, including sterols and triterpenoid acids, were present in the chloroform extract.
Ganoderma lucidum, a species of the Basidiomycetes class, has been attracting international attention owing to its wide variety of biological activities and great potential as an ingredient in skin care cosmetics including “skin-whitening” products. However, there is little information available on its inhibitory effect against tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical composition of G. lucidum and its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. We isolated the active compound from G. lucidum using ethanol extraction and ethyl acetate fractionation. In addition, we assayed its inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. In this study, we identified a bioactive compound, ganodermanondiol, which inhibits the activity and expression of cellular tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), thereby decreasing melanin production. Furthermore, ganodermanondiol also affected the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathway, which are involved in the melanogenesis of B16F10 melanoma cells. The finding that ganodermanondiol from G. lucidum exerts an inhibitory effect on tyrosinase will contribute to the use of this mushroom in the preparation of skin care products in the future.
In contrast to the long Chinese history of cultivation of Ganoderma species (ling zhi/reishi), the most important medicinal mushroom in China, growing reishi is a fairly new adventure in North America. In the past decade or so, increasing awareness of the potential health benefits of Ganoderma species led to production of this medicinal mushroom in the United States and Canada. Such interest was triggered primarily by the immune-enhancing property of the mushroom in integrated therapies for immune deficiency syndrome and cancer. In pharmacological studies in the United States, the search for effective antiinflammatory agents for safe long-term use was directed to this ancient medicinal mushroom. Western herbalists took initiatives in studying and using Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.:Fr.P. Karst.) and other species. Growers across the Pacific Ocean chose almost exclusively G. lucidum as the species for cultivation. North American Ganoderma growers are characterized on the basis of product orientation. Features of emerging North American growers are described. Methodology used in Ganoderma cultivation in North America is illustrated, focusing on synthetic log and natural log cultivation. Highlighted is the successful commercial-scale operation of Organotech in San Antonio, Texas. As a reference for growers, stepwise cultivation technology and crop management is covered.
Health Benefits of Ganoderma lucidum as a Medicinal Mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., known as “Lingzhi” in China or “Reishi” in Japan, is a well– known medicinal mushroom and traditional Chinese medicine, which has been used for the prevention and treatment of bronchitis, allergies, hepatitis, immunological disorders and cancer. G. lucidum is rarely collected from nature and mostly cultivated on wood logs and sawdust in plastic bags or bottles to meet the demands of international markets. Diverse groups of chemical compounds with pharmacological activities, isolated from the mycelia and fruiting bodies of G.
lucidum are triterpenoids, polysaccharides (β–D–glucans), proteins, amino acids, nucleosides, alkaloids, steroids, lactones, lectins, fatty acids, and enzymes. The biologically active compounds
as primarily triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum have been reported to possess hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, antihistaminic effects and antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antiangiogenic activities. Several formulations have been developed, patented and used as nutraceuticals, nutriceuticals and pharmaceuticals from G. lucidum’s water or ethanol extracts and rarely purified active compounds. As the result of clinical trials, various products have commercially become available as syrup, injection, tablet, tincture or
bolus of powdered medicine and an ingredient or additive in dark chocolate bars and organic fermented medicinal mushroom drink mixes such as green teas, coffees, and hot cacaos. This review has intended to give and discuss recent knowledge on phytochemical and pharmacological compositions, therapeutic and side effects, clinical trials, and commercial products of G. lucidum
Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known representative of mushrooms that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. New discoveries related to this medicinal mushroom and its biological properties are frequently reported. However, only recently have scientists started to pay special attention to G. lucidum spores. This is in part because of the recent development of methods for breaking the spore wall and extracting biocompounds from the spore. Although some research groups are working with G. lucidum spores, data in the literature are still limited, and the methods used have not been systematized. This review therefore describes the main advances in techniques for breaking the spore wall and extracting biocompounds from the spore. In addition, the major active components identified and their biological properties, such as neurological activity and antiaging and cell-protective effects, are investigated because these are of importance for potential drug development.
Two new anti-aging compounds, ganodermasides C and D, were isolated and their structures elucidated. They are novel ergosterols possessing a 4,6,8(14),22- tetraene-3-one unit with unique hydroxylation at C-9. Both of them significantly extended the replicative lifespan of the K6001 yeast strain. Ganodermasides C and D regulated the expression of the gene for UTH1 to prolong the replicative lifespan of yeast.
Ergosterol peroxide is a natural compound of the steroid family found in many fungi, and it possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral activities. The anti-obesity activity of several edible and medicinal mushrooms has been reported, but the effect of mushroom-derived ergosterol peroxide on obesity has not been studied. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of ergosterol peroxide on the inhibition of triglyceride synthesis at protein and mRNA levels and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ergosterol peroxide inhibited lipid droplet synthesis of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), the major transcription factors of differentiation, and also the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), which promotes the activity of PPARγ, resulting in inhibition of differentiation. It further inhibited the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), fatty acid translocase (FAT), and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), which are lipogenic factors. In addition, it inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) involved in cell proliferation and activation of early differentiation transcription factors in the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) stage. As a result, ergosterol peroxide significantly inhibited the synthesis of triglycerides and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, and is, therefore, a possibile prophylactic and therapeutic agent for obesity and related metabolic diseases.
Insights of medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum): prospects and potential in India
Medicinal mushrooms have been used since olden days for the treatment of various diseases. Ganoderma lucidum or Reishi is a medicinal mushroom of significant importance which is gaining popularity due to the presence of numerous bio-active ingredients in it. Wild collection of this mushroom along with its cultivation is done worldwide to meet its everincreasing demand in the market. Although, artificial or sawdust method of its cultivation on different woody substrates is commonly used but wood log cultivation method is also in practice. The steps for its cultivation include spawn preparation, substrate preparation, fruiting body management, harvesting and storage with their own set of requirements and precautions for each step. Several healthcare, personal care, food and beverage products made of its extract are being marketed and consumed worldwide. In this review, a general understanding about the cultivation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, current market scenario and its potential in Indian markets are discussed.
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of a Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma Lucidum
The aim of the present study was to analyze the antioxidant contents and evaluate the antioxidant potential of Ganoderma lucidum.Materials and Methods:Wild collected G.lucidum was powdered and extracted with ethanol using soxehlet apparatus.Total phenolics,flavones and ascorbic levels were estimated following standard procedures.Subsequently,reducing power,DDPH radical,superoxide,hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging effects of the extracts at different concentrations were evaluated following standard methods. Results:The extract contained 42.41±2.21mg/g of phenolics,13.57±1.57 mg/g of flavones and the ascorbic acid amount was 1.33±0.12 mg/g .Total reducing power of the extract was 1.38 OD/ml at 240mg/ml concentration.DPPH radical scavenging activity was concentration dependent, showing maximum percent inhibition(72.24%) at 250mg/g.Similarly,hydroxyl,superoxide and nitric oxide scavenging potential also at their maximum at higher concentrations.Hydroxyl scavenging effect was 64.69% at 250 mg/g,superoxide radical inhibition was 73.54% at 300 ug/ml and 65.87% inhibition of nitric oxide was noted at 200 mg/ml. Conclusion:Ethanolic extract of G.lucidum showed appreciable amount of antioxidant compounds and also good free radical scavenging effects against different free radicals.The study shows that G.lucidumcompounds can be better antioxidant supplement for nutrients.
Around the world, cancer patients often combine conventional anticancer treatment with complementary alternative medicines derived from natural sources such as fungi and mushrooms, including the popular lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Many studies to date have described the anticancer properties of G. lucidum, which are attributed to its major pharmacologically bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids and polysaccharides. Moreover, several scientific observations have suggested a potential beneficial therapeutic strategy using G. lucidum in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to improve therapeutic outcome. However, to my knowledge, no systematic review has been conducted in this area. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge on G. lucidum or its individual components in relation to chemotherapeutic efficacy, ability to reverse multidrug resistance, and chemotherapeutic toxicity.
Oxidative stress (OS) and hypercholesterolemia have been linked with a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Because of the numerous drawbacks of synthetic antioxidants and cholesterol-lowering drugs, natural antioxidative and hypocholesterolemic agents are of immense importance. This study was designed to determine both the OS-attenuating and cholesterol-lowering capacities of the hot water extract (HWE) and of five solvent-solvent- partitioned fractions of Ganoderma lucidum. In vitro antioxidative performance of G. lucidum HWE and fractions was measured through DPPH free radical scavenging, Folin-Ciocalteu assay, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation inhibition. In vivo antioxidative performance of G. lucidum was assessed by measuring the plasma and liver antioxidative enzymatic activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) in G. lucidum HWE-fed rats. In the CVD tests, the HWE at 200 mg/kg b.w. lowered plasma levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and LDL cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The current findings indicate the therapeutic potentiality of G. lucidum as an OS-attenuating and hypocholesterolemic agent en route to withstanding CVD complications.
The Lingzhi or Reishi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known traditional medicinal mushroom that has been shown to have obvious hepatoprotective effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of G. lucidum aqueous extracts (GLEs) on liver injury induced by α-amanitin (α-AMA) in mice and to analyze the possible hepatoprotective mechanisms related to radical scavenging activity. Mice were treated with α-AMA prepared from Amanita exitialis and then administrated with GLE after the α-AMA injection. The hepatoprotective activity of the GLE was compared with the reference drug silibinin (SIL). α-AMA induced a significant elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and provoked a significant reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and a significant increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver homogenate. Treatment with GLE or SIL significantly decreased serum ALT and AST levels, significantly increased SOD and CAT activities, and decreased MDA content in liver compared with the α-AMA control group. The histopathological examination of liver sections was consistent with that of biochemical parameters. The results demonstrated that GLE induces hepatoprotective effects on acute liver injury induced by α-AMA; these protective effects may be related in part to the antioxidant properties of GLE.
Bioactive Compounds of the Wonder Medicinal Mushroom “Ganoderma lucidum”
Ganoderma lucidum is a highly praised medicinal mushroom having high demand worldwide. Intense research activities are being carried out on the medicinal applications of this mushroom that include anticancer, antiallergic, antioxidant potential, etc. This wonder mushroom contains many bioactive com- pounds such as polysaccharides, triterpenes, polyphenols, proteins, amino acids, and organic germanium. Ancient Chinese use this mushroom in their medicinal preparations and declared good health and longevity. Health benefits of this mushroom are highly praised in ancient manuscripts. Many pharmaceutical and beauty products made from this mushroom are available in the markets and demands high price. Cultivation and production of this mushroom are limited to certain countries, which leads to an increase in its market value. This chapter describes the details of this special mushroom, including its taxonomy, morphol- ogy, ecological and economic status, cultivation, bioactive molecules, and its medicinal applications.
Ganoderma microsporum
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has been indicated as one of the oral potentially malignant disorders. Epidemiological studies have attributed this pathological fibrosis to the habit of areca nuts chewing, which causes chronic inflammation and persistent activation of myofibroblasts in the oral cavity. Hence, it is crucial to find an effective intervention to ameliorate inflammation in order to prevent the malignant progression of OSF. In this study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of the immunomodulatory protein, GMI, extracted from Ganoderma microsporum on the expression proinflammatory cytokines and the myofibroblast characteristics in human fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts (fBMFs). Our Results demonstrated that the expression level of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were decreased after exposure of GMI and the myofibroblast activities, including collagen gel contraction, migration, invasion, and wound healing abilities were inhibited as well. Furthermore, we confirmed These findings in the arecoline-stimulated BMFs. Consistent with the above findings, the expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin and other fibrogenic markers, such as type I collagen, fibronectin, and vimentin in fBMFs were all reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our data suggested that GMI suppressed the proinflammatory cytokines and myofibroblast features in fBMFs, and could serve as a promising and natural antifibrosis agent.
Ganoderma neo‐japonicum
Ganoderma neo-japonicum is a well-known Medicinal Mushroom in Asian countries. However, scientific validations on its curative activities are confined to cirrhosis and diabetes. In this study, the anticancer properties of G. neo-japonicum were evaluated using cellular and computational models. The ethanolic extract (EtOH) with a promising inhibitory effect was fractionated into four different fractions: hexane (Hex), chloroform (Chl), butanol (Btn), and aqueous (Aq). The active fractions were then subjected to cell apoptosis assessment and phytochemical profiling. Molecular docking was conducted to elucidate the affinity of selected constituents towards antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. The butanol fraction showed the highest antioxidant activities as well as total phenolic content. Both hexane and chloroform fractions exerted a potent cytotoxic effect on colonic carcinoma cells through the induction of apoptosis. phytochemical analysis revealed that the chloroform fraction is terpenoid enriched whereas the hexane fraction comprises predominantly sterol constituents. Stellasterol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 3-glycoside were demonstrated to have a high affinity towards Bcl-2 protein. Overall, G. neo-japonicum can be considered as a compelling therapeutic candidate for cancer treatment.
Ganoderma pfeifferi
Determination of in vitro „anti-aging„-effects of Ganoderma pfeifferi
Although the term „anti-aging“ is often used, it is not well defined. We used a perfusion cell culture model [1] for the sensitive detection of real „anti-aging“ effects and demonstrate here the Results obtained with the new Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma pfeifferi BRES. G. pfeifferi is a European relative of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (CURTIS: FR.) P. KARST (Reishi, LingZhi) used in Asian medicine for the prophylaxis and treatment of several disorders including aging processes [2]. A perfusion cell culture was characterised by the continuous addition of fresh nutrient medium and the withdrawal of an equal volume of used medium, allowing the realization of cell cultivation conditions that are approximated as closely as possible to the in vivo situation. We used a human amniotic epithelial cell line (FL cells, ATCC, CCL 62). glucose consumption and lactate production were continuously measured as parameters of cell viability. Because the proliferation of the cells was inhibited by mitomycin the cell number was nearly the same over the whole time of the experiment. Application of extracts of Ganoderma pfeifferi or of Ganoderma Maresome® [3] caused a significant increase in the glucose consumption of the cells and prolonged their life span in comparison to the untreated controls. Whereas the control cells died about 210h after starting of the perfusion cell culture the treated cells live more than 270h. The effects occur also after prophylactic application of the Mushroom preparation and those of Ganoderma pfeifferi are stronger than those of G. lucidum.
Ganoderma sinense
Chapter Nine – Ganoderma sinense polysaccharide: An adjunctive drug used for cancer treatment
anoderma sinense is one of well-known herb medicine and has been used for 2000 years in China. G. lucidum and G. sinense are two family members of Ganoderma, a genus of polypore fungi. In Chinese, “Lingzhi” is designated as G. lucidum or red “Lingzhi” whereas “Zizhi” as G. sinense or purple “Lingzhi.” The polysaccharides or glycans extracted from both G. lucidum and G. sinense have been developed into clinical drugs and recorded in Chinese Pharmacopeia. G. lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS) is one of a few non-hormonal drugs used for treating neurosis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, atrophic myotonia and muscular dystrophy in China during the past 40 years. In contrast, G. sinense polysaccharide (GSP) tablet is approved as an adjunctive therapeutic drug in China for treating leukopenia and hematopoietic injury caused by concurrent chemo/radiation therapy during cancer treatment by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) in 2010. β-glucan, an established immunostimulanting polysaccharide, is one of the components in GSP. In this study, we will review the biological activities and preclinical studies of GSP in China based on literatures searches from CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP (Chongqing VIP Chinese Scientific Journals Database), Wanfang database, and PubMed database. Both basic and preclinical studies showed that GSP has antitumor, antioxidant, anticytopenia, and unique mushroom-poison detoxification properties that are different from that of GLPS. Our goal is to provide a molecular picture that would allow in-depth evaluation of GSP as one of few glycan-based drugs that has been used as an immunomodulatory adjunctive drug during cancer therapy.
Ganoderma sinense or “Chinese Lingzhi” is a well-known medicinal fungus in China for more than 2000 years. polysaccharide is the main immunomodulatory and antitumor component in G. sinense. In 2010, G. sinense polysaccharide (GSP) tablet is approved as an adjunctive therapeutic drug in China for treating leukopenia and hematopoietic injury caused by concurrent chemo/radiation therapy during cancer treatment by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). β-glucan, an established immunostimulant, is one of the components in GSP. Based on CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP (Chongqing VIP Chinese Scientific Journals Database), Wanfang database, and PubMed searches, we have not only summarized but also translated all the basic and preclinical studies about GSP published in Chinese into English in this review article. Unfortunately, all the clinical studies about GSP tablet could not be found during the search or by contacting the drug manufacturers. However, both basic and preclinical studies showed that GSP has antitumor, antioxidant, anticytopenia, and unique mushroom-poison detoxification properties that are different from that of G. lucidum polysaccharide, another “Lingzhi” polysaccharide. The structure and molecular mechanisms of GSP are also discussed. This article urges availability of clinical study results of GSP tablet that would allow in-depth evaluation if the tablet is appropriate to serve as an immunomodulatory drug during cancer therapy at world stage.
High phenotypic plasticity of Ganoderma sinense (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) in China
Ganoderma is a typical polypore genus which has been used in traditional medicines for centuries and is increasingly being used in pharmaceutical industries worldwide. The genus has been extensively researched due to its beneficial medicinal properties and chemical constituents. However, the taxonomy of Ganoderma remains unclear, and has been plagued by confusion and misinterpretations. During an extensive survey of Ganoderma we were found 20 G. sinense specimens from China. The specimens were identified as G. sinense with the aid of molecular phylogenetic evidence. The studied specimens exhibit phenotypic plasticity due to extrinsic factors, even though they possess identical nucleotide sequences. Seven sequences derived from this study have a single nucleotide polymorphism located at position 158 in ITS1 region and all G. sinense collections clustered in the same species clade. The specimens are each described, illustrated with coloured photographs and compared to similar taxa. We provide a phylogenetic tree for Ganoderma based on ITS, SSU, LSU and RPB2 sequence data and the taxonomic status of G. sinense is discussed.
A protein-bound polysaccharide (GSP-4) with a molecular weight of 8.3 × 105 Da, was isolated from the water extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense. Chemical study revealed that this fraction was composed of mannose, glucose and galactose in the molar ratio of 4.7:27.1:1.0, with the sugar residues of t-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,6-, 1,3,4- and 1,3,6-linked Glcp, t-linked Galp, and 1,6-linked Manp. The immnomodulatory effects of GSP-4 were assessed using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and murine monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. We found that GSP-4 could significantly stimulate the production of the immunomodulatory markers tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in PBMCs. This observation was further substantiated in RAW 264.7 cells, as indicated by the increase of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α and IL-6 production. GSP-4 also enhanced the expression of inducible NO synthase mRNA in dose-dependent manner. Our current finding gives the first piece of evidence to support that GSP-4 possesses some promising immunomodulating effects and it could be a potential candidate to be further used in related cancer immunotherapy.
Immunomodulatory Activities of Ganoderma sinense polysaccharides in Human Immune Cells
Medicinal mushrooms have been traditionally used as food nutrient supplements in China for thousands of years. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of Ganoderma sinense (GS), an allied species of G. lucidum, using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Our results showed that the polysaccharide-enriched fraction of GS hot water extract (400 μg/ml) exhibited significant stimulatory effects on PBMC proliferation. When the fruiting bodies of GS were divided into pileus and stipe parts and were separately extracted, the GS stipe polysaccharide-enriched fraction (50–400 μg/ml) showed concentration-dependent immunostimulating effects in PBMC. The productions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-10, and transforming growth factor -β were significantly enhanced by this fraction. In addition, the proportion of CD14+ monocyte subpopulation within the PBMC was specifically increased. The IL-10 and IL-12 productions in monocyte-derived dendritic cells were significantly enhanced by GS stipe fraction. The composition of monosaccharides of this fraction was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Our study demonstrated for the first time the immunostimulatory effects of GS stipe polysaccharide-enriched fraction on PBMC and dendritic cells. The findings revealed the potential use of GS (especially including the stipes of fruiting bodies) as adjuvant nutrient supplements for patients, who are receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapies.
Grifola frondosa
antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Eight Medicinal Mushroom species from China
The objective of the current study was to verify antidiabetic effects of different types of Mushrooms as folk medicines in treating diabetes. The antidiabetic effects were evaluated by in vitro α-glycosidase and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory assays and antioxidant activity assay. Ganoderma lucidum extract exhibited the best dose-dependent inhibitory activity against α-glycosidase with IC50 at 4.88 mg/mL, and also exhibited aldose reductase inhibitory potential with IC50 value of 9.87 mg/mL. Tremella fuciformis demonstrated the highest AR inhibitory activity (IC50=8.39 mg/mL). antioxidant activities of selected Mushrooms were evaluated based on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The result showed that G. lucidum contained the highest TPC (39.3 mg GAE/g sample extract), TFC (15.1 mg CE/g sample extract), and the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50=3.66 mg/mL) among the Mushroom samples.
A key characteristic of Mushroom polysaccharides that elicit an immunomodulatory response is that they are rich in β-glucans and low in α-glucans. In this study we analysed nine commercially available preparations from three Mushroom species, Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and Maitake (Grifola frondosa), for β- and α-glucan content. Based on β- and α-glucan content we selected three extracts to combine into a formula and evaluated the ability of the individual extracts and formula to impact on the expression of cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in human macrophages with and without LPS stimulation. The majority of Mushroom extracts and the formula were found to be highly potent immuno-stimulators possessing EC50 values lower than 100 μg/mL. Interestingly the Mushroom formula had lower EC50 values in TNF-α expression from LPS stimulated macrophages compared to the individual extracts, suggesting a potential synergistic effect of the Mushroom formula. A response additivity graph and curve-shift analysis illustrated that indeed the Mushroom formula exhibited an immuno-stimulatory synergistic effect on the expression of the majority of cytokines evaluated in both LPS stimulated and non-stimulated human macrophages, with IL-10 having an antagonistic response. This study represents the first report of a synergistic immuno-modulatory response in human macrophages elicited from a Mushroom formula rationally derived from β- and α-glucan content.
Grifola frondosa (GF), a high value Medicinal Mushroom in China and Japan, is popularly consumed as traditional medicines and health foods, especially for enhancing immune functions. In this study, our aim was to examine the immunomodulatory activities of GF and its bioactive compound ergosterol peroxide (EPO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human monocytic (THP-1) cells. At low concentrations, EPO but not other extracts showed a full protection against LPS-induced cell toxicity. EPO significantly blocked MyD88 and VCAM-1 expression, and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) production in LPS-stimulated cells. It also effectively inhibited NF-κB activation, which was further confirmed with siRNA treatment. These Results Conclude that EPO may play an important role in the immunomodulatory activity of GF through inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.
Grifola gargal Singer
Amelioration of atherosclerosis by the New Medicinal Mushroom Grifola gargal Singer
The beneficial effects of edible Mushrooms for improving chronic intractable diseases have been documented. However, the antiatherogenic activity of the new Medicinal Mushroom Grifola gargal is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated whether Grifola gargal can prevent or delay the progression of atherosclerosis. atherosclerosis was induced in ApoE lipoprotein-deficient mice by subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II. Grifola gargal extract (GGE) was prepared and intraperitoneally injected. The weight of heart and vessels, dilatation/atheroma formation of thoracic and abdominal aorta, the percentage of peripheral granulocytes, and the blood concentration of MCP-1/CCL2 were significantly reduced in mice treated with GGE compared to untreated mice. By contrast, the percentage of regulatory T cells and the plasma concentration of SDF-1/CXCL12 were significantly increased in mice treated with the Mushroom extract compared to untreated mice. In vitro, GGE significantly increased the secretion of SDF-1/CXCL12, VEGF, and TGF-β1 from fibroblasts compared to control. This study demonstrated for the first time that Grifola gargal therapy can enhance regulatory T cells and ameliorate atherosclerosis in mice.
Handkea utriformis
To Heal or Not to Heal? Medicinal Mushrooms Wound Healing
Capacities
Several compounds are responsible for the therapeutic activities of many Medicinal Mushrooms genera; the main groups of these compounds are polysaccharides, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and essential amino acids, as well as minerals such as such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc.In this review we focused on the wound healing promoting effect of some Medicinal Mushrooms of interest including: Handkea utriformis,Hericium erinaceus, Morchella esculenta, Sparassis crispa and Agaricus blazei.
Helvella crispa
The first report of Helvella crispa (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a rare fungal species in Sri Lanka
Two striking, stipitate fruiting bodies of a fungus were found in Hantana area, bordering the Dunumadalawa Forest Reserve within the Kandy District (Central Province) of Sri Lanka. The apothecium was capitate, cap whitish and irregularly saddle-shaped; the stipe simple, shallowly ribbed, tapering and internally solid. The fruiting bodies were identified, using morphological characteristics, as Helvella crispa belonging to the family Helvellaceae, Order Pezizales and Phylum Ascomycota. This is the first record of H. crispa or the genus Helvella in Sri Lanka. The genus could also be rather rare in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) as it has not been encountered over 230 year-long history of mycological work in the country.
antibacterial activity of wild Mushrooms from France
We selected seven wild Basidiomycota and Ascomycota Mushrooms to evaluate their antibacterial activity: Cyclocybe aegerita, Cortinarius traganus, Gyroporus castaneus, Neoboletus luridiformis, Rubroboletus lupinus, Gyromitra esculenta, and Helvella crispa. Four Mushrooms, three of which have not been tested to date, displayed antibacterial potential, with a minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of ≤ 125 μg/mL against at least one Gram-positive bacterial strain. Cyclohexanic extract of G. esculenta possessed the strongest antibacterial activity, with an MIC of 31 μg/mL against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
Determination of antioxidant activities of Some wild Mushrooms species in Tokat Region
wild edible Mushrooms can be eaten for health and play an important role in maintaining a healthy life by creating synergy due to the various bioactive components it contains. However, many species that may contain bioactive compounds have not been investigated.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant capacity of wild Mushroom species which are grown in Tokat region with names Leatiporus sulpherus, Ramaria sp., Cantharellus aerruginascens, Verpa conica, Verpa bohamica, Tricholoma terreum, Agaricus sp., Helvella elastica in vitro. In addition, total phenolic compound and vitamin E levels were analyzed in Mushroom samples. In order to determine the antioxidant capacity of Mushroom samples, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), reducing power activity and ABTS•+ [2,2´-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] cation radical scavenging activity analyzes were performed.
The Results were compared with concentrations of Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and α-tocopherol. Consequently, the Mushroom species with the highest radical removal activity are Ramaria sp., V. bohamica and H. elastica, respectively. The highest value of vitamin E, was found in Agaricus sp. (1444.1 mg/kg), C. aerruginascens (1370.8 mg/kg) and Ramaria sp. (1204.2 mg/kg) respectively. The highest amount of total phenolic contains was found to be in the Ramaria sp. (6.57 g/kg). These Results may encourage further studies to assess nutritional and Medicinal properties of selected Mushroom species.
antioxidants in wild Mushrooms
Maintenance of equilibrium between free radical production and antioxidant defences (enzymatic and non enzymatic) is an essential condition for normal organism functioning. When this equilibrium has a tendency for the production of free radicals we say that the organism is in oxidative stress. In this situation, excess free radicals may damage cellular lipids, proteins and DNA, affecting normal function and leading to various diseases. In aerobic organisms, the free radicals are constantly produced during the normal cellular metabolism, mainly in the form of Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen species (RNS). Exposition of the organism to free radicals has led to the development of endogenous defence mechanisms to eliminate them. These defences were the response of evolution to the inevitability of ROS production in aerobic conditions. natural products with antioxidant activity may help the endogenous defence system. In this perspective the antioxidants present in the diet assume a major importance as possible protector agents reducing oxidative damage. Particularly, the antioxidant properties of wild Mushrooms have been extensively studied by our research group and by others, and many antioxidant compounds extracted from these sources have been identified, such as phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids. We will review the compounds identified so far in Mushrooms, as well as the mechanism of action involved in their antioxidant properties. wild Mushrooms might be used directly in diet and promote health, taking advantage of the additive and synergistic effects of all the bioactive compounds present.
antioxidant activity of Indigenous edible Mushrooms
The current study was undertaken to measure the antioxidant potential from water and methanolic extracts of fruiting bodies of 23 species of Mushrooms naturally grown in different geographic locations of India. The antioxidant ability of each species was analyzed for the total antioxidative status, employing multimechanistic antioxidative assays such as inhibition of lipid peroxidation, determination of reducing power, and free radical scavenging ability, in addition to determination of total phenolics and identification of phenolic acids by HPLC analysis, because the phenolics are known to contribute largely to antioxidant potential. The antioxidant potential of these varieties of Mushrooms was determined by summing the antioxidative activity (AOA) of each variety by varied antioxidant assays followed by determining the relative percent of AOA defined as the “antioxidant index” (AI). On the basis of the AI, the Mushroom species were graded as very high, high, moderate, and low. Termitomyces heimii was identified as the best variety, which showed 100% AI with 37 mg of phenolics/g of sample, 418 units of reducing power ability (RPA)/g, and an IC50 of ∼1.1 mg (dry weight)/mL, free radical scavenging activity (FRS) in the water extract followed by 11.2 mg of phenolics/g, 275 units of RPA/g, and an IC50 of ∼2.7 mg (dry weight)/mL of FRS in the methanolic extract. Following T. heimii, Termitomyces mummiformis exhibited an AI of 86% within the “very high” group. potent inhibitions of lipid peroxidation of ∼100 and 69% was also observed in T. heimii and T. mummiformis, respectively. Water extracts ranged from 34 to 49% and methanolic extracts varied from 20 to 32% on dry weight of Mushroom fruiting body. Total phenolic compounds were higher in the water extracts (2−37 mg/g) than in methanolic extract (0.7−11.2 mg/g). The AOA measured in the water extract was better than that from the methanolic extract. HPLC analysis of phenolic acids in the two Mushroom species, namely, T. heimii and T. mummiformis, displaying maximum AOA potential indicated a preponderance of tannic acid, gallic acid, protocatacheuic acid, and gentisic acid. Studies thus provide the precise antioxidant status of 23 indigenous species of Mushrooms, which can serve as a useful database for the selection of Mushrooms for the function of preparation of Mushroom-based nutraceutics.
Isolation of metabolites from the wild Mushrooms Helvella lacunosa and Helvella crispa
wild Mushrooms are good sources of a wide range of metabolites that can exhibit diverse nutritional and Medicinal properties. Very few species of wild Mushrooms have been extensively investigated for their activities. The present work, in a continuation of our research for the isolation of new metabolites from wild Mushrooms, focuses on the investigation of two species of Ascomycetes Helvella lacunosa and Helvella crispa, which belong to the family Helvellaceae. Both species are considered edible, although they are regarded as suspicious for gastrointestinal symptoms to some people.
The species H. lacunosa and H. crispa were collected in Mt. Parnitha from Abies cephalonica. In the lab the specimens were lyophilized and finally extracted. H. lacunosa was first extracted with a Supercritical Fluid Extractor using CO2 and then with Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE) using EtOH. H. crispa was extracted directly with Accelerated Solvent Extractor using EtOH as a solvent.
Subsequently, the fractionation and investigation of H. lacunosa supercritical extract lead to the isolation and identification of hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, oleic acid ethyl ester, linoleic acid ethyl ester, crinosterol and squalene. The extract from the ASE lead to the isolation of hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic, eicosanoic, docosanoic and tetracosanoid acid. In addition, crinosterol and mannitol were found to be the major compound of this extract. The investigation of the EtOH extract of Helvella crispa lead to the isolation of crinosterol, oleic acid butyl ester, octadecanoic acid butyl ester and mannitol.
Those findings indicate that both species H. lacunosa and H. crispa are good sources of some essential fatty acids and may support to their nutritional value.
Helvella atra Holmsk
It is rich in various vitamins, such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, ergosterol, folic acid, pantothenic acid, etc. Riboflavin, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid and ergosterol are particularly rich. The vitamin C in most wild fungi is several to dozens of times higher than that in fruits and vegetables, and the content of vitamin B1 is higher than that in general plant foods; The content of vitamin B12 is higher than that of meat. It can prevent pernicious anemia, improve neural function and reduce blood fat; ergosterol is abundant in Saddleback fungus, which can be converted into vitamin D after ultraviolet radiation.
Diversity and Medicinal Value of Mushrooms from the Himalayan Region, India
Mushrooms being considered as ‘elixir of life’ are valued for their culinary and therapeutic purpose throughout the world. They are widely appreciated as human food for centuries and represent an untapped reservoir of bioactive metabolites. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview on the diversity and indigenous knowledge of wild and cultivated mushrooms in Himalayan region of India. The diverse topographical features and altitudinal variation in Himalayan region of India favours luxuriant biodiversity, assemblage and distribution of macrofungi. The Himalayan belt of India encompasses north western region including the states Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand and north east- ern region including Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Assam. The accumulated knowledge summarised in this chapter also focuses on the thera- peutic benefits of mushroom related to their biological activity. The present study will serve as a foundation for further research on the exploration and utilisation of mushrooms in India.
Helvella atra König: Fries Nomenclature and typification
Summary: Helvella atra is a sanctioned name and it cannot be replaced by other names, not even by Helvella nigricans Pers., which is also illegitimate. The search for the original meaning of the name shows the value of the choice in lectotypification made by Dissing in 1966.
Hericium erinaceus
Hericium erinaceus, an amazing Medicinal Mushroom
Medicinal Mushrooms have become a compelling topic because the bioactive compounds they contain promise a plethora of therapeutic properties. Hericium erinaceus commonly known as “Houtou” or “Shishigashira” in China and “Yamabushitake” in Japan, has commonly been prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), because its consumption has been shown to be beneficial to human health. The species is found throughout the northern hemisphere in Europe, Asia, and North America. Hericium erinaceus has been firmly established as an important Medicinal Mushroom and its numerous bioactive compounds have been developed into food supplements and alternative medicines. However, the correspondence of the active components that cause the observed effects is often not clear. The Mushroom as well as the fermented mycelia have been reported to produce several classes of bioactive molecules, including polysaccharides, proteins, lectins, phenols, and terpenoids. Most interestingly, two classes of terpenoid compounds, hericenones and erinacines, from fruiting bodies and cultured mycelia, respectively, have been found to stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis. In this review we examine the scientific literature to explore and highlight the scientific facts concerning Medicinal properties of H. erinaceus. We provide up-to-date information on this Mushroom, including its taxonomy and a Summary of bioactive compounds that appear related to the therapeutic potential of H. erinaceus.
The well-known edible and Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus produces various bioactive secondary metabolites. Ten new isoindolin-1-ones, named erinacerins C–L (1–10), together with (E)-5-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenethylisoindolin-1-one (11) were isolated from the solid culture of H. erinaceus. The structures of new metabolites were established by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of 3, 4, 9, and 10 were assigned by comparing their specific rotations with those of related phthalimidines (13–20). compounds 5 and 6, 7 and 8, and 9 and 10 are double-bond positional isomers. In a α-glucosidase inhibition assay, compounds 2–11 showed inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 5.3 to 145.1 μM. Preliminary structure–activity analysis indicated that the terpenoid side chain and the phenolic hydroxy groups contributed greatly to the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 1–11. In a cytotoxicity assay, compound 11 also presented weak cytotoxicity against two cell lines, A549 and HeLa, with IC50 values of 49.0 and 40.5 μM.
Although the Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine to treat chronic superficial gastritis, the underlining pharmaceutical mechanism is yet to be fully understood. In this study, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of extracts prepared from the fruiting bodies of 14 Mushroom species (H. erinaceus, Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps militaris, Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus, Agrocybe aegerita, Lentinus edodes, Agaricus brasiliensis, A. bisporus, Coprinus comatus, Grifola frondosa, Phellinus igniarius, Flammulina velutipes, and Hypsizygus marmoreus) were determined against Helicobacter pylori using laboratory strains of ATCC 43504 and SS1 as well as 9 clinical isolates via an in vitro microplate agar diffusion assay. Ethanol extracts (EEs) of 12 Mushrooms inhibited the growth of H. pylori in vitro, with MIC values <3 mg/mL. EEs of H. erinaceus and G. lucidum also inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 7360;10 mg/mL) but had no effect on the growth of two Escherichia coli test strains (MIC >10 mg/mL). MIC values of ethyl acetate fractions (EAFs) of H. erinaceus against 9 clinical isolates of H. pylori ranged between 62.5 and 250 µg/mL. The bacteriostatic activity of EAFs was found to be concentration-dependant, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for H. pylori ATCC 43504 were 73.0 and 200 µg/mL, respectively. The direct inhibitory effect of EEs and EAFs of H. erinaceus against H. pylori could be another pharmaceutical mechanism of Medicinal Mushrooms−besides the immunomodulating effect of polysaccharides, suggested previously−in the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastrointestinal disorders. Further research to identify the active component(s) is currently undertaking in our laboratory.
neurotrophic factors are important in promoting the growth and differentiation of neurons. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for the maintenance of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Hericenones and erinacines isolated from the Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus can induce NGF synthesis in nerve cells. In this study, we evaluated the synergistic interaction between H. erinaceus aqueous extract and exogenous NGF on the neurite outgrowth stimulation of neuroblastoma-glioma cell NG108-15. The neuroprotective effect of the Mushroom extract toward oxidative stress was also studied. Aqueous extract of H. erinaceus was shown to be non-cytotoxic to human lung fibroblast MRC-5 and NG108-15 cells. The combination of 10 ng/mL NGF with 1 μg/mL Mushroom extract yielded the highest percentage increase of 60.6% neurite outgrowth. The extract contained neuroactive compounds that induced the secretion of extracellular NGF in NG108-15 cells, thereby promoting neurite outgrowth activity. However, the H. erinaceus extract failed to protect NG108-15 cells subjected to oxidative stress when applied in pre-treatment and co-treatment modes. In Conclusion, the aqueous extract of H. erinaceus contained neuroactive compounds which induced NGF-synthesis and promoted neurite outgrowth in NG108-15 cells. The extract also enhanced the neurite outgrowth stimulation activity of NGF when applied in combination. The aqueous preparation of H. erinaceus had neurotrophic but not neuroprotective activities.H. erinaceus
Nerve crush injury is a well-established axonotmetic model in experimental Regeneration studies to investigate the impact of various pharmacological treatments. Hericium erinaceus is a temperate Mushroom but is now being cultivated in tropical Malaysia. In this study, we investigated the activity of aqueous extract of H. erinaceus fresh fruiting bodies in promoting functional recovery following an axonotmetic peroneal nerve injury in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats by daily oral administration. The aim was to investigate the possible use of this Mushroom in the treatment of injured nerve. functional recovery was assessed in behavioral experiment by walking track analysis. Peroneal functional index (PFI) was determined before surgery and after surgery as rats showed signs of recovery. Histological examinations were performed on peroneal nerve by immunofluorescence staining and neuromuscular junction by combined silver-cholinesterase stain. Analysis of PFI indicated that return of hind limb function occurred earlier in rats of aqueous extract or mecobalamin (positive control) group compared to negative control group. Regeneration of axons and reinnervation of motor endplates in extensor digitorum longus muscle in rats of aqueous extract or mecobalamin group developed better than in negative control group. These data suggest that daily oral administration of aqueous extract of H. erinaceus fresh fruiting bodies could promote the Regeneration of injured rat peroneal nerve in the early stage of recovery.
Hericium erinaceus is a culinary–Medicinal Mushroom that is used in traditional medicine, in folk medicine, and as Medicinal cuisine in Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. H. erinaceus exhibits various pharmacological properties, such as anti-cancer, immunomodulation, anti-dementia, and anti-gastric ulcer effects. The extracts of the fruiting body of H. erinaceus demonstrate anti-gastritis activity. However, the active principle in the extract, as well as the mechanism to treat gastric ulcers, remains uncertain. The current study aims to identify the active component, with anti-gastric ulcer function, from the extracts of the H. erinaceus mycelium culture. In the experiment, anti-gastric ulcer activity was evaluated using an ethanol-induced ulcer model in mice and with an 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay using MC cell lines. The Results suggest that the polysaccharide fraction can significantly decrease the ulcerated area compared with the control group and the effect is fairly dose dependent, irrespective of animal or cell experiments. These Results indicate that the polysaccharide fraction is the active component of the H. erinaceus mycelium culture, which protects against gastric ulcers.
Whole genome sequence of an edible and Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Basidiomycota, Fungi)
Hericium erinaceus is a well-known culinary and Medicinal Mushroom in China. The biological and genetic studies on this Mushroom is rare, thereby hindering the breeding of elite cultivars. Herein, we performed de novo sequencing and assembly of H. erinaceus monokaryon CS-4 genome using the Illumina and PacBio platform. The generated genome was 41.2 Mb in size with a N50 scaffold size of 3.2 Mb, and encoded 10,620 putative predicted genes. A wide spectrum of carbohydrate-active enzymes, with the total number of 341 CAZymes, involved in lignocellulose degradation were identified in H. erinaceus. A total of 447 transcription factors were identified. This present study also characterized genome-wide microsatellites and developed markers in H. erinaceus. A comprehensive microsatellite markers database (HeSSRDb) containing the information of 904 markers was generated. These genomic resources and newly-designed molecular markers would enrich the toolbox for biological and genetic studies in H. erinaceus.
Peripheral nerves have the unique capability to regenerate after injury. Insights into Regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury may have implications for neurodegenerative diseases of the nervous system. We investigated the ability of polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus Mushroom in the treatment of nerve injury following peroneal nerve crush in Sprague-Dawley rats by daily oral administration. In sensory functional recovery test, the time taken for the rats to withdraw its hind limb from contact with the hot plate was measured. The test revealed acceleration of sensory recovery in the polysaccharide group compared to negative controls. Further, peripheral nerve injury leads to changes at the remotely located DRG containing cell bodies of sensory neurons. Immunofluorescence studies showed that Akt and p38 MAPK were expressed in DRG and strongly upregulated in polysaccharide group after peripheral nerve injury. The intensity of endothelial cells antigen-1 that recognized endothelial cells in the blood vessels of distal segments in crushed nerves was significantly higher in the treated groups than in the negative control group. Our findings suggest that H. erinaceus is capable of accelerating sensory functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and the effect involves the activation of protein kinase signaling pathways and restoration of blood-nerve barrier.
Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers., a Medicinal Mushroom, activates peripheral nerve Regeneration
Conclusion: H. erinaceus is capable of promoting peripheral nerve Regeneration after injury. potential signaling pathways include Akt, MAPK, c-Jun, and c-Fos, and protein synthesis have been shown to be involved in its action.
Hericium flagellum
Basidiomycetes of the genus Hericium are among the most praised Medicinal and edible Mushrooms, which are known to produce secondary metabolites with the potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases. This activity has been attributed to the discovery of various terpenoids that can stimulate the production of nerve growth factor (NGF) or (as established more recently) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cell-based bioassays. The present study reports on the metabolite profiles of a Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) strain and a strain of the rare species, Hericium flagellum (synonym H. alpestre). While we observed highly similar metabolite profiles between the two strains that were examined, we isolated two previously undescribed metabolites, given the trivial names erinacines Z1 and Z2. Their chemical structures were elucidated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. Along with six further, previously identified cyathane diterpenes, the novel erinacines were tested for neurotrophin inducing effects. We found that erinacines act on BDNF, which is a neurotrophic factor that has been reported recently by us to be induced by the corallocins, but as well on NGF expression, which is consistent with the literature.
Hydnum repandum
FAVOURABLE CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR myceliaL GROWTH OF HYDNUM REPANDUM, A
Medicinal Mushroom
In this study, factors such as pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources that affect mycelial growth of Hydnum repandum, a Medicinal Mushroom, were investigated. Different inoculum media for vegetative inoculum production were also examined. The best suitable pH for mycelial growth was found to be 5.5. Among constant temperatures, the best mycelial growth was obtained at 20 and 25°C. The mycelial growth drastically decreased at 15°C, and no mycelia were obtained at 30°C. glucose and mannitol were found to be the most suitable carbon sources. Ca(NO3)2 as a nitrogen source gave the best Results for mycelial growth. The poorest mycelial growth was noted in sucrose and xylose as carbon sources and in NH4NO3 and (NH4)2HPO4 as nitrogen sources. Peat and peat: vermiculite mixtures (1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10, v:v) were the best media to use in producing the vegetative inoculum of H. repandum
Hypsizygus marmoreus
organic Mushroom cultivation is one of the fastest growing segments of agriculture. At the core of the organic philosophy lies a ban on the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, in addition to such tenets as animal welfare, energy efficiency, and social justice. Hypsizygus marmoreus (HM) is a highly praised cultivated culinary and Medicinal Mushroom. The objective of this paper was to assess the suitability of different spawn media and then the potential of various cultivation substrates to support HM Mushroom production compatible with organic standards. This objective was met through the setup of a low-cost cultivation infrastructure. First, seven types of spawn media were tested; then we tested 24 substrates made from organic by-products for their biological efficiency (BE) with strain HM 830, using the liquid inoculation method. The best substrate in terms of BE was corn cob with bran and olive press cake, with a BE of 85.6%. The BE of the same composition but without olive press cake was only 67.5%. The next best substrates were cotton straw combinations with a BE of 31.5–53%. The spent Mushroom substrate provides a good method for the disposal of solid waste. The guidance provided in this research complies with organic Mushroom cultivation standards and can be used to produce certified organic Mushrooms. In addition, it allows responsible and beneficial disposal of a large amount of solid agro-industrial waste.
Hypholoma lateritium
Conclusion: Organic and water extracts of H. lateritium and compounds 1–6 proved to demonstrate not only considerable inhibitory properties on COX-2, but they are also capable to stimulate the Nrf2 pathway. Our results provide experimental evidence that extracts of Hypholoma lateritium and characteristic compounds of the hexane (6), chloroform (1–5) and more polar (1, 3) fractions possess anti-inflammatory activities, which warrants to be explored in further pharmacological studies.
Imleria badia
Imleria badia culinary–Medicinal Mushroom with interesting biological properties
One of the most popular edible species of wild Mushrooms in many countries is Imleria badia (Fr.) Vizzini. It is a species valued due to its taste, intense aroma after drying and dietary, Medicinal properties. significant amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and β-tocopherol, but also γ-tocopherol were determined in I. badia fruiting bodies. The presence of low molecular weight organic acids: malic, citric, fumaric and oxalic acids, and phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid and protocatechuic acid, were also found. This species is high in another antioxidant compound – theanine. Recent reports indicated that I. badia fruiting bodies’ extracts showed favorable therapeutic and health-promoting benefits and showed their anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antioxidant potential, consisting mainly in an inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Biological properties were also determined and confirmed for mycelium obtained from in vitro cultures of I. badia.
Inonotus baumii
Inonotus baumii, a traditional Medicinal Mushroom, has been historically used in China and other countries of East Asia for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the antitumor activity of the extract of I. baumii (EIB) against hepatocellular carcinoma and the possible mechanism involved. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the proliferative activity of SMMC-7721 cells treated with EIB. Hoechst 33258 and JC-1 staining were used to determine nuclear morphological changes and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that EIB blocked the cell cycle at the S phase and induced significant apoptosis. EIB increased the protein expression of Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and decreased Bcl-2 in SMMC-7721. Moreover, EIB induced autophagy, indicated by the increase of autophagy-related protein expression of LC3-II and decrease of p62, and the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway was involved in the autophagic cell death. In vivo, EIB was found to strongly inhibit the growth of tumors in BALB/c nude mice. Our Results indicated that I. baumii might be a potential natural therapeutic agent for liver cancer, as it could induce apoptosis and autophagy in HCC cells.
Inonotus hispidus
antioxidant Hispidin Derivatives from Medicinal Mushroom Inonotus
hispidus
Two natural antioxidants, named inonotusin A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the methanolic extract of the fruit bodies of Inonotus hispidus, together with (E)-4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one (3), hispidin (4) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (5). Their structures were identified by means of extensive NMR and MS data analysis. compounds 1, 2 and 4 exhibited significant scavenging activity against the 2,20-azinobis(3-ethylbenzhi- azoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radical cation. Compound 1 also showed moderate cytotoxicity against a human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) with IC 50 values of 19.6 mmM.
Inonotus linteus
Sesquiterpenes from an Eastern African Medicinal
Mushroom Belonging to the Genus Sanghuangporus.
Inonotus obliquus
New antioxidant polyphenols from the Medicinal Mushroom Inonotus obliquus
The fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus, a Medicinal Mushroom called chaga, has been used as a traditional medicine for cancer treatment. Although this Mushroom has been known to exhibit potent antioxidant activity, the mechanisms responsible for this activity remain unknown. In our investigation for free radical scavengers from the methanolic extract of this Mushroom, inonoblins A (1), B (2), and C (3) were isolated along with the known compounds, phelligridins D (4), E (5), and G (6). Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses. These compounds exhibited significant scavenging activity against the ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical, and showed moderate activity against the superoxide radical anion.
Progress on Understanding the anticancer Mechanisms of
Medicinal Mushroom: Inonotus Obliquus
cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Recently, the demand for more effective and safer therapeutic agents for the chemoprevention of human cancer has increased. As a white rot fungus, Inonotus obliquus is valued as an edible and Medicinal resource. Chemical investigations have shown that I. obliquus produces a diverse range of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, melanins, and lanostane-type triterpenoids. Among these are active components for antioxidant, antitumoral, and antiviral activities and for improving human immunity against infection of pathogenic microbes. importantly, their anticancer activities have become a hot recently, but with relatively little knowledge of their modes of action. Some compounds extracted from I. obliquus arrest cancer cells in the G0/G1 phase and then induce cell apoptosis or differentiation, whereas some examples directly participate in the cell apoptosis pathway. In other cases, polysaccharides from I. obliquus can indirectly be involved in anticancer processes mainly via stimulating the immune system. Furthermore, the antioxidative ability of I. obliquus extracts can prevent generation of cancer cells. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding mechanisms underlying the anticancer influence of I. obliquus, to provide a comprehensive landscape view of the actions of this Mushroom in preventing cancer.
Conclusion: As the Inonotus obliquus presence in Chaga conks is limited, further purification is necessary to draw quantitative Conclusions. The presence of AQS activity in Medicinal Mushrooms suggests a broader anti-infectious disease protection than only immunomodulatory effects.
This study describes the extraction and characterization of a platelet aggregation inhibitory peptide from Inonotus obliquus. Ethanol extract from I. obliquus ASI 74006 mycelia showed the highest platelet aggregation inhibitory activity (81.2%). The maximum platelet aggregation inhibitory activity was found when the mycelia of I. obliquus ASI 74006 was extracted with ethanol at 80 °C for 12 h. The platelet aggregation inhibitor was purified by systematic solvent fractionation, ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-10 column chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC. The purified platelet aggregation inhibitor is a novel tripeptide with a molecular mass of 365 Da, having a sequence of Trp-Gly-Cys. The purified platelet aggregation inhibitor also showed high platelet aggregation inhibitory activity in Institute of cancer Research (ICR) mice.
This paper presents a review of the realm of Medicinal applications of Inonotus obliquus raw materials, sterile conks I. obliquus, based on the bibliographies of chemical studies of the fungus. The experimental part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of methods of estimating the resource potential of this fungus based on data obtained in the comfort zone of ththis species. A new form, I. obliquus f. sterilis, is formally described.
immunomodulatory activity of the Water Extract
from Medicinal Mushroom Inonotus obliquus
The immunomodulatory effect of aqueous extract of Inonotus obliquus, called as Chaga, was tested on bone marrow cells from chemically immunosuppressed mice. The Chaga water extract was daily administered for 24 days to mice that had been treated with cyclophosphamide (400 mg/kg body weight), immunosuppressive alkylating agent. The number of colony- forming unit (CFU)-granulocytes/macrophages (GM) and erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E), increased almost to the levels seen in non-treated control as early as 8 days after treatment. Oral administration of the extract highly increased serum levels of IL-6. Also, the level of TNF-α was elevated by the chemical treatment in control mice, whereas was maintained at the background level in the extract-treated mice, indicating that the extract might effectively suppress TNF-α related pathologic conditions. These Results strongly suggest the great potential of the aqueous extract from Inonotus obliquus as immune enhancer during chemotherapy.
Conclusion: I. obliquus possesses the potential to reduce incidence of tumorigenesis in healthy people. For those whose complete remission has been achieved by chemotherapy, administration of the fungus will inhibit the activation of upstream oncogenic signals and thereby prevent metastasis; for those who are in the process of chemotherapy administration of the fungus will not only chemosensitize the tumor cells and thereby increasing the chemotherapeutic effects, but also help to restore the compromised immunity and protect against ulcerative GI tract damage and other side-effects induced by chemotherapy.
The Medicinal Mushroom Chaga, Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilát (Hymenochaetaceae), has been used in folk medicine in Russia, Poland, and most of the Baltic countries, as a cleansing and disinfecting measure, and as decoctions for stomach diseases, intestinal worms, liver and heart ailments, and cancer treatment. Many reports have been published concerning the health promoting functions of this Mushroom, including antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. The purpose of the present study was evaluation of in vitro anticancer activity of fraction IO4 isolated from I. obliquus. The effect on cell proliferation, motility and viability was assessed in a range of cancer and normal cells. Chaga fraction prepared from dried fruiting bodies was subjected to anticancer evaluation in human lung carcinoma (A549), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and rat glioma (C6) cell cultures. human skin fibroblasts (HSF), bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC), models of rat oligodendrocytes (OLN-93), hepatocytes (Fao), rat astroglia, and mouse neurons (P19) were applied to test toxicity in normal cells. The following methods were applied: tumor cell proliferation (MTT assay and BrdU assay), cytotoxicity (LDH assay), tumor cell motility (wound assay), tumor cell morphology (May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining), and death detection (ELISA). Chaga fraction elicited anticancer effects which were attributed to decreased tumor cell proliferation, motility and morphological changes induction. Of note is the fact that it produced no or low toxicity in tested normal cells. The data presented could open interesting paths for further investigations of fraction IO4 as a potential anticancer agent.
The present study was aimed to investigate the cognitive enhancing and anti-oxidant activities of Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) against scopolamine-induced experimental amnesia. Methanolic extract of Chaga (MEC) at 50 and 100 mg kg −1doses were administered orally for 7 days to amnesic mice. learning and memory was assessed by passive avoidance task (PAT) and Morris water maze (MWM) test. Tacrine (THA, 10 mg kg −1, orally (p.o)) used as a reference drug. To elucidate the mechanism of the cognitive enhancing activity of MEC, the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), anti-oxidant enzymes, the levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and nitrite of mice brain homogenates were evaluated. MEC treatment for 7 days significantly improved the learning and memory as measured by PAT and MWM paradigms. Further, MEC significantly reduced the oxidative-nitritive stress, as evidenced by a decrease in malondialdehyde and nitrite levels and restored the glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels in a dose dependent manner. In addition, MEC treatment significantly decreased the AChE activity in both the salt and detergent-soluble fraction of brain homogenates. Further, treatment with MEC restored the levels of ACh as did THA. Thus, the significant cognitive enhancement observed in mice after MEC administration is closely related to higher brain anti-oxidant properties and inhibition of AChE activity. These findings stress the critical impact of Chaga, a Medicinal Mushroom, on the higher brain functions like learning and memory.
Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotus obliquus, a popular prescription in traditional medicine in Europe and Asia, was used to reduce inflammation in the nasopharynx and to facilitate breathing. The aqueous extract from I. obliquus (AEIO) exhibited marked decrease in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection (the 50% inhibitory concentration was 3.82 μg/mL in the plaque reduction assay and 12.29 μg/mL in the HSV-1/blue assay) as well as safety in Vero cells (the 50% cellular cytotoxicity was > 1 mg/mL, and selection index was > 80). Using a time course assay, effective stage analysis, and fusion inhibition assay, the mechanism of anti-HSV activity was found against the early stage of viral infection through inhibition of viral-induced membrane fusion. Therefore, AEIO could effectively prevent HSV-1 entry by acting on viral glycoproteins, leading to the prevention of membrane fusion, which is different from nucleoside analog antiherpetics.
Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilát has been traditionally used as a folk remedy for treatment of cancers, cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Russia, Poland, and most of the Baltic countries, but natural reserves of this fungus have nearly been exhausted. This study was designed to investigate the artificial cultivation of I. obliquus and the antitumor activity of its tissues. The ethanol extract of cultivated sclerotium had the highest cell growth inhibitory rate (74.6%) as determined by an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 78% of the bags produced sclerotia and only 6.17 g/bag of sclerotium was obtained. Extracts of the cultivated fruiting body showed 44.2% inhibitory activity against tumor cells. However, the yield was as high as 18.24 g/bag, and 98% of the bags produced fruiting body. The Results of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) showed that similar compounds were extracted from the wild and cultivated samples. The principal compounds observed were lanosterol, inotodiol, and ergosterol. Their percentages of the mass fraction were 86.1, 59.9, and 71.8% of the total, for the wild sclerotium, cultivated sclerotium, and cultivated fruiting body, respectively. ergosterol was found to be much higher (27.32%) in cultivated fruiting body. We Conclude that cultivated fruiting body of I. obliquus obtained by inoculation of the substrate with spawn mycelium of the fifth generation could serve as an ideal substitute for the wild I. obliquus.
Lactarius akahatsu
rare 6-deoxy-D-altrose from the folk Medicinal Mushroom Lactarius akahatsu
A rare sugar, 6-deoxy-d-altrose, isolated from a polysaccharide extracted from an edible folk Medicinal Mushroom (Lactariusakahatsu) was identified using 1H and 13C-NMR including 2D-COSY and 2D-HSQC spectroscopy, and specific rotation. The6-deoxy-sugar isolated from the acid hydrolysate of the polysaccharide extracted from L. akahatsu was involved in four anomericisomers (α- and β-pyranose, and α-and β-furanose) in aqueous solution due to mutarotation. Almost all of the signals from the 1D(1H- and 13C-) and 2D (COSY and HSQC)-NMR spectra of the 6-deoxy-sugar agreed with the data from the authentic 6-deoxy-daltrose. The specific rotation [α]589 of the 6-deoxy-sugar isolated from L. akahatsu was +17.60. Thus, the 6-deoxy-sugar isolated fromLactarius akahatsu was identified as 6-deoxy-d-altrose.
Lactarius deliciosus (L.)
wild edible Mushrooms are found around the world, and widely appreciated in gastronomy, medicine, and pharmacology. This study investigated the chemical characterization of Boletus edulis and Lactarius deliciosus wild edible Mushrooms, naturally grown in the mountain range of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Mushrooms were separated in stem and cap, and the nutritional composition was conducted in fresh matter. antioxidant compounds were extracted in three solvents, and total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity were evaluated. The Results demonstrate that moisture, ashes, lipids, crude protein, carbohydrates, and calories presented a significant difference according to the species evaluated. Mushrooms presented more than 85% of moisture, high content of crude protein, and carbohydrates. B. edulis had the highest content of antioxidant compounds compared with L. deliciosus, tested by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay. High free radical inhibition and low IC50 values were obtained, demonstrating that B. edulis presents a strong antioxidant capacity. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, B. edulis extracts were effective in controlling Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, demonstrating biological application. Based on the aforementioned, future studies can be addressed in the development of innovative food products, medicines, and pharmaceuticals, using B. edulis and L. deliciosus wild edible Mushroom. Therefore, wild edible Mushrooms evaluated in this study had the potential to be used in human consumption, providing essential nutrients, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, with high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.
This study aimed at determining hepatoprotective and antioxidants effects of Lactarius deliciosus and Agrocybe cylindracea against CCl4-induced oxidative stress (OS) in rats. Herein, 36 rats were divided into 6 groups: (I) Control, (II) CCl4, (III) CCl4 + L. deliciosus, (IV) L. deliciosus, (V) CCl4 + A. cylindracea, and (VI) A. cylindracea. According to the 7-week study Results, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (brain), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (kidney), malondialdehyde (MDA) (kidney), MDA (spleen), MDA (erythrocyte), GST (erythrocyte), and GST (liver) in group III (at 10%, 26%, 34%, 57%, 7%, 25%, 42%, 27%, and 35%, respectively) were significantly lower than in group II. Moreover, the reduced glutathione (GSH) (spleen) and catalase (spleen) in group III (at 20% and 38%, respectively) were significantly higher than in group II. AST, ALT, triglyceride, glutathione reductase (GR) (brain), GR (kidney), SOD (spleen), and SOD (liver) in group V (at 194%, 147%, 38%, 36%, 66%, 8%, and 7%, respectively) were significantly higher than in group II. However, MDA (kidney), MDA (erythrocyte), (GSH) (erythrocyte), MDA (liver), GSH (liver), and GST (liver) in group V (at 48%, 35%, 34%, 15%, 30%, and 41%, respectively) were significantly lower than in group II. Hence, while L. deliciosus may exhibit tissue-protective against CCl4-induced OS in rats, A. cylindracea does not.
This study is designed for the determination of metal concentrations, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potential of two edible Mushrooms Lactarius deliciosus and macrolepiota procera. Concentrations of nine metals are determined and all metals are present in the allowable concentrations in the tested Mushrooms except Cd in M. procera. antioxidant activity was evaluated by free radical scavenging and reducing power. M. procera extract had more potent free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 311.40 μg/mL) than L. deliciosus extract. Moreover, the tested extracts had effective reducing power. The total content of phenol in the extracts was examined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and obtained values expressed as pyrocatechol equivalents. Further, the antimicrobial potential was determined with a microdilution method on 15 microorganisms. Among the tested species, extract of L. deliciosus showed a better antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL. Finally, the cytotoxic activity was tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method on human epithelial carcinoma HeLa cells, human lung carcinoma A549 cells, and human colon carcinoma LS174 cells. Extract of both Mushrooms expressed similar cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 19.01 μg/mL to 80.27 μg/mL.
cancer incidence rates are on the increase worldwide. The most common brain cancer in adults is glioblastoma. Currently available treatment modalities are limited and natural products such as Mushrooms could enhance them. Apart from nutritional value, Mushrooms are an excellent source of bioactive compounds and therefore could be used to treat various disorders. The aim of the study was to assess the anti-glioma potential of selected Mushrooms on U87MG, LN-18 glioblastoma and SVGp12 normal human astroglial cell lines. The materials were Cantharellus cibarius, Coprinus comatus, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius delicious. Aqueous, 70 % ethanol or 95 % ethanol extracts from Mushrooms were used for analysis including assessment of antioxidant activity by DPPH assay, cell viability by MTT assay, DNA biosynthesis by thymidine incorporation assay, activity of metalloproteinase by gelatin zymography and cell cycle assay by flow cytometry. Mushroom extracts influenced the viability and DNA biosynthesis of cancer cells. activity of ethanol Mushroom extracts was stronger than that of aqueous extracts. anti-glioma mechanism consisted in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis associated with arrest of cells in subG1 or G2/M phase of cell cycle, and inhibition of metalloproteinases activity. Among investigated Mushrooms, L. deliciosus and C. comatus showed the greatest anti-glioma potential.
This study was designed to reveal cell growth inhibitory potential of six different edible Mushrooms: Ramaria flava, Agrocybe molesta, Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, Lactarius deliciosus, Bovista plumbea, and Tricholoma terreum on HepG2 cells together with their antioxidant and antibacterial power. Methanolic extracts of V gloiocephalus and aqueous extracts of R. flava had the most potential cytotoxic effects over HepG2 cells. The best Results for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities were obtained from both aqueous and methanolic extracts of R. flava. Methanolic extracts of T. terreum (IC50 = 1.62 mg/mL) and aqueous extracts of B. plumbea (IC50 = 0.49 mg/mL) showed maximum metal chelating activity. The highest reducing capacities were observed among the methanolic extracts of R. flava (EC50 = 1.65 mg/mL) and aqueous extracts of B. plumbea (EC50 = 1.71 mg/ mL). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of many phenolic compounds in macroFungi; gallic acid and p-coumaric acid were the two main phenolics identified in all extracts. antibacterial studies indicated that all six tested Mushrooms showed antibacterial activity on at least three microorganisms. These Results indicate that different extracts of the investigated Mushrooms have considerable cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and may be utilized as a promising source of therapeutics.
Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey is a plant pathogenic fungus that infects stone fruits such as peach, nectarine and plum, which are high demand cultivars found in Brazil. This pathogen may remain latent in the host, showing no apparent signs of disease, and consequently may spread to different countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of hydroalcoholic extract (HydE) obtained from Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Sf. Gray a Mushroom, against M. fructicola phytopathogenic-induced mycelial growth. In addition, the purpose of this study was to examine phytotoxicity attributed to HydE using Brassica oleracea seeds, as well as cytotoxic analysis of this extract on cells of mouse BALB/c monocyte macrophage cell line (J774A.1 cell line) (ATCC TIB-67). The L. deliciosus HydE inhibited fungal growth and reduced phytopathogen mycelial development at a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml. Our Results demonstrated that the extract exhibited phytotoxicity as evidenced by (1) interference on germination percentage and rate index, (2) decreased root and initial growth measures, and (3) lower fresh weight of seedlings but no cytotoxicity in Vero cell lines. Data suggest that the use of the L. deliciosus extracts may be beneficial for fungal control without any apparent adverse actions on mouse BALB/c monocyte macrophage cell line (J774A.1 cell line) viability.
Mushroom compounds and biomolecules are known for their biological beneficial effects and dietary properties. Their molecules can be used in immunology for their ability to stimulate immune cells and in biotherapy of diseases. In this study, the immunomodulatory effect using carbon clearance test in vivo of partial purified lectin of Lactarius deliciosus using DEAE-Sephacyl column, with sugar affinity against galactose, methyl-β-D-galactopyranoside and lactose, showed a significant effect on phagocytic activity and half-life of carbon particles in mice with different concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 30 mg/kg). The Results showed that the immunomodulatory effect increased in low doses and decreased in high doses compared with the control group p < 0.0001. L. deliciosus lectin exerted a dose-dependent immunostimulant activity toward the reticulo-endothelial system, and phagocytic activity toward macrophages and neutrophils in spleen and liver against the colloidal carbon.
therapeutic potential OF TrichAPTUM SPP.
Mushrooms are a group of organisms that are very important for nature and humans. Mushrooms have been important natural materials in the human diet and traditional medicine since prehistoric times, especially in Asia as well as in America, Africa, and Europe. In recent years, studies supporting the importance of Mushrooms in traditional medicine have been made. Many scientific studies have been conducted, including many clinical studies providing evidence for the therapeutic properties of Medicinal Mushrooms. In this study, the therapeutic properties of Trichaptum genus were investigated. In this context, the therapeutic potential of Trichaptum genus has been emphasized by making literature searches. As a result, it was determined by the literature researches that the members of the genus Trichaptum, one of the wood-decaying Fungi, have therapeutic potential. It is thought that members of the genus Trichaptum may be a natural source for future pharmacological studies.
The short shelf-life of Mushrooms is an obstacle to the distribution and marketing of the fresh product. Thus, prolonging postharvest storage, while preserving their quality, would benefit the Mushroom industry as well as consumers [1]. There has been extensive research on finding the most appropriate technology for Mushrooms preservation and a particular interest arises for wild species. treatment by irradiation emerges as a possible conservation technique that has been tested successfully in several food products and is regulated in the European Union by the Directive 1999/2/EC. In the present work, the influence of gamma irradiation dose (0.5 and 1 kGy) over the fatty acids profile of Lactarius deliciosus L. wild Mushroom, collected in the Northeast of Portugal (November 2011), was evaluated by gas-chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The analyses were performed after 0, 4 and 8 days of storage at 4 ºC in irradiated and non-irradiated samples (control).
The control and the irradiated samples revealed an identical profile, with C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:2n6c (linoleic acid), C18:1n9c (oleic acid) and C16:0 (palmitic acid) as main fatty acids. These Results are in agreement to the reported by our research group in a previous study with nutritional characterization of this species [1]. Nevertheless, some differences were found in the percentage of some fatty acids in the different samples, mainly in oleic acid. Control sample (non-irradiated) after 8 days of storage, showed a lower C18:1n9c percentage (decreased from 8 to 4.4%) contributing to a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) levels. Otherwise, in the sample irradiated with 0.5 kGy the percentage of the mentioned fatty acid did not changed until day 8. Overall, irradiation could be an alternative to ensure the quality and extend the life of Mushrooms, protecting their fatty acids from oxidation, as is was demonstrated herein for oleic acid. In fact, food irradiation is now being commonly used in many countries, as people are becoming more aware of the role of food irradiation in regards to food safety and product shelf-life extension.
The wild Mushroom Lactarius deliciosus from China was studied for the first time to obtain information about its chemical composition, antioxidant, and antihyperglycemic activities. nutritional value, dietary fiber, fatty acids, metal elements, free sugars, free amino acids, organic acids, flavor 5′-nucleotides, and volatile aroma compounds were determined. potential antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities were also tested by investigating 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals scavenging activities, ferric ion reducing activity, as well as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities using ethanol and aqueous extracts. The Results showed that L. deliciosus was a good wild Mushroom with high protein, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber contents, while low in fat and calorie, extensive unsaturated fatty acids contents, with negligible health risks about harmful metal elements.
Twenty kinds of free amino acids were detected with a total content 3389.45 mg per 100 g dw. Flavor 5′-nucleotides including 5′-CMP, 5′-UMP, 5′-IMP, and 5′-AMP were 929.85, 45.21, 311.75, and 14.49 mg per 100 g dw, respectively. Mannitol (7825.00 mg per 100 g dw) was the main free sugar, and quininic acid (729.84 mg per 100 g dw) was the main organic acid. Twenty-five kinds of volatile aroma compounds were identified, acids (84.23%) were the most abundant compounds based on content, while aldehydes (15 of 25) were the most abundant compounds based on variety. In addition, both ethanol and aqueous extracts from L. deliciosus exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. While in antihyperglycemic activity tests, only ethanol extracts showed inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase.
The present study investigated the structural characterization and immune regulation of a novel polysaccharide from Maerkang Lactarius deliciosus Gray. Chemical methods, high performance gel permeation chromatography, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry were used to characterize the polysaccharide structure. The immunomodulatory abilities of the Maerkang L. deliciosus Gray polysaccharide (LDG‑M) were also investigated. LDG‑M was primarily composed of β‑D‑glucose and α‑D‑lyxose with the ratio of 2:1.
The possible structure of LDG‑M had a backbone of 1,6‑linked‑β‑D‑glucose and 1,4,6‑linked‑β‑D‑glucose, with branches primarily composed of one (1→4)‑linked‑α‑D‑lyxose residue. The immunoregulatory activity Results demonstrated that LDG‑M promoted the proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophages, and induced cytokine release. LDG‑M also promoted the proliferation of B cells by affecting the G0/G1, S and G2/M phases. The present study introduced LDG‑M as a valuable source with unique immunoregulatory properties.
The antitumor activity of the polysaccharide was usually believed to be a consequence of the stimulation of the cell–mediated immune response[20]. To detect the antitumor activity of LDG-A in vivo, we used the mice transplanted S180 to evaluate the effects and the Results were summarized in Table 2. The weight and the histological preparations of the vital organ in each female rat in the control group were compared to that in the treated group in order to measure the effect of the drug. LDG-A could inhibit the growth of the tumors (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory rate in mice treated with 80 mg/kg LDG-A was 68.422%, being the highest in the three doses. Furthermore, during the experiments, the appetite, activity, and coat luster of every mice in LDG-A treated groups were better than the mice treated with mannatide. Histology of immune organs such as the liver, spleen, and thymus showed that tissues appear more regular and firmer, and the tumor tissues are more loosely arranged in LDG-A group than those in control group. But there is no obvious damage to other organs, such as heart, lung, and kidney (figs. (figs.33 and and4).4).
The Results also showed little change in average liver weight in test groups, indicating that LDG-A did not cause serious liver damage. On the 14th day, the average tumor weight of negative control mice was 3.74 g, whereas the average tumor weight of mice in LDG-A group at dose of 80 mg/kg was 1.181g; tumor weights were also reduced in doses of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, to 2.081 g and 1.783 g, respectively (P<0.05). It is noteworthy that the average weights of the spleens and thymus in test groups were greater in doses of 40 mg/kg than that in the mannatide mice (P<0.05), and even that of the negative control mice, indicating that LDG-A could increase the weights of immune organs in moderate doses (Table 2). These Results suggested that activating immune responses in the host might be one of the mechanisms of antitumor activity of LDG-A, as various reports are available for antitumor polysaccharides.
Laetiporus sulphureus
Agaricomycetes Mushrooms (Basidiomycota) as potential neuroprotectants
Badalyan S.M. et Rapior S. Agaricomycetes Mushrooms (Basidiomycota) as potential neuroprotectants. Italian Journal of Mycology, 50, 30-43 (2021). doi:10.6092/issn.2531-7342/12542 _______ The edible and Medicinal agaricoid and polyporoid Mushrooms (phylum Basidiomycota, order Agaricomycetes) have long been known by humans as valuable food and medicines. They are producers of different groups of high- and lowmolecular weight bioactive compounds (alkaloids, phenolics, polysaccharides, proteins, terpenoids, vitamins etc.) with around 130 therapeutic effects, including neuroprotective. Mushroom-derived biotech products are reported as effective neuroprotectants, however their potential to prevent or mitigate several neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, epilepsy, depression and others has not been fully explored. This review discusses the neuroprotective potential of Agaricomycetes Fungi and possibilities for their application as natural neuroprotectants.
Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. as Food as medicine
Laetiporus sulphureus is a sulphur yellow coloured polyporous mushroom and popularly known as “chicken of the woods”. Over the generations, this cosmopolitan macrofungus has become an integral part of tribal cuisines particularly for its taste. Besides, it has equal importance in folk medicine being widely used for treatment of pyretic diseases, coughs, gastric cancer and rheumatism. Thus, the species is considered as a natural reservoir of both nourishment as well as drug therapy and consequently it has become increasingly popular in scientific world. Nutritional sciences recently have witnessed it as a sustainable food supply to growing population due to enrichment of carbohydrate (trehalose> mannitol> fructose), protein (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper), vitamins (B, D, E), polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid) and fibre. Conversely, the mushroom has also been regarded as an abundant source of chemical compounds including phenolics, triterpenes, polysaccharides with wide range of biological activities such as antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antitumor and immunomodulation effects. Therefore, a complete summary of the research progress on this fungus is necessary for further studies and commercial exploitation. In this context, the present review attempts to congregate current knowledge on nutritional value, myco-chemistry and therapeutic potential of this culturally important species. However, investigation on bioavailability, quality control, toxicology data and clinical assessment are highly recommended for future research.
The medicinal fungus Laetiporus sulphureus is widely distributed worldwide. To screen for molecular markers potentially useful for phylogenetic analyses of this species and related species, the mitochondrial genome of L. sulphureus was sequenced and assembled. The complete circular mitochondrial genome was 101,111 bp long, and contained 38 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, and 25 tRNA genes. Our BLAST search aligned about 6.1 kb between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of L. sulphureus, indicative of possible gene transfer events. Both the GC and AT skews in the L. sulphureus mitogenome were negative, in contrast to the other seven Polyporales species tested. Of the 15 PCGs conserved across the seven species of Polyporales, the lengths of 11 were unique in the L. sulphureus mitogenome. The Ka/Ks of these 15 PCGs were all less than 1, indicating that PCGs were subject to purifying selection. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that three single genes (cox1, cob, and rnl) were potentially useful as molecular markers. This study is the first publication of a mitochondrial genome in the family Laetiporaceae, and will facilitate the study of population genetics and evolution in L. sulphureus and other species in this family.
Laetiporus sulphureus – CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MEDICINAL VALUE
The higher fungi are a rich source of chemical compounds with multi-directional therapeutic and pro-health effects. This review summarizes the results of the most important chemical and biological studies of the fruiting bodies and the mycelial cultures of Laetiporus sulphureus. Numerous studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial, anticancer, cytotoxic, hypoglycemic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the ex- tracts. Currently, only a few wood-decay fungi have practical use in medicine.
Therefore it seems important to continue research on the effectiveness and safety of extracts and compounds of natural origin, including fungi, whose potential is not still used.
Two New Triterpenes from Basidiomata of the Medicinal and Edible Mushroom, Laetiporus sulphureus
In the search for novel anti-infectives from natural sources, fungi, in particular basidiomycetes, have proven to still harbor so much potential in terms of secondary metabolites diversity. There have been numerous reports on isolating numerous secondary metabolites from genus Laetiporus.
This study reports on two new triterpenoids, laetiporins C and D, and four known triterpenes from the fruiting body of L. sulphureus. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on their 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data in combination with high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometric (HR-ESIMS) data. Laetiporin C exhibited weak antifungal activity against Mucor hiemalis. Furthermore, the compounds showed weak antiproliferative activity against the mouse fibroblast L929 and human cancer cell lines, including KB-3-1, A431, MCF-7, PC-3 and A549.
Effects of trophism on nutritional and nutraceutical potential of wild edible mushrooms
Consumption of wild growing mushrooms has been preferred to eating of cultivated fungi in many countries of central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the nutritional value of wild growing mushrooms is limited. The present study reports the effects of trophism on mushrooms nutritional and nutraceutical potential. In vitro antioxidant properties of five saprotrophic (Calvatia utriformis, Clitopilus prunulus, Lycoperdon echinatum, Lyophyllum decastes, and Macrolepiota excoriata) and five mycorrhizal (Boletus erythropus, Boletus fragrans, Hygrophorus pustulatus, Russula cyanoxantha, and Russula olivacea) wild edible mushrooms were accessed and compared to individual compounds identified by chromatographic techniques. Mycorrhizal species revealed higher sugars concentration (16–42 g/100 g dw) than the saprotrophic mushrooms (0.4–15 g/100 g).
Furthermore, fructose was found only in mycorrhizal species (0.2–2 g/100 g). The saprotrophic L. decastes, and the mycorrhizal species B. erythropus and B. fragrans gave the highest antioxidant potential, mainly due to the contribution of polar antioxidants such as phenolics and sugars. The bioactive compounds found in wild mushrooms give scientific evidence to traditional edible and medicinal uses of these species.
Lentinula edodes
In vitro cytostatic and immunomodulatory properties of the Medicinal Mushroom Lentinula edodes
Lentinula edodes, known as “shiitake” is one of the widely used Medicinal Mushrooms in the Orient. antitumour activity of extracts of this Mushroom has been widely demonstrated in animals and humans. However, this activity was shown to be host mediated and not by direct cytotoxic activity to cancer cells. This study demonstrates cytotoxic and cell growth inhibitory (cytostatic) effect of aqueous extracts of the Mushroom on MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line using an MTT cytotoxicity assay. Such effect was demonstrated with fruit body and mycelial extracts, the difference being that there was no significant suppression on normal cells with the latter. Furthermore mycelial extracts did not induce any cytostatic effect in both cancer and normal cell lines based on a DNA synthesis assay. The significant suppression of the proliferation of cancer cells was reflected by the comparatively low IC50 values and the simultaneous higher respective values on normal fibroblast cells.
The immunostimulatory activity of both fruit body and mycelial extracts was tested by the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), which is based on the capacity of active immunomodulators to augment the proliferative response of rat thymocytes to T mitogens in vitro. Both fruit body and mycelial preparations were able to enhance the proliferation of rat thymocytes directly and act as co-stimulators in the presence of the T-mitogen PHA. Interestingly both extracts, similarly to zymosan showed SIcomit/SImit ratios of about 2, indicating adjuvant properties.
Overall L. edodes aqueous extracts have demonstrated direct inhibition of the proliferation of human breast cancer cells in vitro and immunostimulatory properties in terms of mitogenic and co-mitogenic activity in vitro.
A key characteristic of Mushroom polysaccharides that elicit an immunomodulatory response is that they are rich in β-glucans and low in α-glucans. In this study we analysed nine commercially available preparations from three Mushroom species, Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and Maitake (Grifola frondosa), for β- and α-glucan content. Based on β- and α-glucan content we selected three extracts to combine into a formula and evaluated the ability of the individual extracts and formula to impact on the expression of cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in human macrophages with and without LPS stimulation.
The majority of Mushroom extracts and the formula were found to be highly potent immuno-stimulators possessing EC50 values lower than 100 μg/mL. Interestingly the Mushroom formula had lower EC50 values in TNF-α expression from LPS stimulated macrophages compared to the individual extracts, suggesting a potential synergistic effect of the Mushroom formula. A response additivity graph and curve-shift analysis illustrated that indeed the Mushroom formula exhibited an immuno-stimulatory synergistic effect on the expression of the majority of cytokines evaluated in both LPS stimulated and non-stimulated human macrophages, with IL-10 having an antagonistic response.
This study represents the first report of a synergistic immuno-modulatory response in human macrophages elicited from a Mushroom formula rationally derived from β- and α-glucan content.
Lentinus edodes is a culinary–Medicinal Mushroom that has an established history of use in Asian therapies. The Mushroom offers well-documented beneficial health effects such as antihypercholesterolemic, antitumor, and antibacterial activities. In this study, dried powder of L. edodes fruiting bodies was used to evaluate immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects in hypercholesterolemic rats. Albino rats (n = 24) were divided into 3 groups: the control (CON) group, the hypercholesterolemia-only group (HCG), and the L. edodes group (LEG). Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats in the HCG and LEG by feeding cholesterol and cholic acid in a chow maintenance diet (CMD) for 24 days. The CON group was fed the CMD throughout the experiment. The HCG continued on the high-cholesterol diet without any L. edodes supplement. The LEG was fed the high-cholesterol diet supplemented with L. edodes for an additional 42 days. Various biological health biomarkers, such as total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, arylesterase, paraoxonase activity, and liver enzymes in serum were studied to evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective responses. cell–mediated immunity was evaluated in each group through a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction. The total oxidant status decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) after administration of L. edodes in the diet. The cell–mediated immune response significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the LEG. The significant decrease in liver enzymes supports the hepatoprotective effect of L. edodes.
In Conclusion, the Results show the immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities of L. edodes supplementation in hypercholesterolemic rats.
The Antibiotic activity of the edible and Medicinal Mushroom Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.
Recent interest in diet-induced modulation of the gut microbiome has led to research on the impact that dietary fibers can have on host health. Lentinus edodes Mushroom-derived fibers may act as an appropriate substrate for gut microbe digestion and metabolism. The metabolites that gut microbes excrete can modulate host energy balance, gut absorption, appetite, and lipid metabolism. In the present study, we explored the dynamics of the gut microbiome of hypercholesterolemic rats supplemented with L. edodes. Wistar rats were offered a chow maintenance diet (CMD; CON group) or the same CMD ration with cholesterol (1.5% w/w) and cholic acid (0.5% w/w) added to induce hypercholesterolemia (day 1 to day 24). Hypercholesterolemic rats were subsequently offered either the same cholesterol-cholic acid diet (HC-CON group) or were supplemented with L. edodes (5% w/w; LE group) for 42 days (day 25 to day 66). At the end of the experiment, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were determined. Colon digesta were subjected to DNA extraction and subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Raw sequences were quality filtered and statistically analyzed using QIIME and LEfSe tools. Triglyceride concentrations were lower (P = 0.002) in the LE group than in the CON and HC-CON groups. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations were slightly decreased, whereas HDL cholesterol concentrations were increased by L. edodes supplementation compared with the HC-CON group. The gut microbiome of the LE group had higher species richness characterized by increased abundance of Clostridium and Bacteroides spp. Linear discriminant analysis identified bacterial clades that were statistically different among treatment groups.
In Conclusion, manipulation of gut microbiota through the administration of L. edodes could manage dyslipidemia.
The antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of raw and culinary processed shiitake Mushrooms were evaluated and compared with those of lenthionine (1,2,3,5,6-penta-thiepane), the principal aroma-bearing substance of the shiitake Medicinal Mushroom (Lentinus edodes). antimicrobial activity was tested using a panel of 4 strains of bacteria, 2 yeasts, and 2 Fungi. Cytotoxic properties were evaluated against 3 cell lines (HepG2, HeLa, PaTu), whereas the anti-inflammatory activity of tested samples was assayed based on their ability to attenuate the secretion of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. antioxidant activity was measured using in vitro DPPH and ABTS assays. It was found that lenthionine possesses significant antimicrobial properties; it is remarkably effective in inhibiting the growth of yeasts and Fungi (minimum inhibitory concentration, 2-8 μg/mL) and thus is comparable to standard antifungal agents.
Lenthionine is also able to decrease significantly the production of tumor necrosis factor-a and thus could be at least partly responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory effect of shiitake. On the other hand, lenthionine does not seem to contribute significantly to the well-known anticancer and antioxidant effects of the Mushroom.
Lentinus sajur-caju
Mushroom extracts are increasingly sold as dietary supplements because of several of their properties, including the enhancement of immune function and antitumor activity. We hypothesized that soluble polar substances present in Mushroom extracts may show antioxidant and anticancer properties. This report shows that Brazilian aqueous extracts of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus sajor-caju exert inhibitory activity against the proliferation of the human tumor cell lines laryngeal carcinoma (Hep-2) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa). cell viability was determined after using 3 different temperatures (4°C, 22°C, and 50°C) for Mushroom extraction. Biochemical assays carried out in parallel indicated higher amounts of polyphenols in the L edodes extracts at all extraction temperatures investigated. The scavenging ability of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical showed higher activity for L edodes extracts. superoxide dismutase–like activity showed no statistically significant difference among the groups for the 2 tested extracts, and catalase-like activity was increased with the L edodes extracts at 4°C.
The Results for the cytotoxic activity from P sajor-caju extracts at 22°C revealed the half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.64% ± 0.02% for Hep-2 and 0.25% ± 0.02% for HeLa. A higher cytotoxic activity was found for the L edodes extract at 22°C, with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.78% ± 0.02% for Hep-2 and 0.57% ± 0.01% for HeLa. Substantial morphological modifications in cells were confirmed by Giemsa staining after treatment with either extract, suggesting inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis with increasing extract concentrations. These Results indicate that the aqueous extracts of Brazilian L edodes and P sajor-caju Mushrooms are potential sources of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. However, further investigations are needed to exploit their valuable therapeutic uses and to elucidate their modes of action.
Pro-health and anti-cancer activity of Fungal Fractions
Isolated from Milk-Supplemented Cultures of Lentinus
(Pleurotus) Sajor-caju
The present study aimed to demonstrate Lentinus (formerly Pleurotus) sajor-caju (PSC) as a good source of pro-health substances. It has also shown that supplementation of its culture
medium with cow milk may further improve its beneficial properties. Intracellular fractions from Fungi grown on a medium supplemented with cow milk were analyzed using various biochemical methods for determination of the nutrient composition. Furthermore, anti-cancer properties of selected extracts were investigated on colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29, LS 180, and SW948) in vitro. Biochemical analysis showed enrichment in health-enhancing compounds, such as proteins or polysaccharides (about 3.5- and 4.5-fold increase in concentration of proteins and carbohydratesin extracts of mycelia cultured on whole milk (PSC2-I), respectively), with a decrease in the level of free radicals ( 10-fold decrease in extract grown on milk and medium mixture (1:1) (PSC3-II)), which was related to increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity (7.5-fold increase in catalase activity and 5-fold in SOD activity in PSC3-II compared to the control). Moreover, the viability of the cancer cells was diminished (to 60.0 ± 6.8% and 40.0 ± 8.6% of the control, on HT-29 and SW948 cells, respectively), along with pro apoptotic (to 18.8 ± 11.8 and 14.7 ± 8.0% towards LS 180 and SW948 cells, respectively) and NO-secreting effects (about 2-fold increase) of the extracts.
This study suggests that PSC has multiple nutritional and anti-cancer properties and can be used as a source of healthy biomolecules in modern medicine or functional foods.
mycelial Biomass production and antioxidant activity of Lentinus
tigrinus and Lentinus sajor-caju in Indigenous Liquid Culture
With the increasing demand of functional foods with antioxidant properties, it is necessary to establish new sources such as wild edible Mushrooms which could provide beneficial effects to human health. Herein, we evaluated the different indigenous liquid culture media for biomass production and elucidated the free radical scavenging activity and total phenolics of Lentinus tigrinus and Lentinus sajor-caju. Results revealed that L. tigrinus efficiently grew on rice bran decoction which significantly recorded the highest yield of mycelia (11.53 g), volume loss of the medium (24.33 ml), radical scavenging activity (18.94%) and total phenolics (26.59 mg AAE/g sample). Similarly, rice bran decoction significantly registered the highest yield of mycelia (9.75 g), volume loss of the medium (20.95 ml), scavenging activity (16.94%) and total phenolics (25.60 mg AAE/g sample) for L. sajor-caju. Both species also showed considerable antioxidant properties when cultured in coconut water, corn grit decoction and potato broth.
Hence, it is noteworthy that both studied Lentinus species hold promising antioxidants which are influenced by different liquid media.
This paper highlights the antihypertensive effects of Lentinus sajor-caju, a wild edible white rot Mushroom. The 6-week old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were orally administered with 1 ml/100g of body weight of the prepared extract concentrations (0.0 mg/kg, 38.5 mg/kg, and 77.0 mg/kg dosages) of L. sajor-caju once-daily for 16 weeks. The blood pressure and heart rate were monitored once a week and blood of mice was drawn at the end of the experiment for blood chemistry analyses. Results revealed that hot water extract of L. sajor-caju (WELS), was found to exhibit lowering effects in the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate when orally administered to SHR. The antihypertensive actions of WELS were also demonstrated by improve metabolic activities as indicated by the blood chemistry clearance. WELS at 38.5 mg/kg or higher dose significantly lowered the values of triglycerides (TG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre), and significantly increased the values of total cholesterol (T-Cho), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), albumin/globulin ratio (A/G ratio) in SHR.
Therefore, WELS has a promising contribution in the prevention of hypertension development. Keywords: Lentinus sajor-caju, antihypertensive, Bioactivity
In this study, we examined the influences of four light intensities on Mushroom biomass and effects of a blue (B) light-emitting diode (LED) source with 10–40 μmol m−2 s−1 of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) on the antioxidant capacity and soluble sugar content of the edible oyster Mushroom L. sajor-caju Fr. which is popularly cultivated in Taiwan. Fruiting body initiation and development of Mushrooms cultivated on blocks made of sawdust, rice-bran, and wheat-bran media were carried out with an 8-h photoperiod at 26 °C and 85% relative humidity under LEDs lights inside growth chambers. When the basidiome has began development, Mushroom blocks containing primordia were exposed to different light conditions for 7 days. Results showed that B-LED PPFD of Mushrooms significantly promoted the accumulation of dry biomass. This study explored the relationship between the light intensity of B-LED and antioxidant properties. Different light intensities variably affected the antioxidant system of the Mushroom, and higher light intensities resulted in an increased DPPH radical-scavenging effect, Fe-chelating ability, and reducing power. In addition, 40 PPFD of the B-light source caused greater accumulation of soluble sugars than other B-light intensities.
Precise management of B light may hold promise in promoting the nutritional value of edible Mushrooms cultivated in controlled environments with future utilization of LEDs on an industrial scale.
nutraceutical composition of wild species of genus Lentinus Fr. from
Nothern India
Neutraceutical composition of wild edible fungal species of genus Lentinus viz. L. sajor- caju, L. connatus, L. torulosus, L. cladopus and L. squarrosulus was determined. nutraceuticals
composition was done with the use of HPLC-ELSD, GC-MS, UPLC and standard quantitative methods. Sugars, fatty acids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, lycopene, phenolic compounds and amino acids were analyzed. All the species composed of three types of sugars evaluated, sucrose (0.488- 4.941 %) was found to be predominated over glucose and xylose. Among fatty acids, SFA content ranged from 26.76–57.36 %, MUFA 16.57–67.35% and PUFA 0.70–1.45 %. Ascorbic acid content ranged from 0.42–0.49 mg/100g, β–carotene 0.08–0.22 μg/100g, lycopene content 0.032–0.086 μg/100g, phenolic compounds 6.39–20.11 mg/100g of gallic acid. Amongst amino acids, aspartic acid 0.25–0.37%, arginine 0.21–0.29 %, alanine 0.09–0.15 %, proline 0.01–0.06 % .and tyrosine amount ranged 0.16–0.24 %
Humic acid (HA) is natural product obtained by plant decomposition. It improves systematic resistance in plants and the shelf life of food products. Oyster Mushrooms occupy important place in human food due to their palatability and nutritional enrichment. Little is known about the impacts of HA on Mushrooms yield. Therefore, a trial was conducted to study the role of HA improving growth, nutritional and chemical composition of two oyster Mushroom strains (Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus sajor-caju). Pure cotton waste amalgamated with five levels of HA, i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mM/L was used as growth media. The responses of oyster Mushroom to HA were recorded in various traits i.e. time to spawn initiation, time to mycelium growth initiation, time to maturity of flushes, time to initiation of pinheads, yield, biological efficiency (BE), minerals (N, P, K, and ascorbic acid, Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, Na and Ca), sugars (total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars), proximate, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The HA amalgation notably improved the growth, nutritional and chemical composition of oyster Mushroom; however, strains differences were non-significant (>0.05) to various level of HA on dry weight basis TSS ranged from 6 to 6.8 °Brix, total sugar was 5.8–11.9%, reducing sugar was 2.6–3%, non-reducing sugar was 9.2–9.6%, ascorbic acid was 35.9–43 mg/100 g, carbohydrates were 68–74%, crude protein was 62–69%, crude fiber was 22–37%, fat contents were 2.5–17%, ash content was 9–11%.
These Results suggest that HA is an innovative substrate for valuable and high-quality production of the oyster Mushroom.
antifungal and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of 3 tropical Mushrooms including Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus tuber-regium and Lentinus squarrosulus were investigated on eleven species of bacterial and three of fungal human pathogens. For the pathogenic Fungi, the Minimal inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of carpophore extracts ranged from 0.39 mg/mL to 6.25 mg/mL for Candida albicans, 0.78 mg/mL to 6.25 mg/mL for Aspergillus fumigetus, and 1.56 mg/mL to 6.25 mg/mL for Aspergillus ochraceus. For bacteria, the MIC values ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL on most Gram positive strains including Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis. This MIC value was the same (12.5 mg/mL) for the 3 crude extracts tested on Staphylococcus epidermidis for the Gram positive strains. Gram negative bacteria were generally less sensitive to crude extracts with higher MIC values ranging from 6.25 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL for Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae and the same (12.5 mg/mL) for Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis. Based on the above mentioned figures, it appears that strains of pathogenic Fungi tested are generally much more sensitive to crude extracts than strains of bacteria. In fact, antimicrobial activities of the 3 crude extracts tested are stronger on human pathogenic Fungi than bacteria.
These Results are evidence that carpophores of the 3 Mushrooms species could be a source of new molecules potentially more effective than synthetic products against some human pathogenic Fungi and bacteria.
Lepista personata
Current Knowledge of Medicinal Mushrooms Related to anti-Oxidant properties
Conclusions: The Results indicated that Mushrooms are a promising source of natural antioxidants. Of all Mushrooms, the Ganoderma tsugae Murill exhibited an excellent antioxidant potential of 93.7–100% at 20 mg/mL.
PHYSIOLOGY OF biologically active METABOLITE production BY Medicinal Mushrooms
Many higher Basidiomycetes demonstrate Medicinal or functional properties and various biological activities that may promote human well-being. The Medicinal properties are found in various cellular components and secondary metabolites which have been isolated and identifi ed from the fruiting bodies, culture mycelium, and culture broth of Mushrooms. Some of these compounds have cholesterol-lowering, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulating, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities ready for industrial trials and further commercialization, while others are in various stages of development.
The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the present state-of-the-art and future prospects of basidiomycetous Medicinal Mushrooms to produce mycelium and bioactive metabolites and to make a contribution for the research and development of new pharmaceutical products from Mushrooms.
A ribonuclease was purified from dry fruiting bodies of the wild edible Mushroom Lepista personata (LPR) to 259-fold with a specific activity of 280 U/mg. The purification protocol involved ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose and SP-sepharose, followed by size exclusion chromatography on Superdex 75. LPR is a homodimeric protein with a molecular weight of 27.8 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and by gel filtration. Three inner peptide sequences for LPR were obtained by LC-MS-MS analysis. It demonstrated the optimum pH of 4.0 and temperature optimum of 60°C. The specificity ribonuclease potencies order toward polyhomoribonucleotides was poly C > poly A > poly G > poly U. The ribonuclease inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 0.53 μM.
edible and Medicinal Higher Basidiomycetes Mushrooms as a Source of natural antioxidants
In this article, data concerning antioxidant activity (AOA) of 14 Higher Basidiomycetes Mushroom cultures (Coprinus comatus, C. disseminatus, C. micaceus, Hypholoma fasciculare, Lentinus edodes, Lepista personata, Marasmius oreades, Pholiota alnicola, Pleurotus ostreatus, Stropharia coronilla, Suillus luteus, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes versicolor, Volvariella b omb ycina) are discussed. The mycelial samples tested (cultured liquid, mycelial extract, and biomass suspension) possess certain antioxidative potentials to inhibit the reaction of free-radical peroxide oxidation of lipids (POL) in rat brain homogenate. The level of observed AOA depends on the bioecological differences of tested strains (geographical origination, type of wood substrate, mycelial growth rate, and morphology), as well as the experimental conditions (level of in vitro POL activation, amount of antioxidant). activity was not observed on the 7th and 14th days of mycelial growth, and no significant differences between AOA levels of mycelia obtained on the 21st and 28th days of cultivation were found.
The relatively higher indicators of activity were detected when 0.1 mL of CL and 5 and 10 mg/mL of ME samples were used as antioxidants. mycelia of 7 screened species (Pholiota alnicola, Lepista personata, Trametes versicolor, Volvariella b omb ycina, Schizophyllum commune, Suillus luteus, Lentinus edodes) showed more than 20% AOA. They may be recommended for further screening for use in the production of natural antioxidative dietary supplements.
Lepistanuda
Study on the anti-tumor effects of Extracts from Lepista nuda Mushroom
This study was carried to investigate the inhibition effects of Lepista nuda Mushroom extracts on the growth of the human cancer (HepG2, KATOⅢ, AGS) cells. The fraction Ⅰ of Lepista nuda Mushroom extracts strongly inhibited to 71.4-91.8% for the growth of cancer cells. The growth of cancer HepG2, KATOⅢ and AGS cell which treated with 0.5 and 1㎎/mL of hot water fraction I was inhibited to 71.4% and 85.5%, 45.0% and 86.6%, 71.6% and 90.7% respectively. The growth of cancer cell HepG2, KATOⅢ and AGS which treated with 0.5 and 1㎎/mL of microwave fraction I was inhibited to 79.8% and 85.2%, 78.6% and 88.9%, 85.8% and 91.8%, respectively. The inhibition ratios of cancer cell growth were higher by microwave extracts than hot water extracts. And the more fraction were insoluble for water, the more inhibition ratios of cancer cell growth were lower.
In vitro anticancer and apoptotic activity of edible Mushroom Lepista nuda (Bull.)
Cooke on leukemia and breast cancer compared with protocatechuic acid,
paclitaxel and doxorubicin
macro Fungi are used as food and for therapy for centuries. One such fungus Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke is reported to exhibit many biological activities while other species viz. Lepista inversa and L. sordida possess active substances. In this study, we prepared extractions depended on polarity increase from the edible Mushroom Lepista nuda and studied its action on HL60 (leukemia) and MCF7 (breast cancer) cancer cell lines., We used PCA (protocatechuic acid), paclitaxel and
doxorubicin as positive controls. Methanol extract was found effective on both cell lines.
The extract showed fairly significant (IC50 ~15 mg/mL) of biologic activity compared with drugs protocatechuic acid, paclitaxel and doxorubicin against HL-60 cell line with regard to both proliferation and apoptotic effects (>%75)
antimicrobial activity of the macrofungus Lepista nuda
The 60% methanolic extract of Lepista nuda exhibited antimicrobial activity.
Polyphenol Contents and antioxidant activity of Lepista nuda
This study analyzed the contents of vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, and evaluated the inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase of Lepista nuda extract prepared by the reflux and microwave-assisted methods. The vitamin C content of the fresh L. nude was mg/100 g. The content of phenolic compounds in the fresh L. nuda was . The ethanol extracts prepared by reflux method and microwave-assisted method showed the highest phenol contents of , respectively. The inhibitory rates on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase of ethanol extracts prepared by the microwave assisted method showed the highest value of 99.78% and 30.30% at the concentration of . The inhibitory activities on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase were increased depending on the extract concentration.
Analysis of nutritional Components of Lepista nuda
This study was carried out to analyze the nutritional component of Lepista nuda in order to estimate its nutritional and functional values. The content of moisture were carbohydrate , crude protein , ash , and crude fat , respectively The reducing sugar was . Total amount of free sugar was 97.32 mg, which were mainly composed of galactose (51.98 mg) and trehalose (22.48 mg). In the Results of mined analysis, the content of K was the highest as , followed by of Mg. The total content of hydrolyzed amino acid was 310.39 mg which consist of essential amino acids including valine (25.40 mg), leucine (22.52 mg), lysine (21.34 mg) and 198.89 mg of non-essential amino acids including glutamic acid (60.72 mg), aspartic acid (30.17 mg), and alanine (29.72 mg), as the major amino acids. free amino acids were 220.86 mg which were composed of essential amino acids (36.21 mg) inclusive of isoleucine (21.57 mg) and threonine (11.20 mg) and non-essential amino acids (184.65 mg) including glutamic acid (42.78 mg) and aspartic acid (32.44 mg) as major amino acids. Total content of amino acid derivatives was 187.85 me and that of hydroxyproline was highest as 121.50 mg.
A strain LN07 with high laccase yield was identified as basidiomycete fungus Lepista nuda from which a white laccase without type I copper was purified and characterized. The laccase was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 56 kDa. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence was AIGPAADLHIVNKDISPDGF. Besides, eight inner peptide sequences were determined and lac4, lac5 and lac6 sequences were in the Cu2+ combination and conservation zones of laccases. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was inhibited by the laccase with a half-inhibitory concentration of 0.65 μM. Cu2+ ions (1.5 mM) enhanced the laccase production and the optimal pH and temperature of the laccase were pH 3.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The Km and Vmax of the laccase using ABTS as substrate were respectively 0.19 mM and 195 μM. Several dyes including laboratory dyes and textile dyes used in this study, such as Methyl red, Coomassie brilliant blue, Reactive brilliant blue and so on, were decolorized in different degrees by the purified laccase. By LC-MS analysis, Methyl red was structurally degraded by the laccase.
Moreover, the laccase affected the absorbance at the maximum wavelength of many pesticides. Thus, the white laccase had potential commercial value for textile finishing and wastewater treatment.
Study on the antioxidant activity of the Extracts from the Lepista nuda
This study was investigated to analyze the effect of extracts from the Lepista nuda, on the antioxidant activity to form a part of studies on the functional materials of L. nuda. antioxidant activity of L. nuda extracts was evaluated by measuring the electron-donating ability (EDA), the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and the nitrite-scavenging ability. The EDAs of water and ethanol extracts at the concentration of 1,000 ppm by the rotary heating method from L. nuda were and , respectively and those of water and ethanol extracts by microwave-assisted method were and , respectively. The measurements of SOD-like activity were in the range of at 1,000 ppm. EDA and SOD were increased with the concentrations of extracts. The nitrite-scavenging ability at the concentration of 1,000 ppm was the highest and at pH 1.2, and was decreased with an increment of pH value.
These Results indicated that microwaveassisted water extract from L. nuda showed the highest activities on the EDA and nitrate-scavenging ability, while the rotary heating ethanol extract had the highest effect on the SOD-like activity.
Lepista nuda is an edible Mushroom which presents important organoleptic qualities including a delicate flavor and good postharvest conservation. Its chemical and bioactive properties can be affected by habitat collection. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of L. nuda samples from different habitats, and mycelia produced by in vitro culture, using different culture media. The commercial sample (cultivated) gave the highest levels of energy, polyunsaturated fatty acids (due to the contribution of linoleic acid) and phenolic compounds; the wild sample from oak forest gave the highest levels of organic acids. mycelia samples showed higher levels of glucose, tocopherols and antioxidant activity. Particularly, PACH (Pachlewski medium) proved to be better for glucose production, PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar medium), PACH and FAD (Ferry & Das medium) for β- and γ-tocopherols, complete MMN (Melin-Norkans medium) for phenolic compounds and incomplete MMN for antioxidant properties.
Overall, in vitro culture could be explored to obtain bioactive compounds from macroFungi for industrial applications, controlling environmental conditions to produce higher amounts of these compounds and to overcome the diversity in chemical composition observed in samples collected in different habitats.
Leucoagaricus excoriatus
It can be used for medicine, prevention and treatment of liver system diseases and gastrointestinal ulcers, and anti-cancer
Effects of trophism on nutritional and nutraceutical potential of wild edible mushrooms
Consumption of wild growing mushrooms has been preferred to eating of cultivated fungi in many countries of central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the nutritional value of wild growing mushrooms is limited. The present study reports the effects of trophism on mushrooms nutritional and nutraceutical potential. In vitro antioxidant properties of five saprotrophic (Calvatia utriformis, Clitopilus prunulus, Lycoperdon echinatum, Lyophyllum decastes, Macrolepiota excoriata) and five mycorrhizal (Boletus erythropus, Boletus fragrans, Hygrophorus pustulatus, Russula cyanoxantha, Russula olivacea) wild edible mushrooms were accessed and compared to individual compounds identified by chromatographic techniques.
Mycorrhizal species revealed higher sugars concentration (16-42 g/100 g dw) than the saprotrophic mushrooms (0.4-15 g/100 g). Furthermore, fructose was found only in mycorrhizal species (0.2-2 g/100 g). The saprotrophic Lyophyllum decastes, and the mycorrhizal species Boletus erythropus and Boletus fragrans gave the highest antioxidant potential, mainly due to the contribution of polar antioxidants such as phenolics and sugars. The bioactive compounds found in wild mushrooms give scientific evidence to traditional edible and medicinal uses of these species.
Diversity of macro-fungi in Central India-XII: Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus
The present article reports a new record of coprophyllous mushroom, Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus, for the first time from central India (Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh). The mushroom grows on 2-3 months old buffalo dung heap during monsoon period (September). The fruit bodies appeared in groups and are light pink color with characteristic orange brown spot on the top
and middle of cap.
Leucopaxillus giganteus
Leucopaxillus Mushroom species are used in the chemical industry for extraction of clitocybin antibiotic and particularly the edible Mushroom Leucopaxillus giganteus can be found in Northeast Portugal. Nevertheless, the production of its mycelium for pharmacological applications has not been explored. Herein, the mycelium obtained in the presence of four different nitrogen sources was investigated with regard to phenol production and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Phenol concentration increased along the growth time as a response to the oxidative stress and therefore free radical production. Although significant differences for mycelium growth between the nitrogen sources had not been observed, (NH4)2HPO4 proved to be the most appropriate to increase bioactive properties, leading to the highest phenol content and lowest EC50 and MIC values.
The antimicrobial capacity was screened against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and Fungi. The samples selectively inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible one. Gram negative bacteria and Fungi were resistant to the extracts. antioxidant activity was calculated by the reducing power assay, the scavenging effect on DPPH radicals, and hemolysis and lipid peroxidation inhibition. significantly negative linear regressions were established between phenols/flavonoids contents, which increased along the mycelia growth time and antioxidant activity.
Lignosus rhinocerus
A national treasure Mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus, has been used to treat variety of ailments by local and indigenous communities in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of the most valuable part of L. rhinocerus, the sclerotium, on neurite outgrowth activity by using PC-12Adh cell line. Differentiated cells with one thin extension at least double the length of the cell diameter were scored positive.
Our Results showed that aqueous sclerotium L. rhinocerus extract induced neurite outgrowths of 24.4% and 42.1% at 20 μg/mL (w/v) of aqueous extract alone and a combination of 20 μg/mL (w/v) aqueous extract and 30 ng/mL (w/v) of NGF, respectively. Combination of NGF and sclerotium extract had additive effects and enhanced neurite outgrowth. Neuronal differentiation was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence of neurofilament protein. Aqueous sclerotium extract contained neuroactive compounds that stimulated neurite outgrowth in vitro. To our knowledge this is the first report on neurite-stimulating activities of L. rhinocerus.
Tiger Milk Mushroom (The Lignosus Trinity) in Malaysia: A Medicinal Treasure Trove
The Tiger Milk Mushroom is traditionally used by aborigines and locals alike for various bodily ailments and to improve general health. In Malaysia, three species of genus Lignosus have been identified: Lignosus rhinocerus, Lignosus tigris, and Lignosus cameronensis. Taxonomically, Lignosus rhinocerus is distinct from the rest of the Lignosus species. Prior to the discovery and identification of Lignosus tigris and Lignosus cameronensis as two separate and distinct species from Lignosus rhinocerus, these were often described and used interchangeably as Lignosus rhinocerus. To date, the wild types of these three species are still being referred to as Lignosus rhinocerus, as the sclerotia are often collected without intact stipe and cap, which make it hard to differentiate among the three.
Scientific investigations to validate the traditional claims recorded by ethnomycological surveys have focused on the investigation of the composition and functional properties of Lignosus rhinocerus sclerotium. chronic, subacute and acute toxicity, genotoxicity, antifertility and teratogenic, nutritive, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative activity and inhibition of protein glycation effects have been reported using the cultivated species (TM02) of this Mushroom. The genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies on Lignosus rhinocerus sclerotium have also been performed. A substantial amount of data has been generated since the inception of the research in 2009 by the Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG) in the Department of Molecular medicine, Faculty of medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia. active research is ongoing in our laboratories to elucidate more scientific data of this much sought-after Medicinal Mushroom.
Lyophyllum decastes
It can strengthen stomach, digest food, and help to separate qi. It is applicable to dyspepsia, gastrointestinal distension, constipation and other diseases. It has anti-cancer effect. In the anti-cancer test, the inhibition rate of sarcoma 180 in mice was 80%, and the inhibition rate of Ehrlich’s cancer was 90%.
Antidiabetic Activity of Lyophyllum decastes in Genetically Type 2 Diabetic Mice
The antidiabetic activity of Lyophyllum decastes (Tricholomataceae) was investigated in KK-Ay mice, an animal model of genetically type 2 diabetes with hyperinsulinemia. The water extract of Lyophyllum decastes (LD) (500 mg/kg body weight) reduced the blood glucose of KK-Ay mice 7 h after a single oral administration (p<0.05) when compared with control. LD reduced the blood glucose of KK-Ay mice 3 weeks after repeated administration (p<0.05), and also significantly lowered the serum insulin of KK-Ay mice under similar conditions (p<0.01). However, LD did not affect the blood glucose in normal mice. LD tended to decrease of the blood glucose in an insulin tolerance test. In addition, the muscle content of facilitative glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) protein content in the plasma membrane fraction from muscle significantly increased in the orally LD-treated KK-Ay mice when compared to that of the controls (p<0.01).
These results suggest that the antidiabetic activity of LD is derived, at least in part, from a decrease in insulin resistance, due to the increase of GLUT4 protein content in the plasma membrane of the muscle.
Eleven polysaccharides were isolated from a hot-water extract of fruiting bodies of Lyophyllum decastes Sing. by ion-exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. Three polysaccharides (IV-1, IV-2, and IV-3) composed mainly of glucose showed marked antitumor activities against Sarcoma 180 and their average molecular weights were 305 kDa, 130 kDa and 14 kDa, respectively. From methylation analyses and 13C-NMR spectra, it was suggested that IV-1 was a (1→3)-β-d-glucan-type polysaccharide, IV-3 was a (1→6)-β-d-glucan-type polysaccharide, and IV-2 was a (1→3, 1→6)-β-d-glucan-type polysaccharide or a mixture of both polysaccharides. Increases in the number of peritoneal macrophages and third component of complement (C3)-positive fluorescent cells in mice treated with IV-1 suggested that the inhibitory effect on tumor growth is due to immunological host-mediated mechanisms.
Polysaccharides are known to confer protection against obesity via modulation of gut microbiota. To expand our knowledge of mushroom-derived prebiotics, we investigated the structural characteristics and anti-obesity effects of Lyophyllum decastes polysaccharides. Two heteroglycans were purified and characterized. The isolated polysaccharides effectively reduced obesity and the related disorders in the diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. An altered gut microbiota with enrichments of Bacteroides intestinalis and Lactobacillus johnsonii and an increase of secondary bile acids were detected in the polysaccharide-treated mice. Supplementation of B. intestinalis and L. johnsonii prevented the obesity and hyperlipidemia in DIO mice, demonstrating their causal linkage to the efficacy of polysaccharides. An enhancement of energy expenditure in the brown adipose tissues due to up-regulation of the secondary bile acids-activated TGR5 pathway was deduced to be one of the mechanisms underlying the effect of polysaccharides. These results confirmed Lyophyllum decastes-derived polysaccharides as new prebiotics for preventing and treating obesity.
In this study, to explore the radiation protection effects of Lyophyllum Decastes Sing (LDS), a hot distilled-water extract of LDS was orally administered at a dosage of 250mg/kg every other day for a period of 2 weeks in irradiated mice. An automatic blood cell counter was used to measure white blood cells (lymphocytes, monocyte, and granulocytes) one day before X-ray irradiation, and 3 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, 15 days and 30 days after irradiation. The Dunnett test was used to examine statistical significance of differences. The peripheral blood cell counts in the Lyophyllum-administered non-irradiation group revealed an increase in the numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. For 2 Gy whole body radiation, a significant statistical difference was found between the X-ray group and the Lyophyllum plus X-ray group in the numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. The results suggest that Lyophyllum restrains blood cell-count falling after irradiation, which is probably mediated at least in part by hemopoietic function, and NK and LAK activities seems to play a role in preventing secondary infections associated with irradiation.
Study on Antioxidant and Liver Protection of Polysaccharide from Lyophyllum decastes
Lyophyllum decastes is a precious edible and medicinal fungus. The crude polysaccharide of Lyophyllum decastes fruit body has many physiological activities such as anti-tumor and liver protection. The free radical scavenging rate was used to analyze the chemical antioxidant activity of L. decastes polysaccharides,and then H2O2 was used to establish the LO2 liver cell injury model,and to further study the improvement mechanism of L. decastes fruit body polysaccharides on liver cell oxidative stress damage. The results showed that the polysaccharides from L. decastes fruit body had certain scavenging ability to DPPH,ABTS and OH free radicals in terms of anti-oxidation in vitro,and their EC50 values were:0.218,0.027 and 2.744 mg/mL,respectively. In terms of improving liver cell oxidative stress damage,the cell survival rate also increased significantly as the concentration of polysaccharides increased. The cell survival rate reached 94.1% when the concentration of polysaccharides was 5 mmol/mL. In terms of the mechanism of eliminating the body’s peroxidation,the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT increased by 2.55 times and 2.17 times in LDFP group,respectively,compared with the model group,and significantly reduced the level of ROS in cells. The polysaccharide from the fruit body of L. decastes has a certain improvement effect on the oxidative damage of liver cells and provides certain research ideas for the preparation of liver-protecting products of L. decastes.
Antimicrobial activity of Lyophyllum decastes an edible wild mushroom.
The antibacterial activity of various solvent extracts of Lyophyllum decastes was tested against 7 species of bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Psuedomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus luteus. The methanol extract exhibited maximum activity. Gram positive Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus was most susceptible than Gram negative Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. The solvent extracts of Lyophyllum decastes was also tested against 5 species of fungi: Candida albicans, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus ocraceous, Curvularia and Alternaria. The acetone extract exhibited maximum activity. Curvularia was most susceptible than other fungi and Cryptococcus was found to be resistant.
Polysaccharides have high antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, and anticancer activities. In this study, the ability of the Lyophyllum decastes fruiting body polysaccharide (LDFP) to protect against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice by activating the Nrf2 pathway was studied. LDFP can inhibit the activity of ALT, AST, TC, TG, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum; significantly improve the inflammatory state of the liver; increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the glutathione (GSH) content; decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) content; alleviate the toxicity caused by reactive oxygen species; and alleviate liver injury. Immunohistochemistry and western blot showed that LDFP can activate the Nrf2 pathway, up-regulate the expression of Nrf2, down-regulate the expression of Keap1, and increase the expression of the anti-oxidation factors HO-1 and CuZn-SOD. At the same time, it was found that the expression of the transcription factors TLR-4 and NF-κB were decreased in the NF-κB signaling pathway, the synthesis and secretion of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased consequently. These results suggest that LDFP protects the liver by activating the Nrf2 pathway and reducing the inflammatory response. Generally, the results of this study could be used to aid the development of hepatoprotective products and their application.
Radioprotection and Antitumor Effect by Lyophyllum decastes Singer and Propolis in Mice
In this study, we examined the radioprotective effects of treatment with Lyophyllum decastes (Tricholomataceae, higher Basidiomycetes) and Propolis. It would obviously be counterproductive if the antiradiation effects of these substances prevented the antitumor effects of the radiation. Therefore, we examined the effect of radioprotective agents on the growth of tumors in combination with radiation therapy. Thus, the aim of this study is to take the first step to apply L. decastes and Propolis as new radioprotective agents and to obtain data for the development of these agents in the future.
As a possible mechanism, a crude polysaccharide fraction (ATF) was prepared promoting the invasion of NK cells into tumor tissues and inhibiting the appearance of the S phase in mitotic cycles of tumor cells. Many chemotherapeutic drugs cause adverse reactions. Not only tumor cells, but also other proliferating normal cells are damaged, and the function of the intestine, kidney, spinal cord, and immunity are affected because these drugs act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Therefore, in general, antitumor drugs with fewer adverse reactions are desired. If antitumor drugs with fewer adverse reactions exist, the point of action would not be mediated by effects on DNA and RNA, which are common to both tumor cell and normal cells and may be associated with some specific tumor cell function involved in the relationship between the host and tumor cells. For example, antitumor effects can be caused by activation of the immune system and actions on vascularization caused by tumor tissues. In this study, L. decastes alone did not show a marked antitumor effect. One possible reason is that L. decastes does not show direct antitumor effects like those of artepillin C, which is present in Propolis, but acts secondarily from an immunological aspect.
After a topical 6 Gy irradiation (therapy), the L. decastes group showed a tendency to suppress the tumor growth, as compared with the group that was only irradiated. It is thought that L. decastes does not show a direct antitumor effect. Therefore, the radioprotective effect reduces the decrease in immune cells, and a secondary antitumor effect generates a slight difference, as compared with the group that was only irradiated.
Thus, in radiation therapy, L. decastes shows an antitumor effect caused by a radioprotective effect on the immune cells, in addition to the antitumor effect caused by irradiation.
Lyophyllum shimeji (Agaricomycetes)
In this study, a novel protease with a molecular mass of 30 kDa was purified from Lyophyllum shimeji using a purification procedure that involved anion exchange chromatography on a Q-Sepharose column, cation chromatography on an SP-Sepharose column, and gel filtration on a Superdex 75 column. The protease was purified 57-fold, and its specific activity was 6.67 U/mg. Its inner amino acid sequence, determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, contains AASIIAVLVLSDK, which has 93% identity with the sequence of Hypsizygus marmoreus serine protease. The optimal reaction temperature and pH for L. shimeji protease were 50°C and 10.0, respectively. It is an alkaline protease and has higher activity when the pH lies between 6.8 and 10.0. The Km and Vmax at 50°C and pH 9.0 were 1.32 mg/mL and 454.55 μg/mL/min, respectively. The activity of L. shimeji protease was significantly suppressed by Cd2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ ions, as well as by phenylmethylsufonyl fluoride; therefore, it is a serine protease.
macrocybe crassa
Pharmacognostic standardization of macrocybe crassa: An imminent Medicinal Mushroom
The aim of present study was to establish standardization parameters for pharmacognostic evaluation of macrocybe crassa, a wild edible Mushroom of West Bengal. For this purpose, microscopic features of powder such as physical characters, spore measurement, type of hyphae were examined and recorded. Physico-chemical parameters like organoleptic features, loss on drying (10.53%), total ash (17.04%), swelling capacity (66.66 ml/g), water holding capacity (174.69 g/g), water solubility index (406.65%) and fluorescent behaviour against 16 reagents were also determined. Alcoholic extract was prepared using methanol as solvent where extractive value was 27.52%.
Preliminary mycochemical analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycoside, carbohydrate, flavonoid, phenol, saponin and terpenoids while absence of alkaloid and steroid in methanol extract. While quantitatively major bioactive components were present in the following order of flavonoid> phenol> ascorbic acid> β-carotene> lycopene. In addition, HPTLC and HPLC profiles were recorded to determine phenolic fingerprint. HPTLC characterization showed presence of at least 5 components as detected by scanning the plate at 300 nm. HPLC chromatogram of the extract indicated existence of minimum 14 peaks which might be of phenolic compounds. Along with, DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 value 2.455 mg/ml) and total antioxidant capacity (7.4 ± 1.24 μg AAE/mg of extract) were determined to evaluate antioxidant activity.
The above parameters, which are being reported for the first time, are significant towards establishing the pharmacognostic standards for future identification and authentication of genuine Mushroom material.
macrolepiota procera
Mushrooms are macro Fungi that exist everywhere around us. They have significant roles in human health–life as source of nutrition and bioactive compounds. Many edible Mushrooms have been reported as promising biotechnological tools for production of secondary metabolites of various biological activities. The genus macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola are a group of edible Mushrooms that are distributed all over the world. The studies on different species of these edible Mushrooms have revealed their nutritional Medicinal potentials.
This review aims to present the importance of the genera macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola as both food and medicine, and they offer new insights to researchers to develop new drugs and nutraceuticals.
Marasmius oreades
This study is based on the phenolic composition and the antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities of the edible Mushroom Marasmius oreades from Turkey. The phenolic composition of an M. oreades ethanol extract was measured by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride colorimetry, and ultraperformance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity was evaluated on the basis of DPPH radical scavenging activity. The effect of the M. oreades ethanol extract was also screened in order to determine glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities. The antimicrobial activity of the Mushroom extract was evaluated by using well diffusion and was based on the minimum inhibitory concentration. In addition, the antibiofilm potential of M. oreades was analyzed against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Finally, the anticancer effects of the Mushroom extract were tested on colon (HT-29) and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines by using the MTT assay.
The Results revealed that the total amount of phenolics in the ethanol extract of M. oreades was 10.990 ± 0.0007 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, and the total amount of flavonoids was 1.139 ± 0.0052 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g. The ultraperformance liquid chromatography Results indicated that the M. oreades ethanol extract contained various phenolic compounds: catechin, ferulic, gallic acid, and vanillic acid. The M. oreades ethanol extract scavenged about 80% of DPPH free radicals. It did not show any effect on the glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase enzyme activities, but its maximal concentration (10 mg/mL) increased superoxide dismutase activity (8%). The ethanol extract of M. oreades showed a moderate anticancer effect on the HT-29, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Although the ethanolic extract of the Mushroom did not show sufficient antibacterial activity, it presented a strong antibiofilm effect against all studied pathogenic strains at the tested concentrations.
Fighting cancer is considered one of the most important areas of research in medicine and immunology. Due to the ability of cancer cells to mutate and become resistant to available drugs, new scientific approaches, focused on molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, are needed. Recently, a new direction in cancer treatment has arisen, devoted to the adjuvant use of natural bioactive compounds in conventional chemotherapy.
This kind of research is gaining more attention; in particular, Fungi can be used not only as strong immunoceuticals but also as a source of potent metabolites, capable of penetrating cell membranes and interfering with particular signal transduction pathways linked to processes such as inflammation, cell differentiation and survival, carcinogenesis, metastasis, etc. One such a crucial pathway, involved in the abovementioned processes, is the activation pathway of the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB).
The binding of two α-galactophilic lectins, Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA), and Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B4 (GS I-B4) to neoglycoproteins and natural glycoproteins were compared in a surface phase assay. Neoglycoproteins carrying various α-galactosylated glycans and laminin from basement membrane of mouse sarcoma that contains the xenogenic Galα1–3Gal1–4GlcNAc epitope were immobilized in microtiter plate wells and lectin binding determined with an enzyme-linked assay. After 24 h of incubation, MOA had higher affinity for the xenogenic pentasaccharide (Galα1–3Gal1–4GlcNAcβ1–3Galβ1–4Glc) than for the Galα-monosaccharide. The binding properties of MOA and GS I-B4 to the xenogenic disaccharide (Galα1–3Galβ1) were comparable while the binding of MOA to the xenogenic pentasaccharide was much stronger than the binding of GS I-B4 to the same epitope. Non-xenogenic disaccharide-coupled neoglycoproteins having galactose end groups linked α1–2 or α1–4 to Gal or linked α1–3 to GalNAc bound very weakly to MOA, whereas GS I-B4 recognized all of these disaccharides with similarly high affinity. MOA also showed high affinity for laminin.
The Results indicate that the Marasmius oreades lectin has nearly the same affinities as does GS I-B4 for the simple xenogenic carbohydrate antigens, but MOA has greater affinity for the pentasaccharide and is far more specific in its binding preferences than the Griffonia lectin.
Metacordyceps neogunnii sp. nov.
Multigene phylogeny and morphology reveal that the Chinese Medicinal
Mushroom ‘Cordyceps gunnii’ is Metacordyceps neogunnii sp. nov.
Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of an entomogenous fungus associated with larvae of Lepidoptera in Guizhou and Anhui, China showed it to be a new species, Metacordyceps neogunnii. It differs from similar species in having longer asci and wider ascospores. Multigene analysis of ITS, 18S, TEF1 and RPB1 sequence data also confirmed the dis- tinctiveness of this species. This species has been wrongly regarded in China as ‘Cordyceps gunnii’ for more than 30 years. Cordyceps gunnii from Tasmania is considered to be in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae based on its multigene phylogeny and morphological analysis.
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. (morel)
To Heal or Not to Heal? Medicinal Mushrooms Wound Healing
Capacities
Several compounds are responsible for the therapeutic activities of many Medicinal Mushrooms genera; the main groups of these compounds are polysaccharides, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and essential amino acids, as well as minerals such as such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc.In this review we focused on the wound healing promoting effect of some Medicinal Mushrooms of interest including: Handkea utriformis,Hericium erinaceus, Morchella esculenta, Sparassis crispa and Agaricus blazei
Morchella purpurascens
Total phenolics, antioxidant activities and fatty acid profiles of six Morchella species
According to the determination, Morchella contains 28.1% protein, 4.40% crude fat, up to 20 kinds of amino acids, 47.47%, especially 8 kinds of amino acids necessary for human body, accounting for 44.14% of the total amino acids; The content of various vitamins and mineral elements is also extremely rich, some of which exceed the content of “Cordyceps sinensis” and are known as the top food, rich in protein, polysaccharide peptides, carbohydrates, multi vitamins and more than 20 kinds of amino acids and microelements. It has the functions of tonifying kidney, strengthening yang, brain and refreshing; It can obviously improve the loss of essence and kidney, impotence, sexual dysfunction, and frigidity; It has a good effect on dizziness and insomnia, gastrointestinal inflammation, spleen and stomach weakness, dyspepsia, and poor diet. Long term consumption can prevent cancer, fight cancer, inhibit tumor, prevent colds, and increase human immunity, which has important development value in medicine and health care.
In present study, total phenolic compound, antioxidant activities and fatty acids of several Morchella species collected from different regions of Turkey were determined. Six species were detected, namely Morchella dunalii (HT562), M. purpurascens group (HT565, HT592, HT662, HT699), M. deliciosa (HT682), M. mediterraneensis (HT698), M. importuna (HT667, HT681) and M. esculenta (HT704). The highest phenolic content was determined in the collection numbered as HT565 (281.96 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight), followed by HT699, HT562, HT662, HT592, HT698, HT704, HT681, HT667 and HT682. antioxidant activities were also evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays and the maximum (0.51 and 1.04 mmol trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry weight respectively) was observed in HT565.
The Results for the fatty acids composition showed that assessed Morchella species were rich in nutritionally important unsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and myristic acid were the identified compounds. Linoleic acid was the most common in samples like HT565, HT592, HT704, HT662, HT682 and HT667 and followed by oleic acid except in HT565. In HT681, HT698, HT699 and HT562, oleic acid was dominant and followed by linoleic acid. The ratios of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids were calculated as 10.79, 4.78, 6.80, 8.09, 6.67, 4.35, 8.70, 8.64, 7.90 and 7.43 in HT562, HT565, HT592, HT662, HT667, HT681, HT682, HT698, HT699 and HT704 respectively. The sampling locations and species of Morels had influenced the bioactivities and fatty acid compositions of specimens.
Morels are edible Mushrooms appreciated worldwide for their savory flavor. Morels have been in use in traditional medicine for centuries, due to their health-related benefits, and current research demonstrated their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory bioactivities, in addition to immunostimulatory and anti-tumor properties. In spite of the high demand for morels and their increasing economic importance, their cultivation is limited, and they are either used as wild harvested or fermented in culture, for consumption as a functional food and for food-flavoring. Morel’s health benefits were attributed mainly to polysaccharides as the active compounds, and to various phytochemicals, mainly phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and vitamin D. Morel’s nutritional composition was reported, including sugar, amino acid, fatty and organic acid and mineral profile. Information regarding Morel’s flavor is limited, and while some of their taste attributes have been described, including the role of umami taste, details about their volatile aroma profile are scarce, and it was reported to include eight carbon volatiles, the main aroma volatiles typical to most Mushrooms.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review presenting morels’ nutritional and phytochemical composition, health benefits and flavor, and we will review the available information in current literature regarding these aspects in light of morels phenotypic plasticity.
Main functional ingredients, nutritional, and Medicinal values of common wild edible Fungi: a review
Common wild edible Fungi are not only delicious but are also high in nutritional and Medicinal values. They contain many functional ingredients such as polysaccharides, alkaloids, choline, triterpenes, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals as their chemical constituents. Seven species of common wild edible Fungi were chosen for their main functional ingredients, nutritional values, and Medicinal importance in this review
Medicinal Plants, Markets, and Margins in the Nepal Himalaya: Trouble in Paradise
The trade in Medicinal and aromatic products (MAP) from the rural areas of Gorkha District in central Nepal to the wholesale markets in India was investigated over a two-year period.
Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii
Higher Basidiomycetes medicinal mushroom Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii has become attractive as a natural health product because of its antihypertensive effects on human health. Moreover, the food industry is especially interested in the preparation of the nutritional tonic of this mushroom. Various studies on this mushroom have shown that it has antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant effects. The aim of this review is to report the present findings from studies on this mushroom and to discuss its future prospects.
Oudemansiella radicata
effects of nutritional factors on exopolysaccharide production by submerged cultivation of the Medicinal Mushroom Oudemansiella radicata were investigated in shake flasks. Sucrose and peptone were optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for cell growth and exopolysaccharide production. The exopolysaccharide production was increased with an increase in initial sucrose concentration within the range of 10–40 g l−1 and initial peptone concentration within the range of 1–3 g l−1. To enhance further exopolysaccharide production, the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratios was studied using central composite design (CCD) and response surface analysis. The maximum exopolysaccharide production of 2.67 ± 0.15 g l−1 was achieved in medium with optimized carbon and nitrogen sources, i.e. 39.3 g sucrose l−1 and 3.16 g peptone l−1 in the same cultivation conditions. The information obtained is helpful for the hyperproduction of exopolysaccharide by submerged cultivation of O. radicata on a large scale.
Pachyma cocos
The fungus “Fuling” has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for more than 2000 years, and its sclerotia have a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-aging etc. This prized Medicinal Mushroom also known as “Hoelen” is resurrected from a piece of pre-Linnean scientific literature. Fries treated it as Pachyma hoelen Fr. and mentioned that it was cultivated on pine trees in China. However, this name had been almost forgotten, and Poria cocos (syn. Wolfiporia cocos), originally described from North America, and known as “Tuckahoe” has been applied to “Fuling” in most publications. Although Merrill mentioned a 100 years ago that Asian Pachyma hoelen and North American P. cocos are similar but different, no comprehensive taxonomical studies have been carried out on the East Asian Pachyma hoelen and its related species. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination on both the sclerotia and the basidiocarps which are very seldomly developed, the East Asian samples of Pachyma hoelen including sclerotia, commercial strains for cultivation and fruiting bodies, nested in a strongly supported, homogeneous lineage which clearly separated from the lineages of North American Wolfiporia cocos and other species. So we confirm that the widely cultivated “Fuling” Pachyma hoelen in East Asia is not conspecific with the North American Wolfiporia cocos. Based on the changes in Art. 59 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, Fungi, and plants, the generic name Pachyma, which was sanctioned by Fries, has nomenclatural priority (ICN, Art. F.3.1), and this name well represents the economically important stage of the generic type.
So we propose to use Pachyma rather than Wolfiporia, and subsequently Pachyma hoelen and Pachyma cocos are the valid names for “Fuling” in East Asia and “Tuckahoe” in North America, respectively. In addition, a new combination, Pachyma pseudococos, is proposed. Furthermore, it seems that Pachyma cocos is a species complex, and that three species exist in North America.
Pachyma hoelen
The fungus “Fuling” has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for more than 2000 years, and its sclerotia have a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-aging etc. This prized Medicinal Mushroom also known as “Hoelen” is resurrected from a piece of pre-Linnean scientific literature. Fries treated it as Pachyma hoelen Fr. and mentioned that it was cultivated on pine trees in China. However, this name had been almost forgotten, and Poria cocos (syn. Wolfiporia cocos), originally described from North America, and known as “Tuckahoe” has been applied to “Fuling” in most publications. Although Merrill mentioned a 100 years ago that Asian Pachyma hoelen and North American P. cocos are similar but different, no comprehensive taxonomical studies have been carried out on the East Asian Pachyma hoelen and its related species. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination on both the sclerotia and the basidiocarps which are very seldomly developed, the East Asian samples of Pachyma hoelen including sclerotia, commercial strains for cultivation and fruiting bodies, nested in a strongly supported, homogeneous lineage which clearly separated from the lineages of North American Wolfiporia cocos and other species. So we confirm that the widely cultivated “Fuling” Pachyma hoelen in East Asia is not conspecific with the North American Wolfiporia cocos. Based on the changes in Art. 59 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, Fungi, and plants, the generic name Pachyma, which was sanctioned by Fries, has nomenclatural priority (ICN, Art. F.3.1), and this name well represents the economically important stage of the generic type. So we propose to use Pachyma rather than Wolfiporia, and subsequently Pachyma hoelen and Pachyma cocos are the valid names for “Fuling” in East Asia and “Tuckahoe” in North America, respectively. In addition, a new combination, Pachyma pseudococos, is proposed. Furthermore, it seems that Pachyma cocos is a species complex, and that three species exist in North America.
Pachyma pseudococos
The fungus “Fuling” has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for more than 2000 years, and its sclerotia have a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-aging etc. This prized Medicinal Mushroom also known as “Hoelen” is resurrected from a piece of pre-Linnean scientific literature. Fries treated it as Pachyma hoelen Fr. and mentioned that it was cultivated on pine trees in China. However, this name had been almost forgotten, and Poria cocos (syn. Wolfiporia cocos), originally described from North America, and known as “Tuckahoe” has been applied to “Fuling” in most publications.
Although Merrill mentioned a 100 years ago that Asian Pachyma hoelen and North American P. cocos are similar but different, no comprehensive taxonomical studies have been carried out on the East Asian Pachyma hoelen and its related species. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination on both the sclerotia and the basidiocarps which are very seldomly developed, the East Asian samples of Pachyma hoelen including sclerotia, commercial strains for cultivation and fruiting bodies, nested in a strongly supported, homogeneous lineage which clearly separated from the lineages of North American Wolfiporia cocos and other species. So we confirm that the widely cultivated “Fuling” Pachyma hoelen in East Asia is not conspecific with the North American Wolfiporia cocos. Based on the changes in Art. 59 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, Fungi, and plants, the generic name Pachyma, which was sanctioned by Fries, has nomenclatural priority (ICN, Art. F.3.1), and this name well represents the economically important stage of the generic type. So we propose to use Pachyma rather than Wolfiporia, and subsequently Pachyma hoelen and Pachyma cocos are the valid names for “Fuling” in East Asia and “Tuckahoe” in North America, respectively. In addition, a new combination, Pachyma pseudococos, is proposed. Furthermore, it seems that Pachyma cocos is a species complex, and that three species exist in North America.
Paecilomyces tenuipes
Development and Cultivation of Paecilomyces tenuipes, Medicinal Mushroom Isolated in Korea
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the major public health concerns, which has a high prevalence rate and causes significant decline in men’s quality of life. BPH is highly related to sexual hormone metabolism and aging. In particular, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to which testosterone is modified by 5α-reductase (5AR), has a significant effect on BPH development. DHT binds to an androgen receptor (AR) and steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1); then, it induces the proliferation of a prostate cell and expression of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Paecilomyces tenuipes (P. tenuipes) is a mushroom that has been popularized by the artificial cultivation of fruiting bodies based on silkworms by researchers from the Republic of Korea. In a previous study, we identified the effect of PE on PSA mRNA expression in LNCaP cells. This suggests that PE may have an inhibitory effect on androgen signaling. Therefore, we confirmed the expression of androgen signaling-related factors, such as AR, SRC-1, and PSA in LNCaP.
Furthermore, we confirmed the androgen signaling inhibitory effect of PE using the testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. A BPH rat model was established with a four-week treatment of daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (TP, 3 mg/kg) dissolved in corn oil after castration. The rats in the treatment group were orally gavaged P. tenuipes extract (PE), finasteride (Fi), or saw palmetto extract (Saw) with TP injection. DHT induced an increase in the expression levels of AR, SRC-1, and PSA proteins in LNCaP cells. On the contrary, the PE treatment reduced the expression levels. In vivo, the BPH group showed an increase in prostate size compared with the control group. The PE gavaged group showed a decrease in prostate size compared with the BPH group. In addition, the protein expressions of AR, 5AR2, and PSA were significantly lower in the PE gavaged group than BPH group in prostate tissue. These results suggest the beneficial effects of PE on BPH via the modulation of AR signaling pathway.
Chemical Components of Paecilomyces tenuipes (Peck) Samson
The caterpillar-shaped Chinese medicinal mushroom (DongChongXiaCao) looks like a worm in the winter and like a grass in the summer. The fruiting body has been regarded as popular folk or effective medicines used to treat human diseases such as asthma, bronchial and lung inflammation, and kidney disease. The fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces tenuipes that formed on the living silkworm (Bombyx mori) host were used in this examination. This study was carried out to investigate the proximate composition, soluble sugar, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and contents of the bioactive ingredient including adenosine and D-mannitol in the fruiting-bodies. The moisture content was 57.56%. Soluble sugars found were glycerol, glucose, mannitol and sucrose, and the contents exceeded 24 mgg(-1)dry weight. Total free amino acid content was 17.09 mg g(-1)dry weight. Arginine, glycine, proline and tyrosine were main amino acids. The content of oleic acid in fatty acids was high. Adenosine was more abundant in fruiting bodies than corpus.
Enhancement of IL-18 expression by Paecilomyces tenuipes
Paecilomyces tenuipes is a popular medicinal mushroom, and has received extensive attention for medical application because of its various physiological activities. However, there is limited information about the anticancer and immunomodulatory activities of Paecilomyces tenuipes . This study attempted to evaluate the effect of an extract from the cultured fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces tenuipes (PTE) on the expression of the interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene in rat pheochromocytoma (PC) 12 cells and rat brain. Related mRNA levels were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein levels were measured by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that PTE induced IL-18 gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of PC12 cells and rat brain cells with 10 μg/ml and 20 mg/kg PTE, respectively, yielded significant increases of IL-18 levels. Significantly, IL-18-immunoreactive neurons were detected in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. IL18-immunohistochemical staining was markedly enhanced in animals treated with PTE compared to findings in the untreated controls. These results suggest that PTE could be a potential candidate as an immune activator or anticancer drug.
A fibrinolytic enzyme (PTEFP) was purified from the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes. Analysis of the purified PTEFP by SDS–PAGE and fibrin zymography demonstrated a single protein band of approximately 14 kDa. Fibrinolysis pattern showed that PTEFP rapidly hydrolyzed α-chain followed by β-chain. PTEFP rapidly degraded Aα-chain of human fibrinogen but did not hydrolyze Bβ- or γ-chain indicating that it is α-fibrinogenase. The N-terminal sequence was AQNIGAVVNLSPPKQ, which is different from that of other known fibrinolytic enzymes. The PTEFP displayed maximum activity at 35 °C and pH 5.0, and was stable between pH 5.0–8.0 and below 40 °C. Calcium ion enhanced the enzyme activity whereas Zn2+ inhibited it.
The fibrinolytic activity was strongly inhibited by PMSF identifying it as a serine protease. PTEFP exhibited high specificity for the substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA and Km and Vmax values for this substrate were 0.17 mM and 59 U/ml respectively. These results suggest that PTEFP is a novel fibrinolytic enzyme and may have potential applications in treating thrombosis.
Peziza vesicalosa Bull
An antitumor β-1, 3-glucan (PVG) was purified from PVA-S by sequential use of α-amylase digestion, ethanol precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on diethyl aminoethyl Sephadex A-25, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and gel filtration on Sepharose CL-2B. PVG showed [α] D+28.4°(water). From the Results of methylation analysis and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, PVG is a β-1, 3-glucan branched at position 6 of every fifth 3-substituted β-glucosyl unit. PVG formed a complex with Congo Red in neutral and dilute alkali solution, but this complex was dissociated at more than 0.2N NaOH. PVG showed potent antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 tumor in ICR mice.
polysaccharides in the fruit body of Peziza vesiculosa were extracted with cold aqueous sodium hydroxide. The antitumor effect and structural features of the extracted fractions were examined. The above extraction gave a water-soluble heteroglycan fraction and a water-insoluble glucan fraction. The structural characteristics of these polysaccharides were estimated from the Results of methylation analysis and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The heteroglycan fraction was composed of glucose and mannose (20 : 1). The fraction contained a large amount of β-1, 3-glucosidic linkages (about 64%) and a small amount of α-1, 4-glucosidic linkages (about 30%). Some of the β-1, 3-linked glucose residues included branching points. The water-insoluble fraction contained a large amount of β-1, 3-linkages (about 90%). Both fractions showed potent antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 tumor in ICR mice.
antitumor activity of an immunomodulating Material extracted from a fungus, Peziza vesiculosa
The antitumor activity of an immunomodulating material, vesiculogen, from a fungus, Peziza vesiculosa, on the transplantable sarcoma 180 was examined in mice. Vesiculogen showed antitumor activity against both solid and ascites forms of sarcoma 180.
Hypsizygus marmoreus is an edible Mushroom widely cultured in Japan. polysaccharide fractions were prepared from the cultured H. marmoreus by repeated extraction with hot water (HmHWE), cold NaOH, and then hot NaOH. The residue was further treated with NaClO and prepared extract (HmCHAE) and residue (HmCHAR). The cold NaOH extract was further separated into water-soluble (HmCAEE) and -insoluble (HmCAER) fractions. The hot NaOH extract was also separated into water-soluble (HmHAEE) and -insoluble (HmHAER) fractions. Cold and hot NaOH extracts showed antitumor activity to the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice. By chemical, enzymic, and NMR analyses, HmCAEE and HmHAEE contained significant amounts of 6-branched 1,3-b-glucan. In addition to 6-branched 1,3-b-glucan, NaOH extracted, water-insoluble fraction contained 1,3-a-glucan. Purified 1,3-a-glucan did not show antitumor activity. These facts strongly suggested that b-glucans but not a-glucans show antitumor activity in H. marmoreus.
An antitumor (1→3)-β-D-glucan (TS-CAG III) was purified from the cold aqueous sodium hydroxide extract of the residue of hot water extract of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395 by sequential use of ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex A-25, ethanol precipitation, and gel filtration on Sepharose CL-2B. TS-CAG III showed [α]D-18°(0.4 N NaOH).
From the Results of methylation analysis and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, TS-CAG III was concluded to be a (1→3)-β-D-glucan bronched at position 6 of two in every five main chain glucosyl units. TS-CAG III formed a complex with Congo Red in dilute alkali solution, and showed potent antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice.
antitumor β-Glucan from the Cultured Fruit Body of Agaricus blazei
Agaricus blazei is a medically important Mushroom widely eaten and prescribed in Japan. polysaccharide fractions were prepared from cultured A. blazei by repeated extraction with hot water (AgHWE), cold NaOH (AgCA), and then hot NaOH (AgHA). By chemical, enzymic, and NMR analyses, the primary structures of AgHWE, AgCA, and AgHA were mainly composed of 1,6-β-glucan. Among these fractions, the NaOH extracts showed antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice. To demonstrate the active component in these fractions, several chemical and enzymic treatments were applied. These fractions were found to be i) neutral β-glucan passing DEAE-Sephadex A-25, ii) resistant to periodate oxidation (I/B) and subsequent partial acid hydrolysis (I/B/H), iii) resistant to a 1,3-β-glucanase, zymolyase, before I/B, but sensitive after I/B/H. In addition, after I/B/H treatment of the neutral fraction of AgCAE, a signal around 86 ppm attributable to 1,3-β-glucosidic linkage was detectable in the 13C-NMR spectrum. These facts strongly suggest that a highly branched 1,3-β-glucan segment forms the active center of the antitumor activity.
The royal sun Medicinal Mushroom, Agaricus brasiliensis, is a health food material that helps to improve quality of life. A. brasiliensis has long been used as a tea by extraction with cold and hot water. Our group has been investigating the immunopharmacological activities of the A. brasiliensis KA21 strain, which is cultivated outdoors. We prepared cold water (AgCWE) and hot water (AgHWE) extracts of this strain. AgCWE contained a larger proportion of proteins, including enzymes, and showed a brownish color during the extraction process. By contrast, chemical and immunochemical analyses revealed that AgHWE contained large amounts of β-1,3-/1,6-glucans. In an attempt to elucidate the immunochemical characteristics of AgCWE, reactivities to immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations for intravenous injection were analyzed and compared with standard materials. To characterize brownish high–molecular weight components, standard phenol compounds such as caffeic acid (CA), trans–ferulic acid (FA), and coumaric acid (CouA) were polymerized to brownish polymerized polyphenols (PPPs) (i.e., polymerized CA, polymerized FA, and polymerized CouA) by laccase or peroxidase.
The Results obtained revealed that intravenous Ig reacted with all PPPs and PPPs cross-reacted with AgCWE and AgHWE. The isotype of the anti-PPP antibody was found to be IgG1, in contrast to that of the β-glucan antibody, which was mainly IgG2. These Results strongly suggest that A. brasiliensis extracts contain immunoreactive components against various classes of Igs.
Sparassis crispa is a culinary–Medicinal Mushroom recently cultivated in Japan, China, Germany, and the U.S. In a previous study, we purified a 6-branched 1,3-β-D-glucan preparation, designated as SCG, and investigated its biological activities. In the present study, we prepared polysac-charide fractions extracted from S. crispa by hot water (SCHWE), cold NaOH (SCG), and hot NaOH (SCHA), and investigated their properties and immunomodulating activities. These polysaccharide fractions showed strong limulus factor G activity due to the presence of β-1,3-D-glucans. They also showed a strong antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice, and hemato-poietic response in cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenic mice. They induced the splenocytes from DBA/2 mice to produce GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in vitro. By treatment with sodium hydroxide of SCHWE, the hematopietic response was enhanced but cytokine induction was decreased.
Taken together, these Results strongly suggested that the preparation method was related to the conformation of the β-glucan fraction, and the immunomodulating activities in vivo and in vitro were significantly modulated by the preparation methods.
Medicinal Aspect of Mushrooms: A View Point
The health benefits of Mushrooms find their place in the ancient texts of Greek, Roman, Chinese, and in Ayurveda. Exploration and validation of the history and ethnic knowledge of the use of Mushrooms have been a basis for a number of novel bioactive agents which may serve as leads for drug discovery. Mushrooms are significantly nutritious since they are low in fat and calories, whereas they are rich in protein including essential amino acids and dietary fiber. They are also a good source of various vitamins and trace elements. Mushrooms are documented for their health-promoting and pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulating, anti-allergic, anticholesterolemic, cardiovascular protector, and hepatoprotective effects and antimicrobial benefits such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic. This chapter includes Medicinal and health-promoting effects of different Mushrooms.
effect OF A B cell MITOGEN EXTRACTED FROM A fungus PEZIZA VESICULOSA ON ANTIBODY production IN MICE
The effect of Vesiculogen (a hot-water extracted B cell mitogen from Peziza vesiculosa) on antibody production in mouse spleens was studied. The number of plaqueforming cells (PFC) elicited by injection with Vesiculogen and/or 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl substituted sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC) were comparatively assayed. In the mice injected with 100 μg of Vesiculogen (i. p.), an obvious increase in the numbers of anti-SRBC and anti-TNP SRBC PEC in spleens was observed after 2 d of injection, and the numbers of PFC reached a maximum on day 3. Injections to 1-1000 μg of Vesiculogen were effective. This effect was shown when Vesiculogen was administered by i. p. or i. v. injections. In some cases, the numbers of PFC in mice injected with Vesiculogen and antigen exceeded the sum of each number of PFC elicited by polycolonal B cell activation activity of Vesiculogen and by antigenic stimulation of TNP-SRBC. Pretreatment with Vesiculogen within 4 d before immunization markedly reduced the PFC response.
These Results suggest that the effect of Vesiculogen on antibody response in mice attributes to its activities as a polyclonal B cell activator and adjuvant.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395 strain produces “sclerotia” on agar media. The immunomodulating activities of the non-dialyzable fraction of hot water extract of sclerotia (TSHW) grown on six kinds of agar media (i.e., malt (M), potato-sucrose (PS), potato-dextrose (P), YpSs (Y), Leonian-yeast extract (L) and malt-yeast extract (MY)) were comparatively studied. The sclerotial formation was strongly affected by the composition of the media. The yield was the highest on PS agar (26.8 g as average dry weight of sclerotia per 100 agar plates), and the lowest on MY agar. However, the yield, composition (protein ca. 30%, carbohydrate ca. 60%, phosphate (<0.4%)), carbohydrate components (glucose and mannose in a molar ratio of 1.0 : ca. 0.5) and amino acid composition of TSHW were similar on all the media. The Results of methylation analysis indicated that all the TSHW preparations possessed quite similar branched β-1, 3-glucan structures. These TSHW preparations showed various immunomodulating effects (mitogenic, polyclonal B-cell activating (PBA), reticuloendothelial system (RES) -activating, and antitumor activities). antitumor and RES activation activities of TSHW were quite similar regardless of the difference of culture media, while mitogenic and PBA activities varied somewhat. These Results suggest that the sclerotia contained immunomodulating material (s), the production of which was affected, in part, by the composition of the culture media.
Phellinus baumii
The antidiabetic effect of the crude exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced from submerged mycelial culture of Phellinus baumii in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated. The produced EPS consisted of two different heteropolysaccharides and two proteoglycans. The food intake of the diabetic control rats (STZ) was increased by 28.1%, whereas body weight gain was reduced by 44.1% as compared to the nondiabetic animals (NC). The plasma glucose level in the EPS-fed rats (EPS) was substantially reduced by 52.3% as compared to the diabetic rats (STZ), which is the highest hypoglycemic effect among Mushroom-derived materials documented in literature. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly decreased by administration of P. baumii EPS, thereby exhibiting a remedial role in liver function. The significant increase in weights of liver, spleen, and kidney was observed in diabetic groups (both STZ and EPS) compared to NC.
The Results suggest that orally administrated P. baumii EPS exhibited considerable hypoglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats and that these EPS may be useful for the management of diabetes mellitus.
Phellinus igniarius
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Phellinus igniarius is a traditional Medicinal Mushroom used in China and other countries of East Asia for the treatment of various diseases including cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antitumor activity of P. igniarius and elucidate the possible mechanism. MTT assay displayed that the total ethanol extract of P. igniarius (TPI) had antitumor activities against five human tumor cell lines of HepG-2, AGS, SGC-7901, Hela and A-549. TPI was found the most cytotoxity against gastric cancer SGC-7901 in vitro, and strongly inhibited the tumor growth in xenograft nude mice in vivo. Typical morphological changes due to cell apoptosis including chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation with the formation of apoptotic bodies were observed in the SGC-7901 cells after TPI treatment. TPI blocked SGC-7901 cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and caused apoptosis by down-regulated the expression of cyclin D1. TPI caused a remarkable collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, △ψm) in SGC-7901 cells and induced the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis by triggered the caspase-9, -3 activation and PARP cleavage. Moreover, TPI increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in SGC-7901 both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggested that P. igniarius could be a potential natural derived therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer, as it could induce the cancer cell apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway.
Structural Analysis of a bioactive polysaccharide,
PISP1, from the Medicinal Mushroom Phellinus igniarius
PISP1, a heteropolysaccharide isolated from fruiting bodies of Phellinus igniarius by hot aqueous extraction and purified by DEAE-Sepharose anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography, is composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, and 3-O-Me-galactose in a ratio of 1:2:1:2. Methylation, monosaccharide analysis, and NMR studies (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY-45, TOCSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) revealed that PISP1 had a backbone consisting of 1,6-disubstituted-3-O-Me- – D -galactopyranosyl residue, 1,3,6-trisubstituted- – D – manopyranosyl residue, 1,4-disubstituted- – D -galacto- pyranosyl residue, and 1,2-disubstituted- – D -galacto- pyranosyl residue, and had a 1-substituted- – L-fucopy- ranosyl terminal attached to O-3 of a manopyranosyl residue. Preliminary bioactivity tests conducted in vitro revealed that PISP1 stimulated the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes.
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has an important role in immune response and inflammation. Phellinus igniarius (known as Sang huang in traditional Chinese medicine) has various pharmacologic effects. In this study, 19 chemical constituents (1-19) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ph. igniarius. Their structures were elucidated based on data from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and comparison with the literature. Overall, 3 compounds (2, 7, and 11) from this species were reported, to our knowledge for the first time. Two compounds (4 and 15) from the genus Phellinus and 9 compounds (1, 3, 5, 8-10, and 12-14) from the Hymenochaetaceae family were also reported for the first time. An NF-κB luciferase reporter assay of these compounds was carried out in tumor necrosis factor-α-induced HeLa cells—again, to our knowledge for the first time. Among them, compounds 5 and 7 showed moderate inhibition of NF-κB, with fold values of 0.48 ± 0.02 and 0.55 ± 0.09, respectively, in HeLa cells at 100 μmol/L.
These Results suggest that some of the ingredients from Ph. igniarius could be developed into antiinflammatory agents for use in clinical applications.
Studies on skin anti-aging Efficacy of Hydrolysate from Phellinus igniarius
Conclusions : HPI increased DPPH radical scavenging activity, type I collagen synthesis, and HAS2, HAS3 mRNA expression. HPI also suppressed tyrosinase. The findings of this study suggest that HPI can be used as an skin anti-aging material.
effect of Phellinus igniarius Quel Extract on the anti-inflammatory,
Anti allergy, anti-oxidant, anti-wrinkle
Conclusions : The above Results suggest that
Phellinus igniarius Quel extract could be applicable for
improvement of several skin functions.
Phellinus igniarius: A pharmacologically active Polypore Mushroom
Mushrooms have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Today, their therapeutic value is scientifically studied and appreciated. Research indicates that polypores – a large group of Fungi of the phylum Basdiomycota – exhibit antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-atherogenic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Phellinus igniarius, a polypore Mushroom, is one of the most used in traditional Asian medicine. Its potent anticancer activity has been repeatedly reported. In the past two decades, numerous pharmacologically active metabolites have been isolated and identified from P. igniarius. Among the large number of compounds, the most active group are polysaccharides. They modulate immune responses and inhibit tumor growth.
Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) is a Medicinal fungus that is widely used in East Asia for the adjuvant treatment of cancer. To elucidate the antitumor effective substances and mechanism of P. igniarius, we designed an approach incorporating cytotoxicity screening, phytochemical analysis, network pharmacology construction, and cellular and molecular experiments. The dichloromethane extract of P. igniarius (DCMPI) was identified as the active portion in HT-29 cells. Nineteen constituents were identified, and 5 were quantified by UPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS. Eight ingredients were obtained in the network pharmacology study. In total, 473 putative targets associated with DCMPI and 350 putative targets related to colon cancer were derived from online databases and target prediction tools. Protein-protein interaction networks of drug and disease putative targets were constructed, and 84 candidate targets were identified based on topological features. pathway enrichment analysis showed that the candidate targets were mostly related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic processes and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Then, a cellular experiment was used to validate the drug-target mechanisms predicted by the system pharmacology analysis.
Experimental Results showed that DCMPI increased intracellular ROS levels and induced HT-29 cell apoptosis. Molecular biology experiments indicated that DCMPI not only increased Bax and Bad protein expression and promoted PARP and caspase-3/9 cleavage but also down-regulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl protein levels to induce apoptosis in HT-29 cells.
In Conclusion, our study provides knowledge on the chemical composition and antitumor mechanism of P. igniarius, which may be exploited as a promising therapeutic option for colon cancer.
Phellinus igniarius: A pharmacologically active Polypore Mushroom
Mushrooms have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Today, their therapeutic value is scientifically studied and appreciated. Research indicates that polypores – a large group of Fungi of the phylum Basdiomycota – exhibit antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-atherogenic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Phellinus igniarius, a polypore Mushroom, is one of the most used in traditional Asian medicine. Its potent anticancer activity has been repeatedly reported. In the past two decades, numerous pharmacologically active metabolites have been isolated and identified from P. igniarius. Among the large number of compounds, the most active group are polysaccharides. They modulate immune responses and inhibit tumor growth.
The anti-influenza virus effect of Phellinus igniarius extract
Herbal medicine has been used in the orient for thousands of years to treat large and small ailments, including microbial infections. Although there are treatments for influenza virus infection, there is no treatment for drug-resistant viruses. It is time that we explored and exploited the multi-component nature of herbal extracts as multi-drug combination therapies. Here, we present data on the anti-influenza virus effect of a Medicinal Mushroom, Phellinus igniarius. The P. igniarius water extract was effective against influenza A and B viruses, including 2009 pandemic H1N1, human H3N2, avian H9N2, and oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 viruses. Virological assays revealed that the extract may interfere with one or more early events in the influenza virus replication cycle, including viral attachment to the target cell.
Therefore, our Results provide new insights into the use of P. igniarius as an anti-influenza medicine.
Water-soluble intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) were extracted from cultured mycelia of Phellinus igniarius. The IPS were purified by ethanol fractional precipitation, ion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography in that order. Homogeneous polysaccharide IPSW-1, IPSW-2, IPSW-3, and IPSW-4 were obtained, which molecular characteristics were examined using multiangle laser-light scattering and refractive index detector system. The average molecular weights of them were 34.1, 17.7, 15.1, 21.7 kDa, respectively. GC analysis indicated that IPSW-1, IPSW-2 and IPSW-3 all only contained glucose, while IPSW-4 was composed of rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.29:1.21:1:43.86:1.86. UV and IR analysis suggested they belonged to α-type of the pyran group and didn’t contain protein. These homogeneous polysaccharides could inhibit the growth of SW480 and HepG2 cells to a certain extent in a dose-dependent manner. So they could be beneficial for the further development of a natural carcinoma preventive agent and functional food.
The present study investigated the anti-diabetic activity and potential mechanisms of the polyphenol rich extract from Phellinus igniarius (PI-PRE) in vitro and in vivo. Four main phenolic compounds of PI-PRE were purified and identified as 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone, 7,3′-dihydroxy-5′-methoxyisoflavone and inoscavin C by the off-line semipreparative liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance protocol. In vitro, PI-PRE stimulated GLUT4 translocation by 2.34-fold and increased glucose uptake by 1.73-fold in L6 cells. However, the selective AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, compound C, completely reversed the PI-PRE-induced GLUT4 translocation. In vivo, KK-Ay mice treated with PI-PRE for four weeks had lower fasting blood glucose levels, as well as other blood–lipid indexes, compared with the vehicle control group. Mechanistic studies showed that the expressions of p-AMPKα and GLUT4 were significantly increased by treatment with PI-PRE in L6 cells. In KK-Ay mice, the expression of p-AMPKα was enhanced in the liver and skeletal muscle, and the expression of GLUT4 was increased in skeletal muscle.
These findings suggest that PI-PRE possesses potential anti-diabetic effects including improving glucose tolerance, reducing hyperglycemia, and normalizing insulin levels. These effects are partly due to the activation of GLUT4 translocation via the modulation of the AMPK pathway.
Cardioprotective 22-hydroxylanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Phellinus igniarius
Seven undescribed 22-hydroxylanostane triterpenoids were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Phellinus igniarius, together with three known sterols. Their structures were assigned by extensive spectroscopic and HRESIMS data analyses. The absolute configurations of C-22 were determined by X-ray crystallography, chemical methods, and spectroscopic data comparison. Phellinol G was a 25,26,27-trinorlanostane triterpenoid glycoside. 22S/22R-25,26,27- Trinorlanosta-8-en-3β,22,24-triols with the same side chain as that of phellinol G were stereoselectively synthesized from commercial lanosterol for the first time. The key step involved Sharpless asymmetrical epoxidation. Phellinols A, B, and F showed cardioprotective activity against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells at a concentration of 20 μM.
Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) is a Medicinal fungus that is widely used in East Asia for the adjuvant treatment of cancer. To elucidate the antitumor effective substances and mechanism of P. igniarius, we designed an approach incorporating cytotoxicity screening, phytochemical analysis, network pharmacology construction, and cellular and molecular experiments. The dichloromethane extract of P. igniarius (DCMPI) was identified as the active portion in HT-29 cells. Nineteen constituents were identified, and 5 were quantified by UPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS. Eight ingredients were obtained in the network pharmacology study.
In total, 473 putative targets associated with DCMPI and 350 putative targets related to colon cancer were derived from online databases and target prediction tools. Protein-protein interaction networks of drug and disease putative targets were constructed, and 84 candidate targets were identified based on topological features. pathway enrichment analysis showed that the candidate targets were mostly related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic processes and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Then, a cellular experiment was used to validate the drug-target mechanisms predicted by the system pharmacology analysis. Experimental Results showed that DCMPI increased intracellular ROS levels and induced HT-29 cell apoptosis. Molecular biology experiments indicated that DCMPI not only increased Bax and Bad protein expression and promoted PARP and caspase-3/9 cleavage but also down-regulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl protein levels to induce apoptosis in HT-29 cells.
In Conclusion, our study provides knowledge on the chemical composition and antitumor mechanism of P. igniarius, which may be exploited as a promising therapeutic option for colon cancer.
The current use of Phellinus igniarius by the Eskimos of Western Alaska
The Inupiaq and Yup’ik Eskimos of western Alaska have used Phellinus igniarius for hundreds of years by burning the basidiocarps and mixing the ashes with tobacco. A previous publication (Mycologist 15: p.4) reported the historic use of this fungus and documented natural history museum collections of sporophores and special ornate boxes for holding the fungus ashes. When the ashes of P. igniarius were mixed with tobacco it added “a powerful kick” to the chewing tobacco. We now report new information that is disconcerting about the current widespread use of P. igniarius in many Alaska native communities. The use of the mixture of fungus ash and tobacco is being studied and treated as a serious health concern.
tumor–inhibitory and liver–protective effects of Phellinus igniarius extracellular polysaccharides
The tumor–inhibitory and liver–protective effects of crude extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) extracted from the liquid mycelial culture of the Mushroom Phellinus igniarius were studied in mice. The mice were injected with murine sarcoma S180 and murine hepatoma H22. Crude EPS at 100, 200, 400 mg kg−1 body weight was administered to EPS groups each day in the twelve consecutive days. The result showed that EPS 200 mg kg−1 body weight significantly inhibited S180 and H22 at 65.0 and 46.3%, respectively. Moreover, EPS could not only keep the numbers of WBC, RBC, PLT and the concentration of HGB in a normal range, but also normalize the activities of AST, ALT and ALP. For example, in EPS-treated mice, AST significantly reduced with the percentage of A/G reverse in S180 (P < 0.05) and H22 (P < 0.01) when the mice took EPS 200 mg kg−1 body weight.
In Conclusion, it was remarkable that P. igniarius EPS exhibited antitumor activity related to dosage and protected liver function by sustaining the blood routine as well as keeping the blood biochemical indexes normal.
To assess inhibition mechanisms of a Phellinus igniarius (PI) extract on cancer, C57BL/6 mice were orally treated with PI extractive after or before implanting H22 (hepatocellular carcinoma ) or B16 (melanoma) cells. Mice were orally gavaged with different doses of PI for 36 days 24h after introduction of H22 or B16 cells. Mice in another group were orally treated as above daily for 42 days and implanted with H22 cells on day 7. Then the T lymphocyte, antibody, cytokine, LAK, NK cell activity in spleen, tumor cell apoptosis status and tumor inhibition in related organs, as well as the expression of iNOS and PCNA in tumor tissue were examined. The PI extract could improve animal immunity as well as inhibit cancer cell growth and metastasis with a dose-response relationship.
Notably, PI’s regulation with the two kinds of tumor appeared to occur in different ways, since the antibody profile and tumor metastasis demonstrated variation between animals implanted with hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma cells.
[Study on anti-tumor effect of Medicinal Fungi Phellinus igniarius extracts].
Conclusion
The Medicinal Fungi P. igniarius extracts show obviously anti-tumor effect and immunoregulation effect.
antimutagenic potential of Phellinus igniarius
Mutagenic activities of extracts from the filtrate of the cultured broth (PI-I), mycelia (pI-II), and the fruiting bodies (PI-III) of Phellinus igniarius were examined by Ames/Salmonella tests. No mutagenic activity was found in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, either with or without S9 activation. In contrast, PI-I, PI-II, and PI-III showed inhibitory effects on the mutagenic activities by the directly-acting mutagens, 4-nitro-ο-phenylenediamine(NPD) and sodium azide (), and also by the indirectly-acting mutagens, 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). These Results suggest that P. igniarius possesses some antimutagenic activity and may contain some chemopreventive agents.
This study was initiated to investigate antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities and properties of fruiting bodies, mycelia, and fermentation culture filtrates from Phellinus igniarius. The contents of total phenols and flavonoid of fruit bodies, mycelia, and culture filtrate were 15.35-1.36 mg/g, 10.35-7.85 mg/g, and 8.25-5.36 mg/g. The 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging abilities of the extracts from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, and culture filtrates were 90.25-95.60%, 78.82-85.24%, and 76.32-82.50% at , respectively. The chelating ability of fruiting body extract on ferrous ions was higher than those of mycelia and culture filtrates tested.
The anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the fruiting body extract at 400 exhibited 91.10% on AChE, which is lower than that of positive control, galanthamine (94.82%). The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of the fruiting bodies, mycelia, and culture extract were 85.47%, 78.13%, and 72.49% at 400 , respectively. Overall, the fruiting body extract has better anti-acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities than those from mycelia and culture filtrate.
In the present study, the anti-inflammation effect of Phellinus igniarius extract was detected on an in vitro model of RAW 264.7 cells stimulated using sodium urate. In this cell model, the content changes of inflammatory cytokines, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and interleukin-1 beta, in cell culture supernatants were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of P. igniarius extracts was determined using a microplate reader. Furthermore, in order to identify the active compounds of P. igniarius, ultrafiltration liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was utilized to screen xanthine oxidase inhibitors from the extract.
Our Results showed that in the presence of P. igniarius extract, the expressions of interleukin-1 beta and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 decreased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) compared to that in the control group. The extract effective inhibited the xanthine oxidase activity. Finally, seven compounds were screened and identified as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors from P. igniarius. Taken together, these Results demonstrate a potential anti-inflammation bioactivity of P. igniarius in vitro, providing a basis for further in vivo research for the prevention and treatment of gout.
Phellinus Linteus
A Medicinal Mushroom: Phellinus Linteus
Phellinus Linteus (Berkeley & M. A. Curtis) Teng (PL) is a Medicinal Mushroom that has been practiced in oriental countries for centuries to prevent ailments as diverse as gastroenteric dysfunction, diarrhea, haemorrhage and cancers. In an effort to translate the Asian traditional medicines into western-accepted therapies, scientists have demonstrated that the extracts from fruit-bodies or mycelium of PL not only stimulate the hormonal and cell–mediated immune function and quench the inflammatory reactions caused by a variety of stimuli, but also suppress the tumor growth and metastasis. Mounting evidence from different research groups has shown that PL induces apoptosis in a host of murine and human carcinomas without causing any measurable toxic effects to their normal counterparts.
Recently, research has been focused on the anti-tumor effect of PL, and in particular, on its ability to enhance some conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. These studies suggest PL to be a promising candidate as an alternative anticancer agent or a synergizer for existing antitumor drugs. Hereinafter, we summarize the present progress in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the potency of PL and its anti-tumor function. The fractionation and identification of the biologically active components from PL are also briefly introduced.
Medicinal Mushroom Phellinus linteus as an alternative cancer therapy (Review)
Alternative cancer treatment with nutritional/dietary supplements containing a wide variety of herbal products is on the rise in Western countries. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that Mushrooms may prevent against different types of cancers. Phellinus linteus is a well-known Oriental Medicinal fungus with a variety of biological activities, including immunomodulatory or direct antitumor activities. The activity of P. linteus and its extracts is associated with the presence of polysaccharides, their peptide/protein complexes and other low molecular weight complexes. polysaccharide fractions isolated from P. linteus were found to be related to the increased activity of immune cells such as the production of cytokines by macrophages and B-cells or the increased cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells. Moreover, P. linteus was found to modulate the expression or activity of various genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasive behavior and chemoprevention. Finally, P. linteus extracts demonstrated tumor regression in three independent case reports, suggesting that an extract from P. linteus or a dietary supplement based on the extract from P. linteus may have potential use for the alternative treatment of cancer.
This study reports that acidic polysaccharide (PL) isolated from Phellinus linteus alleviated the septic shock induced by high dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in mice. To examine the origin of this effect, we investi- gated cytokine production in serum and the expression of MHC II in B cells and macrophages in areas of inflam- mation. Pretreatment with PL 24 h before LPS administration resulted in a significant inhibition of up to 68% of circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- aa, a moderate reduction of 45% of interleukine (IL)-12 and 23% of IL- 1 bb, but no significant reduction in IL-6. In addition, the expression of MHC II in B cells and macrophages was examined.
Our Results show that LPS-stimulated cytokine release and the level of MHC II can be modulated by in vivo administration of soluble PL in mice. The decrease of IL-1 bb, IL-12 and TNF- aa in sera and the down- modulation of MHC II during septic shock may contribute to the long survival of mice by PL. Administration of PL in vivo decreases IL-2, IFN- gg and TNF- aa production in splencotyes and enhances spontaneous cell apoptosis in macrophages and lymphocytes stimulated with LPS in vitro. Thus, part of the anti-inflammatory effects of PL treatment in vivo may result from the enhanced apoptosis of a portion of the activated macrophages and lympho- cytes. The ability of PL to significantly reduce the TNF- aa production indicates the potential of the polysaccha- rides in possible therapeutic strategies that are based on down-regulation of TNF-aa.
Mushrooms are widely appreciated for their organoleptic qualities, being also recognized as good sources of bioactive compounds that provide antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. polysaccharides (including glucans) are often pointed out as the most bioactive compounds isolated from Mushrooms, but other molecules such as triterpenoids, might also be highlighted for their bioactivity. In scientific research, when isolated compounds are used, potential synergistic effects might be lost. Accordingly, the bioactivity of Phellinus linteus was evaluated in selected fractions (polysaccharides, glucans and triterpenoids), as well as in the methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The best antioxidant and antibacterial activities were obtained with methanolic extract, while glucan and triterpenoid fractions gave the strongest antifungal activity.
In contrast, ethanolic extract gave the best Results in cytotoxic activity, indicating that the bioactive compounds present might act synergistically. The differentiated activity of P. linteus fractions and extracts could be useful to find antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents as alternatives to synthetic chemicals with application in agriculture, food industry or pharmacy.
species identity of Phellinus linteus (sanghuang) extensively used as a Medicinal Mushroom in Korea
Sanghuang is a Medicinal Mushroom that has gained particular attention in Korea. It has been extensively studied for the past few decades as a natural immune booster and cancer suppressor. Although the scientific name, Phellinus linteus, has been commonly used to refer to the sanghuang Mushroom, the species identity of sanghuang has been called into question due to the ambiguity of its circumscription and the inadequacy of morphological distinctions within allied species. Because the species concept of sanghuang has been elucidated by recent molecular phylogenetic studies, it has become necessary to clarify the taxonomic positions of sanghuang strains extensively utilized in Korea. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 74 strains belonging to the P. linteus-baumii complex based on ITS nrDNA sequences. Parental stains of sanghuang varieties formally registered in the Korea Seed & Variety Service, including ASI 26046 (Corea sanghuang), 26114 (Boolro), and 26115 (HK 1-ho) were grouped with Sanghuangporus sanghuang instead of P. linteus in the inferred phylogeny.
Phellinus vaninii
antioxidant, anti-Melanogenic and anti-Wrinkle effects of Phellinus vaninii
In this study, the antioxidant, anti-xanthine oxidase, anti-melanogenic and anti-wrinkle effects of methanol (ME) and hot water (HE) extracts from the fruiting bodies of Phellinus vaninii were investigated. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of 2.0 mg/mL HE (95.38%) was comparable to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (96.97%), the reference standard. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of ME (98.19%) and HE (97.55%) were higher than that of butylated hydroxytoluene (92.66%) at 2.0 mg/mL. Neither ME nor HE was cytotoxic to murine melanoma B16-F10 cells at 25–750 µg/mL. Although the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory effects of ME and HE were significantly lower than that of allopurinol, the values were higher than 84 percent. The in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activities of ME and HE were comparable to kojic acid at 2.0 mg/mL. The cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthetic activities of ME and HE on B16-F10 melanoma cells at 500 µg/mL were higher than arbutin, indicating that the inhibitory effects of arbutin on the tyrosinase and melanin synthesis were higher than those of ME and HE. The collagenase inhibitory activity of HE was comparable to EGCG at 2.0 mg/mL, however, the elastase inhibitory activity of ME and HE was lower than EGCG at the concentration tested.
The study Results demonstrated that the fruiting bodies of Ph. vaninii possessed good antioxidant, anti-xanthine oxidase, cell-free anti-tyrosinase, cellular anti-tyrosinase, anti collagenase, and moderate anti-elastase activities, which might be used for the development of novel anti-gout, skin-whitening, and skin anti-wrinkle agents.
Conclusion: This work provided the important information of active components from P. vaninii and its potential applications in the food and medicine industry.
In order to explore the antitumor effect and mechanism of different extracts of cultivated Phellinus vaninii fruit body on H22 tumor bearing mice, 150 ICR mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, CTX group, P. vaninii water extract group, ethanol extract group, petroleum ether extract group and crude polysaccharide group. H22 liver cancer cells were used to establish a solid tumor model and the mice were sacrificed on the 10th day after administration. The spleen and thymus organ index and tumor inhibition rate were calculated, the serum levels of TNF-α, INF-γ, VEGF, and hematoxylin-eosin were detected, and the immunohistochemical staining method was used to observe the pathological changes of tumor tissues, while Western blotting was used to detect the expression of tumor-related proteins. The high-dose petroleum ether extract group showed the best tumor inhibition rate (73.21%), increased serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and VEGF, as well as significantly promoted tumor necrosis and ablation. The immunohistochemistry of the water extract group showed negative regulation, indicating an insignificant tumor suppression. Western blotting showed the apoptosis genes Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and pathway genes NF-κB and JAK were all highly expressed in each administration group compared with the model group, and their expression levels gradually decreased with increasing doses.
In Summary, the petroleum ether extract of P. vaninii fruit body showed a significant anti-tumor effect which is presumably mediated through the mitochondrial pathway. The metabolism of drug in the body induces activation of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 apoptotic proteins by Bax, Bcl-2, and TNF, which further caused nuclear chromatin or DNA to condense or degrade, and subsequently destroy the normal proliferation of tumor cells, thereby inducing their apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth.
mycelial fermentation characteristics and antiproliferative activity of Phellinus vaninii Ljup
Conclusion: The Results demonstrated the feasibility of P. vaninii Ljup mycelial fermentation for large-scale production of bioactive and Medicinal compounds.
This research was carried out to determine the influences of cigarette smoking and the hypoglycemic effects of Phellinus vaninii Ljup polysaccharide (PS) on STZ (streptozotocin)-induced severe hyperglycemia maternal rats, as well as the postnatal development of their offspring. The polysaccharide was administered orally and the cigarette smoke (CS) exposure was performed daily for four weeks. The food efficiency ratio, food intake, body weight gain, organ weights, and blood glucose level were tested for the maternal rats, and the body weight and glucose tolerance tests were evaluated for their offspring. It was found that cigarette smoke exposure did not worsen hyperglycemia in maternal rats. In comparison with the control group, P. vaninii Ljup polysaccharide could obviously lower the blood glucose levels and increase the food efficiency ratio of maternal rats, and can help prevent disorders in offspring. In addition, in comparison with the CS exposure group, the polysaccharide also exhibited protective effects that decreased the blood glucose levels and enhanced the food efficiency ratio of maternal rats, which also reduced the blood glucose levels in their offspring at 32 weeks of age.
These Results suggested that P. vaninii Ljup polysaccharide could be potentially used to treat hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.
Phlogiotis helvelloides
immunomodulating and anticancer agents in the realm of macromycetes Fungi (macroFungi)
Edible. According to the test, the inhibition rates of sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich’s cancer in mice were 70% and 80% respectively.
Nowadays macroFungi are distinguished as important natural resources of immunomodulating and anticancer agents and with regard to the increase in diseases involving immune dysfunction, cancer, autoimmune conditions in recent years, applying such immunomodulator agents especially with the natural original is vital. These compounds belong mainly to polysaccharides especially β–d-glucan derivates, glycopeptide/protein complexes (polysaccharide-peptide/protein complexes), proteoglycans, proteins and triterpenoids. Among polysaccharides, β(1→3)-d-glucans and their peptide/protein derivates and among proteins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (Fips) have more important role in immunomodulating and antitumor activities. immunomodulating and antitumor activity of these metabolites related to their effects to act of immune effecter cells such as hematpoietic stem cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells involved in the innate and adaptive immunity, resulting in the production of biologic response modifiers. In this review we have introduced the Medicinal Mushrooms‘ metabolites with immunomoduling and antitumor activities according to immunological evidences and then demonstrated their effects on innate and adaptive immunity and also the mechanisms of activation of immune responses and signaling cascade.
In addition, their molecular structure and their relation to these activities have been shown. The important instances of these metabolites along with their immunomodulating and/or antitumor activities isolated from putative Medicinal Mushrooms are also introduced.
Pholiota adiposa
A novel lectin with antiproliferative activity from the Medicinal
Mushroom Pholiota adiposa
Little was known about biological activities of compounds from the Medicinal Mushroom of the genus Pholiota. A lectin from the Pholiota adiposa has now been isolated and its properties tested. The isolation procedure included ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose, and fast protein liquid chromatography-gel filtration (FPLC) on Superdex 75. The lectin was composed of two identical subunits, each with a molecular mass of 16 kDa. Its N-ter- minal amino-acid sequence showed little similarity to sequences of other Agaricales lectins. The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was stable at temperatures up to 50oC, and in NaOH and HCl solutions with concentrations less than 25 mM. It was inhibited by inulin (12.5–200 mM), but enhanced by Cu 2+ (6.25–25 mM), Fe 2+ (12.5–25 mM), and Al 3+ (6.25–25 mM) ions. The lectin showed antiproliferative activity toward hepatoma Hep G2 cells and breast cancer MCF7 cells with an IC50 of 2.1 μM and approximately 3.2 μM, respectively. It exhibited HIV-1 reverse tran- scriptase inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 1.9 μM.
When compared with P. aurivella lectin, the only Pholiota lectin published to date, P. adiposa lectin differs in chromatographic behavior, mo- lecular mass, N-terminal sequence, and effect of cations on hemagglutinating activity. In the case of the lectin from P. aurivella, its antifungal, antiproliferative, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities have not been determined.
Pleurotus cornucopiae
Mushrooms (including fruiting bodies and mycelia) contain several bioactive components such as lovastatin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and ergothioneine. This article reports the Results of 49 samples, including 9 fruiting bodies, 39 mycelia, and 1 vegetative cell, of 35 species of culinary–Medicinal Mushrooms from 18 genera: Agaricus, Agrocybe, Coprinus, Cordyceps, Cyathus, Daedalia, Flammulina, Fomes, Ganoderma, Grifola, Laetiporus, Lentinus, Morchella, Ophiocordyceps, Pleurotus, Trametes, Tremella, and Verpa.
The Results show that Cyathus striatus strain 978 contained the highest amount of lovastatin (995.66 mg/kg) in mycelia. Among fruiting bodies, 6 samples contained a high amount of GABA (274.86−822.45 mg/kg), whereas among mycelia, contents of GABA in 27 samples ranged from 215.36 to 2811.85 mg/kg. Among mycelia, Pleurotus cornucopiae strain 1101 contained the highest amount of ergothioneine (3482.09 mg/kg). Overall, these 3 bioactive components were commonly found in most Mushrooms, and the Results obtained might be related to their beneficial effects.
The term “Mediterranean area,” applied in this chapter, refers to the definition reported in Med-Checklist and particularly to all countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea plus Portugal, Bulgaria, the Crimea (Ukraine), and Jordan. The “Mediterranean oyster Mushrooms” is a geographically and ecologically well-defined group of Basidiomycetes. The Medicinal properties of some widely investigated species such as Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii are recognized worldwide, while in the case of some other Mediterranean Pleurotus taxa, there is still a lack of knowledge. A substantial increase in knowledge about the anticancer and antibacterial properties of the group of Pleurotus species growing as saprophytes on dead roots of plants of family Apiaceae (P. nebrodensis, P. eryngii var. elaeoselini, P. eryngii var. ferulae in particular) has been recorded in recent years, thanks to research carried out at the University of Palermo (Italy). This chapter summarizes the latest research on Medicinal oyster Mushrooms growing in the Mediterranean environment.
antioxidant activities of Pleurotus cornucopiae Extracts by Extraction Conditions
Physiological activities of extracts form Pleurotus cornucopiae were examined. DPPH radical scavenging activity of water extract was 70.22 percent at 4 mg/mL, which was the highest among all extracts. Total polyphenol content of water extract was 26.34 mg/g, which was the highest value for all extraction conditions. Superoxide anion radical scavenging activities ranged from 50.17 to 80.56 percent at 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL, which were higher than the ascorbic acid activity (56.19% at 10 mg/mL) (P<0.05). ACE inhibitory activities were higher in ethanolic extracts than in water extracts. Nitrite-scavenging abilities under acidic conditions (pH 1.2 and pH 3.0) were the most effective among all the extracts.
These Results will be useful for understanding the physiological activities of Pleurotus cornucopiae.
Mushrooms are a group of Fungi with great diversity and ultra-accelerated metabolism. As a consequence, Mushrooms have developed a protective mechanism consisting of high concentrations of antioxidants such as selenium, polyphenols, β-glucans, ergothioneine, various vitamins and other bioactive metabolites. The Mushrooms of the Pleurotus genus have generated scientific interest due to their therapeutic properties, especially related to risk factors connected to the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
In this report, we highlight the therapeutic properties of Pleurotus Mushrooms that may be associated with a reduction in the severity of COVID-19: antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherogenic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic properties. These properties may interact significantly with risk factors for COVID-19 severity, and the therapeutic potential of these Mushrooms for the treatment or prevention of this disease is evident. Besides this, studies show that regular consumption of Pleurotus species Mushrooms or components isolated from their tissues is beneficial for immune health. Pleurotus species Mushrooms may have a role in the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases either as food supplements or as sources for pharmacological agents.
Oyster Mushroom is one of the popular Mushrooms for Korean people and it is thus one of the Mushrooms that were mostly cultivated in Korea in addition to winter and king oyster Mushrooms. This study was carried out to compare the Medicinal effects of fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus extracts. We analyzed comparing antioxidant activity and polyphenol contents of fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus. Firstly, ASI 2099 showed the highest level in hot water. ASI 2122 showed the highest level in the 70% EtOH and MeOH extraction. Polyphenol contents was measured after extraction with different solvents. polyphenols contents is mostly 8~10 (mg/g) and there is no difference of polyphenols contents depending on the extract solvent.
anti-inflammatory effects of Various Mushrooms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells
Mushrooms have been widely cultivated and consumed as foods and herbal medicines owing to their various biological properties. However, few studies have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Mushrooms. Here, we investigated the effects of Mushroom extracts (MEs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). First, we extracted MEs with either water or ethanol. Using LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, we measured cell proliferation and NO production. Gene expression of tumor necrosis (), interleukin (IL)-6 (IL-6), and was assessed by RT-PCR, and protein abundance of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and phosphorylation of p65 were determined by immunoblotting. MEs prepared using both water and ethanol inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) levels induced by LPS were reduced by treatment with MEs. Isaria japonica Yasuda water extracts and Umbilicaria esculenta (Miyoshi) Minks ethanol extracts significantly decreased the mRNA expression of inflammation-related cytokine genes including , IL-6, and . Similarly, the protein abundance of iNOS and COX-2 was also decreased. The phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of nuclear was at least partly suppressed by MEs. This study suggests that Mushrooms could be included in the diet to prevent and treat macrophage-related chronic immune diseases.
Several edible and Medicinal Agaricomycetes Mushrooms possess biologically active compounds with different therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, anti-hypertensive, fibrinolytic, and thrombolytic, and have potential use as cardioprotective remedies. Previous studies have shown that Mushrooms possessing cardioprotective effects (CPEs) contain a high amount of vitamins and minerals and low fat content, which make them applicable as a supplementary dietary and functional food for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The current review evaluates the resource value of 31 edible and nonedible Medicinal Agaricomycetes Mushrooms with potential CPEs growing in the territory of Armenia and discusses the future perspectives of their usage in biotechnology and biomedicine.
Pleurotus rhodophyllus
species Diversity and Utilization of Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi in China
The investigation and utilization of Medicinal Fungi in China has received considerable attention in recent years. However, information on Medicinal Fungi is scattered throughout the literature, and many nomenclatural inconsistencies have been found in the Chinese reports. The publications on Chinese Medicinal Fungi have been critically checked; as a result, 540 Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi from China were enumerated in the present checklist. All names have been checked or revised in accordance with contemporary taxonomy and the latest version of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). The “out-of-date” names, illegitimate names, nonexistent names, and misapplied names in previous reports were revised. The common synonyms are listed after their valid names. The main Medicinal functions of each species, together with the original or important references, are provided. The 540 species belonging to 10 classes, 26 orders, 76 families, and 199 genera of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota have been recorded with Medicinal values. Most are the higher Basidiomycetes (482 species), which comprise approximately 89% of all the Chinese Medicinal species. In total, 126 Medicinal functions are thought to be provided by Chinese Medicinal Fungi, and 331 (61% of the total Medicinal Fungi) can be used as antitumor agents. Other common functions are hemostasis, antibacterial, improving immunity, detoxication, and anti-inflammatory.
Fifteen species, including Ganoderma lucidum, are the most important or commonly used Medicinal Fungi, and 26 species, including Agaricus bisporus, are commonly cultivated in China as food or for Medicinal products.
Medicinal Mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides
The number of Mushrooms on Earth is estimated at 140,000, yet maybe only 10% (approximately 14,000 named species) are known. Mushrooms comprise a vast and yet largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In particular, and most importantly for modern medicine, they represent an unlimited source of polysaccharides with antitumor and immunostimulating properties. Many, if not all, Basidiomycetes Mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides in fruit bodies, cultured mycelium, culture broth. Data on Mushroom polysaccharides have been collected from 651 species and 7 infraspecific taxa from 182 genera of higher Hetero- and Homobasidiomycetes. These polysaccharides are of different chemical composition, with most belonging to the group of β-glucans; these have β-(1→3) linkages in the main chain of the glucan and additional β-(1→6) branch points that are needed for their antitumor action. High molecular weight glucans appear to be more effective than those of low molecular weight. Chemical modification is often carried out to improve the antitumor activity of polysaccharides and their clinical qualities (mostly water solubility). The main procedures used for chemical improvement are: Smith degradation (oxydo-reducto-hydrolysis), formolysis, and carboxymethylation. Most of the clinical evidence for antitumor activity comes from the commercial polysaccharides lentinan, PSK (krestin), and schizophyllan, but polysaccharides of some other promising Medicinal Mushroom species also show good Results. Their activity is especially beneficial in clinics when used in conjunction with chemotherapy. Mushroom polysaccharides prevent oncogenesis, show direct antitumor activity against various allogeneic and syngeneic tumors, and prevent tumor metastasis. polysaccharides from Mushrooms do not attack cancer cells directly, but produce their antitumor effects by activating different immune responses in the host. The antitumor action of polysaccharides requires an intact T-cell component; their activity is mediated through a thymus-dependent immune mechanism.
Practical application is dependent not only on biological properties, but also on biotechnological availability. The present review analyzes the pecularities of polysaccharides derived from fruiting bodies and cultured mycelium (the two main methods of biotechnological production today) in selected examples of Medicinal Mushrooms.
A novel hemolysin was isolated from the edible Mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-100. The hemolysin from Pleurotus nebrodensis hemolysin (nebrodeolysin) is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa as determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. Nebrodeolysin exhibited remarkable hemolytic activity towards rabbit erythrocytes and caused efflux of potassium ions from erythrocytes.
Subsequently, this hemolysin showed strong cytotoxicity against Lu-04, Bre-04, HepG2, L929, and HeLa cells. It was also found that this hemolysin induced apoptosis in L929 and HeLa cells as evidenced by microscopic observations and DNA ladder, respectively. Moreover, this hemolysin was shown to possess anti-HIV-1 activity in CEM cell culture.
A REVIEW ON THE potentialITY OF Mushrooms AND ITS
ALLERGY TO human health
Conclusion: Mushrooms are antigenically rich and that a species can have more than one allergen. The difficulties of Mushroom allergen research are very substantial because one usually has to rely on naturally growing Mushrooms, where allergenic contamination by other allergen sources is frequent. Choice and recognition of species is also difficult. Virtually all known allergenic Mushrooms and Fungi are universal.[45] More studies are needed to correlate the allergic reactions with the different families such as Cortinariaceae, Russulaceae, Lactariaceae and Boletaceae.
Pleurotus nebrodensis
An updated overview of the outcome of studies conducted on the culinary–Medicinal Mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis is presented by placing emphasis on the clarification of the taxonomic identity of P. nebrodensis and other related taxa possessing entirely white to cream basidiomes, which grow in association with different plants of the family Apiaceae. Cultivation techniques, quality of the product sold and sales price, as well as nutritional and Medicinal aspects are discussed. Taking also into consideration the high economic importance of P. nebrodensis, it is essential to proceed with the verification of the commercial strains currently available in the international market under the name of “P. nebrodensis” since it is very probable that many (or most) of them do not represent the real P. nebrodensis. TO confirm this hypothesis, an in silico analysis was conducted on a large of number of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA sequences deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database under the name P. nebrodensis. Results demonstrated that all “P nebrodensis” material examined from China (plus several sequences of no reported origin) corresponded to P. eryngii subsp. tuoliensis, with only 2 exceptions, which were grouped within P. eryngii sensu stricto. The real P. nebrodensis biological material from Italy and Greece is certified and is available upon request by the authors at the University of Palermo and the Agricultural University of Athens.
Breast cancer affects millions of women annually worldwide and is the leading cause of cancer death in women. Various bioactive phytochemicals based on natural products are considered to be an important source of chemopreventive agents. In this study we report−to our knowledge for the first time−9 phytochemicals isolated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry from the acetic ether extract of Pleurotus nebrodensis and identified as (1) ergosterol, (2) uracil, (3) ergosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (4) cerevisterol, (5) cerebroside B, (6) 5′-methylthioadenosine, (7) adenosine, (8) hypoxanthine, and (9) uridine. Their bioactivities were screened with an MTT assay using breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro. As a result, about half of the isolated compounds demonstrated moderate or strong inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Among them, compound 1 (ergosterol) exhibited superior activity and the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (112.65 μmol/L).
Further mechanistic study elucidated that compound 1 led to significant S-phase cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Our study shows the mycochemical composition of the P. nebrodensis Mushroom and provides guidance for use of compound 1 as a promising lead in cancer therapy.
Conservation Strategies of the culinary–Medicinal Mushroom
Pleurotus nebrodensis (Basidiomycota, Fungi)
Conclusions
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) includes Fungi as organisms of high diversity level to investigate and to protect. In fact, Fungi form a major part of global bio-
diversity representing 10–20% of the total number of species of life. Figure 2. mycelial grains for ex situ conservation. Red-list evaluations produced over the last two decades in Europe indicate that a range of 2000–3000 species of macroFungi throughout Europe are declining and their fu- tures uncertain. Fungi are rarely considered in national conservation actions and are not
considered in any international conservation agreements (e.g., Bern Convention and Hab- itat Directive). This is the very case of P. nebrodensis which is included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened species but still lacking adequate protection by regional administrations.
There is no doubt that a definite increase in protective actions will be beneficial to P. nebrodensis and the habitat in which it grows. In this regard, the involvement of local pop- ulations will be of fundamental importance and it will be necessary to underline the ad- vantages of maintaining this natural resource for future generations. The preservation of P. nebrodensis is even more necessary today if we refer to the benefits that the extracts of this culinary–Medicinal Mushrooms have on human health.
A novel hemolysin was isolated from the edible Mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-100. The hemolysin from Pleurotus nebrodensis hemolysin (nebrodeolysin) is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa as determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. Nebrodeolysin exhibited remarkable hemolytic activity towards rabbit erythrocytes and caused efflux of potassium ions from erythrocytes.
Subsequently, this hemolysin showed strong cytotoxicity against Lu-04, Bre-04, HepG2, L929, and HeLa cells. It was also found that this hemolysin induced apoptosis in L929 and HeLa cells as evidenced by microscopic observations and DNA ladder, respectively. Moreover, this hemolysin was shown to possess anti-HIV-1 activity in CEM cell culture.
Piptoporus betulinus
The birch polypore Piptoporus betulinus was among two Mushrooms that were found in the Iceman’s bag. Recent studies indicated that P. betulinus was probably used as a religious and Medicinal item. In order to examine the Medicinal potential of P. betulinus, hot water (HW), partially purified (PP), and alkali extract (HA) were prepared and tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and angiotensin I−converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. All tested samples exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity, and HW appeared as the most effective (IC50 = 0.8 ± 0.1 mg/ml for HeLa cells). HA proved to be a good 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenger and exhibited the strongest ferric-reducing power (EC50 = 0.07 ± 0.3 mg/ml). The same extract (HA) also expressed the strongest ferric-reducing power (EC50 = 0.99 ± 0.1 mg/ml).
Hot alkali extraction contributed significantly to ACE inhibitory activity (EC50 = 0.06 ± 0.00 mg/ml) and to antimicrobial activity, especially against highly resistant Enterococcus faecalis (minimum inhibitory concentration: 0.156 ± 0.000 mg/ml; and minimum bactericidal concentration: 1.25 ± 0.00 mg/ml).
Pleurotus citrinopileatus
Mushrooms extracts and compounds in cosmetics, cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics
The cosmetic industry is constantly in search of ingredients from natural sources because of their competitive effectiveness and lower toxicity effects. Mushrooms have been an important part of our diet for years and are now finding their way as cosmetic ingredients, either as cosmeceutical or as nutricosmetics. The present review focuses on the most relevant activities of Mushroom extracts, as well as on their bioactive compounds, which make them interesting ingredients for cosmetic formulations. Mushroom extracts, as well as their bioactive metabolites, revealed anti–tyrosinase, anti–hyaluronidase, anti– collagenase and anti–elastase activity. Emphasis was also given to their important anti– oxidant, antimicrobial and anti–inflammatory potential, topics largely studied by numerous authors, making them very versatile and multi–functional cosmetic ingredients. Some of the bioactive compounds and the mechanism responsible for the activities ascribed to Mushrooms were highlighted. Other activities were identified as needing to be further studied in order to identify the major compounds contributing to the target activity, as well as their mechanisms of action.
Based on the above findings, Mushroom extracts, as well as their bioactive metabolites, constitute important ingredients that can help to combat aging, reduce the severity of inflammatory skin disease and correct hyperpigmentation disorders. These findings and claims must be correctly supported by clinical trials and in vivo studies.
Pleurotus eryngii
In this paper, the authors provide data on a culinary–Medicinal, host-specific variety of P. eryngii species-complex that is known in Italy as “cardoncello”. A species description, the techniques of isolation of a new strain (C-142-c), and the preparation of the substratum are illustrated. Data on the productivity of substratum inoculated with C-142-c strain and the nutritional value of cultivated “cardoncello” Mushrooms are also provided.
Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) is largely represented among consumed mushrooms. We conducted an investigation dealing with its antioxidant potential, the presence of essential trace elements and its contribution to the management of brain-related disorders. A bio-guided extraction revealed that one extract was highly effective on activation of the nuclear factor Nrf2, the regulator of the cellular resistance to oxidants. Its analysis revealed the presence of N-acetyltryptamine (NAT), a precursor of the neurotransmitters, melatonin and serotonin. Both extract and NAT, were found as competitive inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. The essential trace elements analyses showed the presence of high amounts of zinc. RNA-seq technology confirmed upregulates expression of Nrf2 on HepG2 cells and revealed key genes involved in anticholesterolemic, antioxidant effects, cancer and brain disorders.
Our study achieved a comprehensive strengthening of the nutritional health-benefit properties of P. eryngii largely used in folk medicines and open perspectives for investigation in food and medicine.
Edible mushrooms are classified as a functional food. The study aimed to initiate in vitro cultures of selected species of Pleurotus: P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor, P. eryngii, P. florida, P. ostreatus, and P. pulmonarius and to optimize the method of cultivation of these species to obtain raw materials characterized by pro-health properties. Another objective was to analyze the biologically active substances in the obtained mushroom materials. By determining the organic compounds and bioelements present in the species selected for the study, it was found that the fruiting bodies obtained by cultivation were characterized by a high content of phenolic and indole compounds. Similarly, the mycelia obtained from in vitro culture were found to contain significant amounts of organic compounds exhibiting biological effects such as lovastatin.
The study revealed that the composition of biologically active substances varied between the mycelia obtained from in vitro cultures and the fruiting bodies obtained by cultivation.
Pleurotus florida (Higher Basidiomycetes)
This study was designed to examine the antihyperglycemic potential of the polysaccharide fraction of Pleurotus florida. hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal). Single- and multiple-dose studies were performed to assess the antihyperglycemic potential of the P. florida polysaccharides (PFPs). organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline 423 was followed to study the acute toxicity of PFP. PFP was found to be nontoxic up to 4000 mg/kg. In this investigation, 200- and 400-mg/kg doses of PFP were used. Blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, urine glucose and ketones, and glycosylated hemoglobin were estimated, and biological markers were determined. treatment with PFP (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly lowered glucose concentrations compared to the control group. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and urine glucose and ketones in animals treated with PFP also decreased. There was a significant decrease in the concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, whereas concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione were restored.
Therefore, these Results suggest that PFPs may ameliorate hyperglycemia and hypercholesteremia associated with diabetes. Thus PFPs could be used as adjunct therapy along with first-line therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pleurotus ostreatus (Higher Basidiomycetes)
Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible Mushroom that also has high Medicinal values. In this study, P. ostreatus was tested for its ability to inhibit the growth of Fungi and bacteria. The freeze-dried fruiting body, broth from submerged culture, and mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus were extracted using alcohols and water as solvents. The extracts were then tested for their antimicrobial activity against the growth of Fungi and bacteria. It was observed that the water extract from fruiting bodies had the strongest effect in inhibiting the growth of most Fungi. The most sensitive test microFungi to the inhibition were Candida albicans, Cryptococcus humicola, and Trichosporon cutaneum, and the most sensitive test bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli. Water extracts from culture broth or mycelial biomass were moderately inhibitive to the growth of Fungi and bacteria. The alcohol-based solvents from all samples had much less antimicrobial activity against most test microorganisms. An antimicrobial compound was purified from the water extracts of fruiting bodies with Sephadex G 100 column chromatography and characterized by infrared absorption spectrum (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopic analysis. We have identified this compound to be 3-(2-aminopheny1thio)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. This purified compound had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 30 µg/mL and 20 µg/mL against the growth of Fungi and bacteria, respectively.
anti-inflammatory activity of Pleurotus ostreatus, a culinary Medicinal Mushroom, in Wistar Rats
Context. Pleurotus ostreatus (P.o) is a culinary Mushroom which is commonly called as “oyster Mushroom” belonging to the Basidiomycetous Fungi of the order Agaricales and family Pleurotaceae. Objectives. The present study investigates the anti-inflammatory potential of P.o and the underlying mechanisms of activity. Materials and Methods. anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using suspensions of freeze-dried and powdered (SFDP) P.o and acetone extract (AE) of P.o in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats using the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model. The mechanisms by which P.o is mediating the anti-inflammatory activity were studied using in vivo and in vitro assays. Results. At doses of 500–1000 mg/kg, the SFDP of P.o showed long-lasting activity at both early and late phases of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. The dose of 750 mg/kg showed the most potent inhibitory activity (92% inhibition) in healthy rats. The AE of P.o showed maximum inhibition of oedema of 87%. P.o exerted protective effects on the inflammatory pathologies in rats with diabetes. The possible mechanisms by which P.o mediates the anti-inflammatory activity were antihistamine activity (52.1%), inhibition of cell migration to the site of inflammation (45.4%), in vitro membrane stabilizing activity (52.6%), and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production (91.2%) (). Dose-dependent inhibition of NO production was seen with in vitro treatment of rat peritoneal cells with AE of P.o (r = 0.95; ). Discussion and Conclusion.
The promising activity of culinary Mushroom P.o against inflammation suggests its potential application as a functional food during inflammatory conditions.
Many species of edible Mushrooms are known to contain a wide array of compounds with high nutritional and Medicinal values. However, these values vary widely among Mushroom species because of the wide diversity of compounds with different solubilities to solvents used in extraction. We report here the comparison of antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against cancer cells in extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, Agaricus campestris, and A. bisporus from 7 different solvents, including water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, chloroform, hexane, and petroleum ether. The extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activities using the % DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate) scavenging activity method. Our Results revealed that the water extracts exhibited the highest % DPPH scavenging activity in comparison to all other solvent extracts. The highest value was obtained from the water extract of P. sajor-caju (78.1%), and the lowest one was from the hexane extract of A. bisporus (0.8%). In general, extracts from nonpolar solvents exhibited much lower antioxidant activities than those from polar solvents. The cytotoxic effects of these extracts were evaluated using 2 cancer cell lines of larynx carcinoma (HEp-2) and breast carcinoma (MCF-7). When added into Hep-2 cells, the hexane extracts from P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, A. bisporus, and A. campestris yielded the highest IC50 values of 1.7 ± 1.56, 2.1 ± 2.82, 4.4 ± 1.71, and 2.2 ± 1.34 μg/mL, respectively, in comparison to all other solvent extracts. Similar IC50 values were obtained when the MCF-2 cancer cells were tested, suggesting that hexane is the preferred solvent to extract the anticancer compounds from these Mushrooms.
Our Results also indicated that extracts from solvents with nonpolar or intermediate polarity were more potent than those with high polarity in their cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and extracts from different Mushrooms by the same solvent possessed varied degrees of cytotoxicity.
Fourteen strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. (Agaricales s.l.) were investigated as possible producers of biologically active substances. After submerged cultivation, biologically active materials were isolated as extracts from cultural liquids and mycelia. Extracts were evaporated and dry residue dissolved. antimicrobial activity was tested by the method of diffusion in agar medium inoculated with microorganisms. Disks saturated with solution were used. All strains manifest antimicrobial activity during submerged cultivation in experiments with extracts; cultural liquids demonstrated only minimal activity, so these strains have low levels of biosynthesis. Extracts of fruit bodies grown on corn were inactive. For the next investigation, one strain of P. ostreatus with the highest levels of biosynthesis was chosen. During submerged cultivation this strain produced two different substances with antibiotic activity, one with high activity against Aspergillus niger INA 00760 and the other with activity against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria. antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger/i> INA 00760, Saccharomyces cerevisiae RIA 259, and Candida albicans INA 00763 in mycelium extracts was not found. mycelial extract was fractionated and it was shown that antimicrobial substance (or substances) in mycelial extract makes up not more than 1% of dry weight. Investigation of mycelial extract as anticancer and antitoxic drugs was studied in CBA mice. anticancer action was tested in mice transplanted with Ehrlich’s ascites tumor.
Toxic effect (decreasing of body weight and leucopenia) was noted in animals after cyclophosphamide (CP) administration in doses of 100 mg/kg. Extract was administrated daily. The first extract injection was given 2 h after CP administration. A number of leucocytes in peripheral blood were studied after CP treatment, producing a decrease of leucopenia level during this period. According to our data, P. ostreatus extracts produce a decrease of CP hematotoxicity.
Pleurotus pulmonarius
antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel [= P. sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer] were evaluated. The methanol extract of P. pulmonarius showed significant hydroxyl radical-scavenging and lipid peroxidation–inhibiting activities; the concentrations required for 50% inhibition (IC50) were 476.67 and 960.0 mg/mL, respectively. However, the extract did not show superoxide radical-scavenging activity.
The administration of the extract caused significant regression of solid tumor at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight. The extract was also significantly effective in reducing paw edema induced by carrageenan and formalin at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight. In both the antitumor and anti-inflammatory models, the activity of the extracts was comparable to the standard reference drugs, cisplatin and diclofenac, respectively.
The Results thus suggest therapeutic potential for P. pulmonarius as an antitumor and anti-inflammatory agent.
Pleurotus tuberregium
Many species of edible Mushrooms are known to contain a wide array of compounds with high nutritional and Medicinal values. However, these values vary widely among Mushroom species because of the wide diversity of compounds with different solubilities to solvents used in extraction. We report here the comparison of antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against cancer cells in extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, Agaricus campestris, and A. bisporus from 7 different solvents, including water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, chloroform, hexane, and petroleum ether. The extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activities using the % DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate) scavenging activity method. Our Results revealed that the water extracts exhibited the highest % DPPH scavenging activity in comparison to all other solvent extracts. The highest value was obtained from the water extract of P. sajor-caju (78.1%), and the lowest one was from the hexane extract of A. bisporus (0.8%). In general, extracts from nonpolar solvents exhibited much lower antioxidant activities than those from polar solvents. The cytotoxic effects of these extracts were evaluated using 2 cancer cell lines of larynx carcinoma (HEp-2) and breast carcinoma (MCF-7). When added into Hep-2 cells, the hexane extracts from P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, A. bisporus, and A. campestris yielded the highest IC50 values of 1.7 ± 1.56, 2.1 ± 2.82, 4.4 ± 1.71, and 2.2 ± 1.34 μg/mL, respectively, in comparison to all other solvent extracts. Similar IC50 values were obtained when the MCF-2 cancer cells were tested, suggesting that hexane is the preferred solvent to extract the anticancer compounds from these Mushrooms.
Our Results also indicated that extracts from solvents with nonpolar or intermediate polarity were more potent than those with high polarity in their cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and extracts from different Mushrooms by the same solvent possessed varied degrees of cytotoxicity.
Polyporus umbellatus
Stimulation of human Innate immune cells by Medicinal Mushroom Sclerotial polysaccharides
polysaccharides extracted from the sclerotia of Medicinal Mushrooms Pleurotus tuberregium (PT) and Polyporus rhinocerus (PR), including two water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complexes (PTW and PRW) and a β-glucan (PRG), were incubated with human innate immune cells, and the extracellular cytokines released by the immune cells to the culture medium were analyzed by using the RayBio® human cytokine antibody array. PRG significantly stimulated the proliferation of NK-92MI cells with a corresponding increase in the expression of cytokines IL-2 and I-309, which belong to the chemokine subfamily and are known to be chemotactic for monocytes. All three sclerotial polysaccharides stimulated the proliferation of CD56+ natural killer (NK) and human normal spleen monocytes/macrophages (MD) cells. cell surface β-glucan receptors on the immune cells treated with the sclerotial polysaccharides were stained with antibodies of dectin-1 and its isotypes before flow cytometric analysis. Dectin-1 expression on NK-92MI and MD cells, but not on CD56+ NK cells, was upregulated by the three sclerotial polysaccharides.
The above Results suggest the stimulatory effect of Mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides on human innate immune cells. These Results provide some insight into the mechanism of immunomodulation of Mushroom polysaccharides and their potential development into antitumor agents.
hepatoprotective efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom
Pleurotus tuber-regium
Pleurotus tuber-regium (Rumph. ex Fr.) Singer is a Medicinal Mushroom traditionally used for curing various diseases. The aim of the present study was to perform chemical screening and analyze hepatoprotective efficacy of P. tuber-regium extracts in CCl4 hepatotoxic rat. The highest concentration in fungal extract was found for alkaloids (28.41 ± 0.5 mg 100 g–1) and the lowest for tannins (2.74 ± 0.28 mg 100 g–1) with flavonoids and phenolics in moderate concentrations. P. tuber-regium extract showed high total antioxidant activity (12.7 and 21.5% at 10 and 50 to 100 μg mL–1, respectively).
The activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and concentration of bilirubin significantly increased in P. tuber-regium extract-treated hepatotoxic rats while concentration of total protein and serum albumin significantly decreased in comparison to control animals, averting toxic effects of CCl4. As the P. tuber-regium extract possessed no acute oral toxicity, it can be used as hepato protective tonic.
Poria cocos
Polyporus umbellatus, an edible–Medicinal Cultivated
Mushroom with Multiple Developed health-Care
Products as Food, medicine and cosmetics: a review
Polyporus umbellatus is a Medicinal Mushroom belonging to the family Polyporaceae which forms characteristic underground sclerotia. These sclerotia have been used in Traditional Chinese medicine for centuries and are used to treat edema and promote diuretic processes. Over the past few decades, researchers have found this taxon to contain many bioactive compounds shown to be responsible for antitumor, anticancer, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, immune system enhancement and antimicrobial activities. Due to its promising Medicinal value, P. umbellatus is used as an ingredient in many Medicinal products and food supplements. Thus demand for P. umbellatus has increased. To supply the high global demand, P. umbellatus is cultivated under natural or industrial conditions.
In this review we discuss optimal conditions for the cultivation and culture of P. umbellatus. We also focus on the Medicinal uses of P. umbellatus, the diversity of bioactive metabolites with various pharmacological properties and the Medicinal products of great interest for health care or as alternative drugs
Ramaria abietina
Ramaria abietina: A rare Coral fungus
It has the effects of supplementing calcium, strengthening bones, nourishing blood and calming nerves, and has moderate effects of harmonizing stomach and activating qi, dispelling wind, breaking blood and slowing down the nerves. The inhibition rate of S-180 and Ehrlich’s cancer in mice is 70%. 3 Traditional Chinese medicine believes that coral fungus has the functions of supplementing calcium, calming, preventing calcium loss, strengthening bones, nourishing blood and calming nerves.
It is quite common for rare or undescribed species of Fungi to be found on forays or by searching. In this case, the discovery was unusual – an email with photograph was sent to Pat and Ed Grey via a friends group. The find was made by Marc Campobasso and, from Marc’s photograph, the fungus was identified as the Green-staining Coral Ramaria abietina.
Provides ethnomycological information regarding the uses of macroFungi in human life as food and medicine. Highlights the nutritional composition of several macrofungal taxa adding to their food value. Focuses on the bioactive components of macroFungi exhibiting several pharmacological activities and are responsible for their Medicinal properties against various human ailments. This book will hopefully prove as a knowledge reservoir for future research in macroFungi.
Ramaria botrytis
Edible. It is crispy, tender, delicious and delicious. It can be used for medicine, and has medicinal effects , The inhibition rate of sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma in mice was 80%.
Conclusion: Response surface methodology was successfully applied to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from R. botrytis. RBP is an efficient natural antioxidant.
Structural studies of an immunoenhancing glucan of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Ramaria botrytis
A water-soluble glucan was isolated from the alkaline extract of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Ramaria botrytis. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR studies, the structure of the repeating unit of the glucan was established as:
This glucan showed immunostimulating activity by NO production on RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. Splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation were measured using, respectively, single cell suspensions of spleen and thymus obtained from normal mice.
In Conclusion, a novel ubiquitin-like antitumour protein from the edible Mushroom R. botrytis has been isolated and partially characterized in this report. The protein RBUP significantly inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in A549 cells. The underlying mechanisms were related to its hemagglutinating and DNase activities. Confirming the antitumour activity of RBUP in vivo and determining the detailed mechanism should be required. Explaining the structure–function relationships and exploring its pharmacokinetics may lead to the development of a novel antitumour drug.
effects of Ramaria botrytis methanol extract on hepatotoxicity in mice were investigated. R. botrytis methanol extract was intraperitioneally injected once a day for successive 5 days, followed by treatment with on the fifth day. antioxidant activities of R. botrytis methanol extract were examined by measuring the free radical-scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. In DPPH method, R. botrytis methanol extract showed strong antioxidative activies. The increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase after were decreased by treatment of R. botrytis methanol extract. glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity depleted by were significantly increased, but elevation of lipid peroxide content induced by was decreased by R. botrytis methanol extract. These Results suggest that R. botrytis methanol extract is believe to be a possible protective effect against hepatotoxicity in mice.
Ramaria botrytis is a popular Mushroom in Asian countries, particularly known for its crispy texture and rich nutrient content. In this study, we found potent lipid peroxidation–inhibiting activity in this Mushroom and identified the active compound associated with this activity as pistillarin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of pistillarin in R. botrytis. Our study is the first to investigate the inhibitory effects of pistillarin against physiological reactive oxygen species such as 1O2, •OH, and O2– and lipid peroxidation, which damages living tissues. We also clarified its characteristic antioxidant activities, with no 1O2 and •OH quenching activity (IC50 > 100 μМ), moderate O2– quenching activity (IC50 of 10.2 μМ), and potent lipid peroxidation–inhibiting activity (IC50 of 0.66 μМ), for the first time. Furthermore, we found a new pistillarin-related compound (pistillarin B) in salted R. botrytis. We isolated pistillarin B, determined its structure, and examined its lipid peroxidation–inhibiting activity (IC50 of 6.88 μМ).
A herbarium revision (2005 – 2008), and field work by authors (2009 -2011) and by several biologists and amateur mycologists (2009 -2014) have been performed to record the species diversity, distribution and ecology of ectomycorrhizal Ramaria-species in Fennoscandia. Morphological analysis of more than thousand specimens has been carried out, and ca. 650 representative Fennoscandian specimens have been studied molecularly (nrDNA ITS and part of LSU). To stabilize the nomenclature, 87 relevant type specimens of Ramaria species from Europe and North America have been examined morphologically and molecularly. So far, 46 different species have been identified among Nordic material, and at least 40 of them can be identified morphologically. More than twenty of the species grow in coniferous forests. Less than ten of them are not especially nutrient demanding and prefer boreal, often pine dominated forests. This paper has its focus on the latter group. Descriptions are provided for R. boreimaxima, R. eosanguinea, R. ‘neoformosa sensu Schild’, R. primulina, R. testaceoflava, R. botrytis, R. ‘botrytis coniferous’ and R. ‘rubripermanens s. Christan 2008’
Our study has shown the need for several nomenclatural-taxonomic changes in the group presented here. Only two of the treated species, R. botrytis and R. testaceoflava, have retained traditionally used names. One of the species has been described as new (R. boreimaxima, 2014). In two cases, type studies using molecular methods have confirmed identity with unknown or little used names in the Nordic countries (R. eosanguinea and R. primulina). The rest of the species need further nomenclatural research and are probably undescribed. Norsk tittel: Ektomykorrhizadannende Ramaria-arter (korallsopp) i naeringsfattig barskog i Fennoskandia, inkludert betraktninger om Ramaria botrytis-komplekset Bendiksen K, Kytövuori I, Toivonen M, Bendiksen E, Brandrud TE, 2015. Ectomycorrhizal Ramaria species in nutrient-poor Fennoscandian conifer forests including a note on the Ramaria botrytis complex. Agarica 2015 vol. 36: 89-108.
Ramaria botrytis is a popular Mushroom in Asian countries, particularly known for its crispy texture and rich nutrient content. In this study, we found potent lipid peroxidation–inhibiting activity in this Mushroom and identified the active compound associated with this activity as pistillarin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of pistillarin in R. botrytis. Our study is the first to investigate the inhibitory effects of pistillarin against physiological reactive oxygen species such as 1O2, •OH, and O2– and lipid peroxidation, which damages living tissues. We also clarified its characteristic antioxidant activities, with no 1O2 and •OH quenching activity (IC50 > 100 μМ), moderate O2– quenching activity (IC50 of 10.2 μМ), and potent lipid peroxidation–inhibiting activity (IC50 of 0.66 μМ), for the first time.
Furthermore, we found a new pistillarin-related compound (pistillarin B) in salted R. botrytis. We isolated pistillarin B, determined its structure, and examined its lipid peroxidation–inhibiting activity (IC50 of 6.88 μМ).
antimicrobial activities of Ramaria botrytis (Fr.) against oral bacteria
Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extracts from Ramaria botrytis (Fr.) showed the antimicrobial activities against ten oral bacteria. Thus, the extract of Ramaria botrytis (Fr.) may be considered as an effective natural antimicrobial agent for the prevention of oral pathogens.
Russula crustosa Peck
species Diversity and Utilization of Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi in China (Review)
Edible. It is recorded that the inhibition rate of sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich’s cancer in mice is 70%. This fungus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus.
The investigation and utilization of Medicinal Fungi in China has received considerable attention in recent years. However, information on Medicinal Fungi is scattered throughout the literature, and many nomenclatural inconsistencies have been found in the Chinese reports. The publications on Chinese Medicinal Fungi have been critically checked; as a result, 540 Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi from China were enumerated in the present checklist. All names have been checked or revised in accordance with contemporary taxonomy and the latest version of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). The “out-of-date” names, illegitimate names, nonexistent names, and misapplied names in previous reports were revised. The common synonyms are listed after their valid names.
The main Medicinal functions of each species, together with the original or important references, are provided. The 540 species belonging to 10 classes, 26 orders, 76 families, and 199 genera of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota have been recorded with Medicinal values. Most are the higher Basidiomycetes (482 species), which comprise approximately 89% of all the Chinese Medicinal species. In total, 126 Medicinal functions are thought to be provided by Chinese Medicinal Fungi, and 331 (61% of the total Medicinal Fungi) can be used as antitumor agents. Other common functions are hemostasis, antibacterial, improving immunity, detoxication, and anti-inflammatory. Fifteen species, including Ganoderma lucidum, are the most important or commonly used Medicinal Fungi, and 26 species, including Agaricus bisporus, are commonly cultivated in China as food or for Medicinal products.
Russula cyanoxantha
Molecular basis for Poria cocos Mushroom polysaccharide used as an antitumour drug in China
Poria cocos is an edible Medicinal fungus known as “Fuling” in Chinese and has been used as a Chinese traditional medicine for more than two thousand years. pharmacological studies reveal that polysaccharide is the most abundant substance in Poria cocos and has a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-ageing, antihepatitis, antidiabetics and anti-haemorrhagic fever effects. As a result, “Poria cocos polysaccharide oral solution” was developed and sold as an over-the-counter health supplement since 1970s. In 2015, “Polysaccharidum of Poria cocos oral solution” was approved as a drug by Chinese Food and Drug Administration for treating multiple types of cancers, hepatitis and other diseases alone or during chemo– or radiation therapy for patients with cancer.
In this article, biochemical, preclinical and clinical studies of Poria cocos polysaccharide from 72 independent studies during the past 46 years (1970-2016) based on PubMed, VIP (Chongqing VIP Chinese Scientific Journals Database), CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang database searches are summarized. The structure, pharmacological effects, clinical efficacy, immunobalancing molecular mechanism and toxicity of Poria cocos polysaccharide are deliberated to provide a general picture of Poria cocos polysaccharide as a clinically used antitumour drug.
Russula nitida
The present paper summarizes morphological, taxonomical, and biodiversity information on the important Medicinal Mushroom genus Trametes on a global scale. An identification key enriched by sufficient morphological descriptions is given for 64 recognized species of this genus. Each species is characterized in its global distribution and also in current or potential Medicinal use.
Thirteen new combinations were made as follows: Trametes apiaria (Pers.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. flavida (Lév.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. glabrorigens (Lloyd) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. hirta (P. Beauv.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. hostmannii (Berk.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. niam-niamensis (P. Henn.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. quarrei (Beeli) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. speciosa (Fr.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. strumosa (Fr.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. variegate (Berk.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. vernicipes (Berk.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; T. vespacea (Pers.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov; and T. warnieri (Durieu & Mont.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov.
Russula paludosa
Mushrooms are macro Fungi that exist everywhere around us. They have significant roles in human health–life as source of nutrition and bioactive compounds. Many edible Mushrooms have been reported as promising biotechnological tools for production of secondary metabolites of various biological activities. The genus macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola are a group of edible Mushrooms that are distributed all over the world.
The studies on different species of these edible Mushrooms have revealed their nutritional Medicinal potentials. This review aims to present the importance of the genera macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola as both food and medicine, and they offer new insights to researchers to develop new drugs and nutraceuticals.
Russula vivesscens
Determination of the Metals by ICP-MS in wild Mushrooms from Yunnan, China
For red eyes, swelling and pain, numbness of limbs, waist and leg pain, etc. The elemental contents of Li, Cs, U, Co, As, Sr, Cd, Ba, Pb, Sb in 157 wild-grown Mushrooms were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Mushrooms including 9 species were collected from 5 counties in Yunnan province, China.
Based on the findings for the Results from the certified reference materials GBW10014 (cabbage) and GBW10016 (tea), the data from the sample Mushrooms were corrected. The contents of investigated trace elements in Mushroom samples were determined as μg/g dry weight (dw) in the range of 0.030 to 13 for Li, 0.070 to 8.1 for Cs, 0.0010 to 0.28 for U, 0.040 to 5.4 for Co, 0.070 to 44 for As, 0.28 to 86 for Sr, and 0.15 to 23 for Cd. The maximum contents were 58, 11, and 0.11 for Ba, Pb, and Sb, respectively. The minimum contents of Ba, Pb, and Sb were below the detection limit of the method used.
Russula Xerampelina
Hot water extracts of 16 species of Mushrooms, including both edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory activity. Extracts of Lactarius camphoratus, Trametes suaveolens, Sparassis crispa, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus pulmonarius, and Russula paludosa elicited over 50% inhibition when tested at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. The extract of R. paludosa demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity on HIV-1 RT (97.6%). Fraction SU2, purified from R. paludosa extract by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Superdex 75, exhibited potent inhibitory activity on HIV-1 RT. At the concentrations of 1 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml, and 0.04 mg/ml, the inhibition ratios were 99.2%, 89.3%, and 41.8%, respectively, giving an IC50 of 11 μM. The molecular mass of SU2 was 4.5 kDa and its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined to be KREHGQHCEF. The peptide was devoid of hemagglutinating, ribonuclease, antifungal, protease, protease inhibitory, and laccase activities.
Sanghuangporus sanghuang
Mushrooms are macro Fungi that exist everywhere around us. They have significant roles in human health–life as source of nutrition and bioactive compounds. Many edible Mushrooms have been reported as promising biotechnological tools for production of secondary metabolites of various biological activities. The genus macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola are a group of edible Mushrooms that are distributed all over the world.
The studies on different species of these edible Mushrooms have revealed their nutritional Medicinal potentials. This review aims to present the importance of the genera macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola as both food and medicine, and they offer new insights to researchers to develop new drugs and nutraceuticals.
Sanghuangprous vaninii
Our Results revealed that Sanghuangprous vaninii was effective against human cervical cancer SiHa cells in vitro and vivo. There is a promising potential that Sanghuangprous vaninii might be a candidate for cervical cancer therapy.
Sarcodon imbricatus
The present study demonstrated that SIE inhibited the proliferation and invasive properties of breast cancer cells in vitro and significantly decreased the tumor volume and weight in mice, which may be achieved by regulating the expression of PD-L1 and increasing NK cell viability in tumors. Collectively, this study provides supporting evidence for the use of the SIE as a health supplement in breast cancer patients.
Sarcodon imbricatus (SI), a precious edible fungus, contains 35.22% of total sugar, 18.33% of total protein, 24 types of fatty acid, 16 types of amino acid, and 8 types of minerals. Encouragingly, it is rich in potential antioxidants such as total polyphenols (0.41%), total sterols (3.16%), and vitamins (0.44%). In the present study, the antifatigue properties of SI and its potential mechanisms of action were explored by the experiments on acute excise-treated mice and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) mice. SI (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg) significantly enhanced exercise tolerance in the weight-loaded forced swimming test (FST) and rota-rod test (RRT) and reduced the immobility in the tail suspension test on CFS mice. SI markedly increased the levels of glycogen in the liver and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the liver and muscle and decreased the lactic acid (LD) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content in both acute swimming-treated mice and CFS mice. SI improved the endogenous cellular antioxidant enzyme contents in the two mouse models by improving the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum, liver, and muscle, respectively. In CFS mice, the enhanced expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), SOD1, SOD2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and catalase (CAT) in the liver were observed after a 32-day SI administration.
Our data indicated that SI possessed antifatigue activity, which may be related to its ability to normalize energy metabolism and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress. Consequently, SI can be expected to serve as a novel natural antifatigue supplement in health foods.
Conclusion: S. imbricatus extracts significantly improved immune function in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice via modulation of oxidative systems.
Sarcodon imbricatus, a rare Medicinal and edible fungus, has various pharmacological bioactivities. The present study systematically investigated the protective effects of S. imbricatus polysaccharides (SIPS) against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in Balb/c mice model. Compared with the CTX-induced immunosuppressive mice, the spleen and thymus indexes in the mice with 28-day SIPS orally administration were significantly increased, bodyweight loss was alleviated, and the natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity and the proliferative activities of lymphocytes were elevated. SIPS regulated the production of immunoglobulins including IgA, IgG and IgM in the serum and spleen. Notably, SIPS promoted the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) of serum and spleen in CTX-induced immunosuppressive mice. Additionally, SIPS inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased total antioxidant capacity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities of spleen and thymus, as well as enhanced acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme (LZM) levels of thymus in CTX-induced immunosuppressive mice.
Histopathological analysis of spleen revealed the protective effect of SIPS against CTX-induced immunosuppression. More importantly, SIPS promoted the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target genes encoding antioxidant enzymes: SOD1, SOD2, haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), CAT and quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Altogether, SIPS reversed CTX-induced immunosuppression effectively and predominantly through Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress, which provided the useful evidence that SIPS can be served as a novel natural immunomodulator in health foods or medicine.
phytochemical Analysis and Antiradical properties of Sarcodon imbricatus (L.:Fr) Karsten
The chemical composition of Sarcodon imbricatus (L.:Fr) Karsten (Hydnaceae) was evaluated to assess it as source of nutrients and nutraceuticals. The analyzed Mushroom contains ergosterol and ergosterol peroxide. S. imbricatus methanolic extract showed a moderate antiradical activity (measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity). The combination of bioactive compounds and rich nutritional composition (high contents in protein, low content in fat, and its content of unsaturated fatty acids) makes the Mushroom a good food.
nutritional analysis and evaluation of Sarcodon imbricatus
Analysis of nutrition, amino acid and elements of Sarcodon imbricatus showed that the quantity of rude protein was up to 255.5g/kg, and of which, total quantity of 16 kinds of the amino acids was up to 208.7g/kg. Among the amino acids, the total quantity of seven necessary amino acids to human body was 88.6g/kg, which was 42.5% of the total quantity of all kinds of amino acids in S. imbricatus. Fruit body of S. imbricatus contained a lot of mineral elements. Analysis of the hyphae and fermented liquid of S. imbricatus showed that quantity of the amino acids in the hyphae and fermented liquid were 131.1g/kg and 225.5mg/L respectively. They also contained several kinds of mineral elements. There is a potential to culture the hyphae and produce the protein in the artificial fermentation condition.
he functions of the mycelium of ectomycorrhizal Fungi Cantharellus cibarius, Amanita muscaria, Leccinum aurantiacum, and Sarcodon imbricatus as a geobiont and 137Cs incorporator in soddy-podzol forest soils of Ukrainian Polyssia are shown. The total 137Cs activity concentration allocated in the mycelium of the mentioned fungal species was found to be 4.0 – 21.0% of the total activity of the radionuclide in soil down to a depth of 10 cm, when the mycelium biomass content in soil equals 0.17-0.77 g per 100 g of soil
Schizophyllum commune
A homodimeric lactose-binding lectin with a molecular mass of 64 kDa was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the split gill Mushroom Schizophyllum commune. The N-terminal sequence of the lectin is similar to a part of the sequence of the cell division protein from Gleobacter violaceus. The lectin was isolated by using a procedure which involved ion exchange chromatography on DEAE–cellulose, CM–cellulose, and Q-Sepharose, and gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was stable at temperatures up to 40 °C, and in concentrations of NaOH and HCl solution up to 125 and 25 mM, respectively.
The lectin exhibited potent mitogenic activity toward mouse splenocytes, antiproliferative activity toward tumor cell lines, and inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. It was devoid of antifungal activity.
The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity (ABA) of new Mushroom strains collected from the mountain and plain forests of Georgia and belonging to different taxonomic groups. Of 30 Basidiomycetes strains tested on agar plates, Schizophyllum commune BCC64 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the diameter of inhibition zones (17 ± 1 mm and 19 ± 1 mm, respectively). Moreover, this Mushroom showed strong activity against Staphylococcus enteritidis (11 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 mm), and Salmonella epidermitidis (12 mm). In the submerged cultivation in synthetic medium, xylose and glucose ensured the highest ABA toward S. aureus (70% inhibition in microplate rider tests) and E. coli (60%), respectively. Among lignocellulosic materials tested in the submerged and solid-state fermentation, mandarin marc was found to be an excellent growth substrate for ABA accumulation by Sch. commune 64. Of six nitrogen sources, KNO3 favored the Mushroom ABA increase against both bacteria.
The suitability of the developed nutrient medium has been proven in 7 L fermenter. After fermentation, ethyl acetate extract obtained from culture liquid and ethanol extract obtained from mycelial biomass of Sch. commune 64 showed the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli (0.5 and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively) and S. aureus (1 mg/mL for both extracts).
Sparassis crispa
SC can improve the impaired healing of diabetic wounds. This effect might involve an increase in the migration of macrophages and fibroblasts, and β-glucan from SC directly increases the synthesis of type I collagen. Therefore, the use of SC may be extended to the clinical setting and prove an effective promoter of wound healing in patients with diabetes.
Sparassis crispa (SC) is culinary–Medicinal Mushroom recently cultivated in Japan, China, Germany, and the US. We purified a 6-branched 1.3-b–D-glucan preparation designated as SCG. SCG increased the number of leukocytes and enhanced the activity of leukocytes from various points of view, mainly analyzed in experimental animals. In the present study, the cytokine capacity of SCG was examined in healthy volunteers in vitro, and the following characteristics were studied: SCG enhanced cytokine synthesis of whole blood cell culture dose dependently. A complement fragment, C5a, was released by SCG dependently upon dose. And anti-SCG natural antibody was detected in human plasma. From these facts, SCG has the capacity to activate human leukocytes and related immune systems. In a clinical trial, powder of SC (300 mg/day) was given orally to several cancer patients (lung, stomach, colon, breast, ovarian, uterine, prostate, pancreas, liver) after one course of treatment of lymphocyte transfer immunotherapy and follow-up for several months. Performance status of 14 cases were monitored and 9 cases were improved as CR (4), PR (5), and NC (5). These facts strongly suggest that Sparassis crispa is a good source for cancer immunotherapy.
Sparassis crispa Wulf.: Fr. is an edible and Medicinal Mushroom recently cultivated in Japan. It contains a high content (~ 40%) of 6-branched 1,3-b-D-glucan showing antitumor activity. Oral administration of the (b-glucan fraction CA1, extracted with cold sodium hydroxide, enhanced the hematopoietic response in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced leukopenic mice assessed by white blood cell count. Analyzing the leukocyte population by flow cytometry, the rate of leukocyte recovery in CY-administered mice was different in each population, such as granulocyte, monocyte, natural killer cell, В cell, Т cell, and so on. Administration of CA1 modulated the recovery rate of each population. In Peyer’s patches, recovery of the T/B ratio was faster than in the control group. In in vitro, CY-treated spleen cell culture, interleukin-6 and interferon-g production was enhanced by CA1 treatment. These facts strongly suggested that the enhanced hematopoietic response by CA1 is due to enhanced cytokine production.
Stereum hirsutum
In addition to the fruiting bodies, Mushroom mycelia can be used as functional foods and nutraceutical materials. In this study, two new benzoate derivatives (1 and 2) and three new sesquiterpenoids (3–5) were isolated from the mycelia of Stereum hirsutum. Their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR experiments. The absolute configuration in 3 was assigned by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In bioactivities evaluation, compounds 1 and 2 showed antimicrobial effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and S. aureus with the MIC values of 25.0 μg/mL; compounds 1 and 3 inhibited the NO overproduction in the LPS-induced macrophages with the IC50 values of 19.17 and 15.44 μM, and also displayed cytotoxicity against A549 and HepG2 with IC50 in the range of 10–50 μM.
These Results support the usage of the mycelia of S. hirsutum as a good functional food.
Stereum subtomentosum
Medicinal Mushrooms have tremendous potential in production of bioactive compounds with diverse bioactivities while the biochemical potential of some specific Mushroom strains (autochthonous for the region) in production of specific bioactive agents may be of the main importance in a continuous search for novel strains with supreme activities all over the world.
In this study, the ethanolic (EtOH) and water (H2O) extracts of wild-growing polypore Mushroom species were investigated: Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar. This study was designed to determine total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF) and protein content (TPR) as well as LC/MS/MS phenolic profile related to in vitro antioxidant, antiproliferative (MTT assay) (AP) and DNA fragmentation properties.
The H2O extracts expressed better antioxidant scavenging potential than EtOH showing the highest activity for the T. versicolor (IC50=5.6 μg/mL, IC50=0.6 μg/mL for DPPH. and OH., respectively) while O2.− activity achieved the best activity for S. subtomentosum (IC50=4.1 μg/mL). In contrary, the highest AP activity was obtained for the EtOH extracts of S. subtomentosum (IC50=141.1 μg/mL). The EtOH extracts of both species showed the highest TP, TF and TPR content. Obtained Results of DNA degradation indicate genotoxicity potential of the extracts at high concentration. The LC/MS/MS detection showed that the majority of analyzed extracts contained phenolic acids, p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acid.
The obtained Results suggest that analyzed Medicinal Mushroom species, T. versicolor and S. subtomentosum, could be of potential interest as new sources of strong natural antioxidants as well as antiproliferative agents in the future.
Strobilurus esculentus (Wulfen) Singer
antioxidant properties of Extracts of wild Medicinal Mushroom species from Croatia
antioxidant activity and total phenol (TP) content of methanol and water extracts of three wild Croatian Mushroom species Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél., Sarcoscypha austriaca (Sacc.) Boud., and Strobilurus esculentus (Wulfen) Singer were determined and compared with the values obtained for extracts of four cultivated Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach (brown and white strains), Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., and Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer. Spectrophotometric determination of the TP content was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while antioxidant activity was measured in a reaction with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH assay) and ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe 3+ -TPTZ) complex (FRAP assay). On the average, 5.8-fold higher TP content was observed for water in comparison to methanol extracts of all analyzed Mushrooms.
Consequently, antioxidant activity was also higher for water extracts, which is evident from the obtained higher values in the FRAP assay and lower EC 50 values in the DPPH assay. Among the three tested wild species, the water extract of S. esculentus exhibited the highest concentration of TP, 8.12 mg/g gallic acid equivalents (GAE), the highest reducing power, 19.42 mmol Fe 2+ /kg, and the best radical scavenging properties, EC 50 = 13.5 mg/mL.
Stropharia rugosoannulata
The optimal culture conditions of exopolysaccharides (EPS) production in submerged culture medium by Stropharia rugosoannulata 2# were determined using the orthogonal matrix method. The optimal defined medium (per liter) was 60.0 g sucrose, 6.0 g tryptone, 5 mM KH2PO4, and initial pH 7.0 at 28°C. In the optimal culture medium, the maximum EPS production was 9.967 g/L in shake-flask culture. One fraction of EPS was purified from the culture filtrates by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and the molecular characteristics were examined by a multiangle laser-light scattering (MALLS) and refractive index (RI) detector system. The weight-average molar masses and the polydispersity ratio of the EPS fraction were determined to be 5.305 × 103 g/mol and 2.014, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of the purified EPS fraction.
The obvious characteristic absorption at 884.3 cm−1 revealed the existence of β configuration. Furthermore, the experiments in vitro indicated that S. rugosoannulata 2# EPS exhibit high antitumor and antioxidative effects.
The absolute configuration of strophasterol B (1) isolated from the fruiting bodies of Stropharia rugosoannulata was determined by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. Three compounds (2 to 4) were isolated from the Mushroom which suppressed or promoted lettuce growth.
To reveal the structural characteristics and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition mechanism of Stropharia rugosoannulata Mushroom peptides prepared by multifrequency ultrasound, the peptide distribution, amino acid sequence composition characteristics, formation pathway, and ACE inhibition mechanism of S. rugosoannulata Mushroom peptides were studied. It was found that the peptides in S. rugosoannulata Mushroom samples treated by multifrequency ultrasound (probe ultrasound and bath ultrasound mode) were mainly octapeptides, nonapeptides, and decapeptides. Hydrophobic amino acids were the primary amino acids in the peptides prepared by ultrasound, and the amino acid dissociation of the peptide bonds at the C-terminal under the action of ultrasound was performed mainly to produce hydrophobic amino acids. Pro and Val (PV), Arg and Pro (RP), Pro and Leu (PL), and Asp (D) combined with hydrophobic amino acids were the characteristic amino acid sequence basis of the active peptides of the S. rugosoannulata Mushroom.
The docking Results of active peptides and ACE showed that hydrogen bond interaction remained the primary mode of interaction between ACE and peptides prepared by ultrasound. The peptides can bind to the amino acid residues in the ACE active pocket, zinc ions, or key amino acids in the domain, and this Results in inhibition of ACE activity. Cation–pi interactions also played an important role in the binding of Mushroom peptides to ACE. This study explains the structural characteristics and ACE inhibition mechanism used by S. rugosoannulata Mushroom peptides prepared by ultrasound, and it will provide a reference for the development and application of S. rugosoannulata Mushroom peptides.
Termitomyces microcarpus
The effect of fortifying the nutritive value of Mushroom with paw-paw leaf meal in the diet of broilers was studied using one hundred and eight day old chicks. Three diets were formulated, the first which served as control had no Mushroom (Diet A) and the second diet had 2% Mushrooms (Diet B) while the third had 2% Mushroom and 2% paw-paw leaves (Diet C). Thirty-six broiler chicks were randomly assigned to each of the three dietary at the rate of twelve chicks per replicate and three replicates per experimental unit in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Beside feed trail period, the experiment lasted for five weeks. During this period, the birds were subjected to similar husbandry and sanitation practices; daily records of food intake and weekly record of weight gain were taken. Data obtained were subjected to ANOVA appropriate for Completely Randomized Design and the differences between means were separated using Least significant Differences (LSD). The result showed that birds fed with control diet had the highest feed intake of compared to those fed Diet B and Diet C. Broiler chicks on Diet C however had the highest records in all the productive indices (weight gain, specific growth rate and food conversion ratio) investigated. The study therefore recommends inclusion of at least 2% paw-paw leaf meal in broiler chicks’ diet that contains Mushroom.
nutritional and hypocholesterolemic properties of termitomyces microcarpus Mushrooms.
wild edible Mushrooms, Termitomyces microcarpus are widely consumed in Uganda, partly because of their taste, flavour and because they are believed to have Medicinal benefits. This study investigated the nutrient composition of the Termitomyces microcarpus Mushrooms and the effect of the Mushroom on feed intake, weight gain, serum cholesterol and triglycerides of male albino rats. Semi-dried Mushrooms collected from Kyenjojo District in western Uganda were analyzed for nutrient composition using standard procedures. To determine the effect of dietary intake of Mushrooms, a completely randomized study design was used with experimental treatments having diets containing 25, 45 and 60% air -dried Mushroom flour mixed with the basal feed and 0.5% cholesterol. These were compared to a control diet consisting of only commercial (basal) feed and to a diet containing basal feed and 0.5% cholesterol. The rats were fed on the five diets for ten weeks and were monitored for changes in feed intake and weight at weekly intervals for six weeks and in serum total cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides at two weeks intervals for ten weeks. Proximate analysis revealed that the Mushrooms contained 25.5% protein, 2.3% fat, 11.2% dietary fibre, 48.37% available carbohydrates and 12.67% water. The Mushrooms were also found to contain 61 mg/100g of iron, 156 mg/100g of calcium and a number of other dietary minerals. dietary inclusion of Termitomyces microcarpus Mushrooms significantly reduced the feed intake and weight gain of the
rats by up to 36.8 and 29.5%, respectively. The reduction increased with the proportion of dietary Mushroom. Inclusion of Mushrooms in the diets of rats also lowered their total serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides by up to 15.6, 28.3 and 29.9%, respectively. Reduction in serum lipids did not, however, show a clear relation to the quantity of Mushrooms in the diet. The reduction in the total serum cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol and triglycerides may be attributed to the high quantities of fibre in the Mushrooms.
These Results suggest that consumption of T. microcarpus Mushrooms could contribute to reducing the prevalence of diseases linked to high blood lipids.
Mycochemicals and antioxidant activity of polyphenol-rich fraction of Termitomyces microcarpus.
Polyphenol-rich fraction from edible Mushroom, Termitomyces microcarpus, was tested for its antioxidant capacity and estimated for the presence of bioactive components. The extract was found to contain maximum amount of phenols followed by flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene consecutively. HPLC analyses revealed the presence of good amount of pyrogallol (32.07 μg/mg of dry weight of Mushroom powder). Findings for in vitro antioxidant activities showed that EC<sub>50</sub> values were below 1mg/ml for DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide radical scavenging test but reducing ability and chelation of ferrous ion assays showed EC<sub>50</sub> values at 1.7 mg/ml and 1.3 mg/ml respectively.
Results imply that phenol-rich fraction of T. microcarpus can be a potential source of natural antioxidant and may be used as food supplement to combat oxidative stress related human disorder.
Termitornyces albuminosus
Termitornyces albuminosus is a kind of traditional Chinese edible fungus rich in nutrients and Medicinal ingredients, and it has anti-oxidative, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the hypoglycemic and nephroprotective effects of polysaccharides separated from T. albuminosus (PTA) have not been reported. The properties of PTA were analyzed in a BKS.Cg-Dock7m +/+ Leprdb/JNju (db/db) mouse model of diabetes. After the administration of PTA for eight weeks, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of PTA in the db/db mice were assessed.
The Results of a cytokine array combined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of PTA. An eight-week administration of PTA caused hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic functioning, as indicated by suppressed plasma glucose levels, as well as the modulation of several cytokines related to glycometabolism, in the sera and kidneys of the mice. PTA treatment also had a protective effect on renal function, restoring renal structures and regulating potential indicators of nephropathy. In the kidneys of the db/db mice, PTA treatment reduced the activation of protein kinase B, the inhibitor of κB kinase alpha and beta, and the inhibitor of κB alpha and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). We establish the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-diabetic nephropathy effects of PTA, and we find that the renal protection effects of PTA may be related to anti-inflammatory activity via the regulation of NF-κB signaling.
A water-soluble polysaccharide WSP1 was extracted from the fruiting body of Termitornyces albuminosus. Its molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and molecular structure were determined by GPC, GC–MS, UV spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, NMR (1D and 2D) and AFM. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of WSP1 was evaluated in vitro by the tests of reducing power, scavenging ability on DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical, and chelating ability on ferrous ion. The Results indicated that the molecular weight of WSP1 was 9 kDa, and it was mainly composed of fucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1:3.09. Based on monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis and NMR, the possible repeating unit of WSP1 was presented as follows:
→2-α-l-Fucp-1→ (6-α-d-Galp-1)3→.
The antioxidant assay revealed that, in the concentration range tested in this experiment, WSP1 had strong scavenging ability on DPPH radical, suggesting that WSP1 could be potentially used as a powerful radical scavenger.
A one-eighth 454 sequencing run produced 82,386 high-quality reads. De novo assembly generated 6494 unique sequences. Based on the bioinformatic analysis, we found many the known enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpene saponin in Termitomyces albuminosus, including 6 cytochrome P450 and 22 glycosyltransferase unique genes.
Thelephora aurantiotincta
anticancer activities of Thelephantin O and Vialinin A Isolated from Thelephora aurantiotincta
Thelephora aurantiotincta is an edible Mushroom belonging to the genus Thelephora; it grows in symbiosis with pine trees. Recently, phytochemical investigations have revealed that the genus Thelephora is an abundant source of p-terphenyl derivatives. However, their bioactivity has not yet been well characterized. In screening for natural materials with anticancer activity, a T. aurantiotincta ethanol extract (TAE) was found to decrease cell viability in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). In this study, a new p-terphenyl derivative, thelephantin O, and a known compound, vialinin A, were isolated as the principal bioactive components of TAE. These compounds decreased cell viability in HepG2 and human colonic carcinoma cells (Caco2), but not in noncancerous human hepatocytes.
This is the first report of the isolation from T. aurantiotincta of selective cytotoxic agents against cancer cells.
anti-inflammatory and anticancer p-terphenyl derivatives from Fungi of the genus Thelephora
Fungi from the genus Thelephora have been exploited to identify bioactive compounds. The main natural products characterized are para-terphenyl derivatives, chiefly represented by the lead anti-inflammatory compound vialinin A isolated from species T. vialis and T. terrestris. Different series of p-terphenyls have been identified, including vialinins, ganbajunins, terrestrins, telephantins and other products. Their mechanism of action is not always clearly identified, and different potential molecule targets have been proposed. The lead vialinin A functions as a protease inhibitor, efficiently targeting ubiquitin-specific peptidases USP4/5 and sentrin-specific protease SENP1 which are prominent anti-inflammatory and anticancer targets. Protease inhibition is coupled with a powerful inhibition of the cellular production of tumor necrosis factor TNFα.
Other mechanisms contributing to the anti-inflammatory or anti-proliferative action of these p-terphenyl compounds have been invoked, including the formation of cytotoxic copper complexes for derivatives bearing a catechol central unit such vialinin A, terrestrin B and telephantin O. These p-terphenyl compounds could be further exploited to design novel anticancer agents, as evidenced with the parent compound terphenyllin (essentially found in Aspergillus species) which has revealed marked antitumor and anti-metastatic effects in xenograft models of gastric and pancreatic cancer. This review shed light on the structural and functional diversity of p-terphenyls compounds isolated from Thelephora species, their molecular targets and pharmacological properties.
p-Terphenyls from the Basidiomycete Thelephora aurantiotincta
A new p-terphenyl, named aurantiotinin A (1), together with ganbajunin C (2) and atromentin (3) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Thelephora aurantiotincta Corner. Their structures were established by spectral (MS, IR, UV, NMR, H-H COSY, HMQC, HMBC measurement) and chemical methods.
A novel 2′,3′-dihydroxy-p-terphenyl derivative, thelephantin O (TO), which has cancer-selective cytotoxicity, was isolated. This study investigated the underlying basis of the cytotoxicity of 2′,3′-dihydroxy-p-terphenyl compounds in view of their ability to chelate metal ions. FeCl2 significantly reduced TO-induced cytotoxicity, whereas several other salts of transition metals and alkaline-earth metals did not. A structure–activity relationship study using newly synthesized p-terphenyl derivatives revealed that o-dihydroxy substitution of the central benzene ring was necessary for both the cytotoxicity and Fe2+ chelation of the compounds. Real-time PCR array and cell cycle analysis revealed that the TO-induced cytotoxicity was attributed to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase via well-known cell cycle-mediated genes. The TO-induced changes in the cell cycle and gene expression were completely reversed by the addition of FeCl2. Thus, it was Concluded that Fe2+ chelation occurs upstream in the pivotal pathway of 2′,3′-dihydroxy-p-terphenyl-induced inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil from the fungus Thelephora aurantiotincta
A novel 2′,3′-dihydroxy-p-terphenyl derivative, thelephantin O (TO), which has cancer-selective cytotoxicity, was isolated. This study investigated the underlying basis of the cytotoxicity of 2′,3′-dihydroxy-p-terphenyl compounds in view of their ability to chelate metal ions. FeCl2 significantly reduced TO-induced cytotoxicity, whereas several other salts of transition metals and alkaline-earth metals did not. A structure–activity relationship study using newly synthesized p-terphenyl derivatives revealed that o-dihydroxy substitution of the central benzene ring was necessary for both the cytotoxicity and Fe2+ chelation of the compounds.
Real-time PCR array and cell cycle analysis revealed that the TO-induced cytotoxicity was attributed to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase via well-known cell cycle-mediated genes. The TO-induced changes in the cell cycle and gene expression were completely reversed by the addition of FeCl2. Thus, it was Concluded that Fe2+ chelation occurs upstream in the pivotal pathway of 2′,3′-dihydroxy-p-terphenyl-induced inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.
Trametes lactinea (Berk.) Sacc
Mushrooms extracts and compounds in cosmetics, cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics
The cosmetic industry is constantly in search of ingredients from natural sources because of their competitive effectiveness and lower toxicity effects. Mushrooms have been an important part of our diet for years and are now finding their way as cosmetic ingredients, either as cosmeceutical or as nutricosmetics. The present review focuses on the most relevant activities of Mushroom extracts, as well as on their bioactive compounds, which make them interesting ingredients for cosmetic formulations. Mushroom extracts, as well as their bioactive metabolites, revealed anti–tyrosinase, anti–hyaluronidase, anti– collagenase and anti–elastase activity. Emphasis was also given to their important anti– oxidant, antimicrobial and anti–inflammatory potential, topics largely studied by numerous authors, making them very versatile and multi–functional cosmetic ingredients. Some of the bioactive compounds and the mechanism responsible for the activities ascribed to Mushrooms were highlighted. Other activities were identified as needing to be further studied in order to identify the major compounds contributing to the target activity, as well as their mechanisms of action. Based on the above findings, Mushroom extracts, as well as their bioactive metabolites, constitute important ingredients that can help to combat aging, reduce the severity of inflammatory skin disease and correct hyperpigmentation disorders. These findings and claims must be correctly supported by clinical trials and in vivo studies
Trametes robiniophila
Trametes robiniophila Murr. (Huaier) is a Mushroom with a long history of use as a Medicinal ingredient in China and exhibits good clinical efficacy in cancer management. However, the antitumor components of Huaier and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we isolated a proteoglycan with a molecular mass of ∼5.59 × 104 Da from Huaier aqueous extract. We named this proteoglycan TPG-1, and using FTIR and additional biochemical analyses, we determined that its total carbohydrate and protein compositions are 43.9 and 41.2%, respectively. Using biochemical assays and immunoblotting, we found that exposing murine RAW264.7 macrophages to TPG-1 promotes the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Of note, the TPG-1 treatment significantly inhibited the tumorigenesis of human hepatoma HepG2 cells likely at least in part by increasing serum levels of TNFα and promoting leukocyte infiltration into tumors in nude mice. TPG-1 also exhibited good antitumor activity in hepatoma H22-bearing mice and had no obvious adverse effects in these mice.
We Conclude that TPG-1 exerts antitumor activity partially through an immune–potentiating effect due to activation of the TLR4–NF-κB/MAPK signaling cassette. Therefore, TPG-1 may be a promising candidate drug for cancer immunotherapy. This study has identified the TPG-1 proteoglycan as an antitumor agent and provided insights into TPG-1’s molecular mechanism, suggesting a potential utility for applying this agent in cancer therapy.
Trametes versicolor
Characterization of Trametes versicolor: Medicinal Mushroom
with important health benefits
rametes species represents a rich source of nutritive compounds with important pharmacological properties like antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, factors like genetic background, harvesting period, geographic location, climatic conditions and others are influencing the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, their fingerprint and their concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids content of two Mushroom species, namely Tramestes versicolor (TV) and Trametes gibbosa (TG), Mushrooms with potential health benefits, harvested from north-west part of Romania. In order to determine the phenolic compounds profile, water, methanol, and acetone Mushroom extracts were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and LC-MS analysis.
In total 28 compounds were tentatively identified as phenolic acids (11 compounds), flavonols (6 compounds), flavones (6 compounds), coumarins (2 compounds), flavanols, isoflavonoids and biflavonoids (1 compound). The highest antioxidant activity was determined for the methanolic extract while the highest total polyphenols content and total flavonoids content were determined for the water extract. The Results obtained suggested that Trametes species can be considered important sources of bioactive compounds, their phenolics composition and content being influenced by a series of
factors like geographic area origin and genetic background.
Purification and characterization of a novel immunomodulatory
protein from the Medicinal Mushroom Trametes versicolor
bioactive proteins represent an important group of functional agents in Medicinal Mushrooms. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd is a Mushroom frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. A new immunomodulatory protein from T. versicolor, named TVC, was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the purified protein revealed a single band with a molecular weight of 15.0 kD. Native polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed a band at 30 kD, indicating that TVC exists in solution as a homodimer. Isoelectric focusing showed that TVC was an acidic protein with an isoelectric point of 4.0. TVC was found to lack carbohydrate modifications (based on periodic acid/Schiff staining) and it does not agglutinate mouse red blood cells, suggesting that TVC is not a lectin-like protein. Biological activity assays dem- onstrated that TVC can enhance the proliferation of splenocytes, while it has no stimulatory effects on CD4 + and CD8+ T cells. TVC markedly increases the proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner and enhances the production of both nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophages.
The Results indicate that TVC is an immunostimulant that can boost immune response. Comparison of the N-terminal amino acid residues and mass spectrometry Results with the protein database revealed no homologous proteins.
Medicinal Mushrooms have tremendous potential in production of bioactive compounds with diverse bioactivities while the biochemical potential of some specific Mushroom strains (autochthonous for the region) in production of specific bioactive agents may be of the main importance in a continuous search for novel strains with supreme activities all over the world.
In this study, the ethanolic (EtOH) and water (H2O) extracts of wild-growing polypore Mushroom species were investigated: Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar. This study was designed to determine total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF) and protein content (TPR) as well as LC/MS/MS phenolic profile related to in vitro antioxidant, antiproliferative (MTT assay) (AP) and DNA fragmentation properties.
The H2O extracts expressed better antioxidant scavenging potential than EtOH showing the highest activity for the T. versicolor (IC50=5.6 μg/mL, IC50=0.6 μg/mL for DPPH. and OH., respectively) while O2.− activity achieved the best activity for S. subtomentosum (IC50=4.1 μg/mL). In contrary, the highest AP activity was obtained for the EtOH extracts of S. subtomentosum (IC50=141.1 μg/mL). The EtOH extracts of both species showed the highest TP, TF and TPR content.
Obtained Results of DNA degradation indicate genotoxicity potential of the extracts at high concentration. The LC/MS/MS detection showed that the majority of analyzed extracts contained phenolic acids, p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acid.
The obtained Results suggest that analyzed Medicinal Mushroom species, T. versicolor and S. subtomentosum, could be of potential interest as new sources of strong natural antioxidants as well as antiproliferative agents in the future.
Trametes versicolor is important for its Medicinal rather than nutritional value. It has a variety of pharmacological activities. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the bioactive properties of the wild Medicinal Mushroom T. versicolor (L.) Lloyd. Samples were analyzed for antioxidant potential and the chemical composition of the major bioactive chemical components. Chromatographic procedures were used to analyze phenolic compounds, free amino acids, vitamins, and fatty acids. T. versicolor was analyzed for moisture (87.21 ± 1.08 g/100 g fw), protein (11.07 ± 0.85 g/100 g dw), and fat (1.35 ± 0.09 g/100 g dw) content. phenolic compounds in T. versicolor were found as p-hydroxy benzoic (113.16 ± 0.22 μg/g dw), protocatechuic (10.07 ± 0.54 μg/g dw), vanillic (5.21 ± 0.10 μg/g dw), and homogentisic acids (1.24 ± 0.15 μg/g dw). In the studied Mushroom, essential and nonessential amino acids were determined as leucine (72.41 ± 0.16 mg/100 g dw), isoleucine (60.07 ± 0.10 mg/100 g dw), methionine (53.51 ± 0.09 mg/100 g dw), tyrosine (33.37 ± 0.27 mg/100 g dw), glutamine (15.48 ± 0.19 mg/100 g dw), and asparagine (10.90 ± 0.13 mg/100 g dw). Vitamin content of T. versicolor was found as nicotinic acid (26.52 ± 0.10 mg/100 g dw) and nicotinamide (12.18 ± 0.05 mg/100 g dw). fatty acids in T. versicolor were linoleic acid (18:2n6c), oleic acid (18:1n9c), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and linolenic acid (18:3n3).
In Conclusion, the Results of the present study support the potential use of T. versicolor as a promising source of bioactive products for pharmaceutical and also food industries.
Tremella aurantialba
DNA Molecular Identification of Medicinal Mushroom Tremella aurantialba Based on ITS Sequences.
The rDNA ITS sequences from two populations in China were studied and three analog species were discussed together. The whole sequences of rDNA ITS regions (including ITS-1,5.8S and ITS-2) of Tremella aurantialba were reported first time.
The Results showed that little difference in length between the sequences was found and the length was 467bp and 468bp, respectively. Tremella aurantialba and Tremella aurantia formed a separate stable branch in the topology trees, while Tremella mesenterica clustered on another clade. The relationship between two populations of Tremella aurantialba in Yunnan and Shanxi provinces and Tremella aurantia is closely related, and they can replace each other as the same medicine according to the rDNA ITS. The character of ITS sequences can be used for providing the molecular markers for identifying Tremella aurantialba and exploring its genetic basis of fungal sources.
The nutritional composition of three recently domesticated culinary–Medicinal Mushroom species (Oudemansiella sudmusida, Lentinus squarrosulus, and Tremella aurantialba) was evaluated for contents of protein, fiber, fat, total sugar content, amino acid, carbohydrate, and nucleotide components. The data indicated that fruiting bodies of these three Mushroom species contained abundant nutritional substances. The protein contents of L. squarrosulus and O. submucida were 26.32% and 14.70%, which could be comparable to other commercially cultivated species. T. aurantialba contained 74.11% of carbohydrate, of which soluble polysaccharide was 40.55%. Oudemansiella sudmusida contained 15.95% of arabitol as the highest sugar alcohol in three Mushrooms. These Mushrooms also possessed distinct taste by their flavor component composition. Among them, L. squarrosulus contained 10.68% and 9.25% of monosodium glutamate-like and sweet amino acids, which were higher than the other two Mushrooms.
However, the nucleotide amounts of the three Mushrooms were all lower than those of other commercially cultivated Mushrooms. Among them, L. squarrosulus contained the highest amount of flavor nucleotides, which was 1.01%o. Results revealed that these three Mushroom species are potentially suitable resources for commercial cultivation and healthy food.
Tremella aurantialba, one of edible and Medicinal Mushrooms belonging to Tremellaceae of Basidiomycota, has been known to have outstanding curing effects on coughing, tracheitis and hypertension of humans and antitumor activity on the sarcoma 180 and Erhrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the Mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests showed that all crude polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as RAW 309 CR.1 and sarcoma 180 at the concentration of . Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of in mice inoculated with sarcoma 180. Fr. MeOH improved the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 1.16 folds at the concentration of . In case of Fr. HW, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 1.42 and 2.87 folds, respectively.
In order to screen biological activity extracts from Tremella aurantialba, the systematic solvent extraction was used to extract the fruiting bodies. Firsdy, the fruiting bodies powder of T. aurantialba were extracted by chloroform (Chl), ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol (Eth), respectively, then three extracts with different polarity were prepared. Secondly, the air-dried residua after ethanol were extracted by water at 80 °C , water at 100 °C, 3% ammonium oxalate and 5% sodium hydroxide, respectively, and accordingly four extracts TAFW1, TAFWr, TAFWn and TAFWj were prepared. Furthermore, the inhibition effects of extracts in organic protion on cells L1210 and SW620 were determined.
The Results showed that the inhibition effects of Chl-portion on cells L1210 and SW620 was the best among the three extracts. The immunostimulating activity assay of four extracts showed that TAFWr had almost the same proliferation rate as that of TAFW1 and they showed a bit lower immunostimulating activity compared with the TAFWj (P < 0.05 ).
DNA Molecular Identification of Medicinal Mushroom Tremella aurantialba Based on ITS Sequences.
The rDNA ITS sequences from two populations in China were studied and three analog species were discussed together. The whole sequences of rDNA ITS regions (including ITS-1,5.8S and ITS-2) of Tremella aurantialba were reported first time.
The Results showed that little difference in length between the sequences was found and the length was 467bp and 468bp, respectively. Tremella aurantialba and Tremella aurantia formed a separate stable branch in the topology trees, while Tremella mesenterica clustered on another clade. The relationship between two populations of Tremella aurantialba in Yunnan and Shanxi provinces and Tremella aurantia is closely related, and they can replace each other as the same medicine according to the rDNA ITS. The character of ITS sequences can be used for providing the molecular markers for identifying Tremella aurantialba and exploring its genetic basis of fungal sources.
antitumor activity OF TREMELLA AURANTIALBA polysaccharides
Introduction Chinese discovered the beneficial effects of Mushrooms for more than 2000 years. Nevertheless, it is not until 1960s, the antitumor effect of Mushroom polysaccharides was scientifically determined. Some of the polysaccharides from various Mushrooms, such as Coriolus versicolor, Lentinus edodes, and Schizophyllum commune, are available as antineoplastic drugs or adjuvants and nutraceuticals, due to their well-known immunomodulatory activities. They are different in their efficacy and effectiveness against tumors and ability to induce various cellular immune
antitumor activities of Tremella aurantialba polysaccharides
In this study, three T A Pfractions (TAP 1, 2 and 3) were prepared from Tremella aurantialba after prolonged hot water extraction and anion chromatography. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that T A P 2 was thefraction having most prominent antitumor effect. T A P 2 consisted 8 1 % polysaccharide and 15% protein by weight. H P L C of T A P 2 indicated that it has two fractions, one is relatively larger (>650 kDa) and the other is relatively smaller (12-25 kDa). The major constituents of T A P 2 were maimose, xylose, glucose and galactose as detected by gas chromatography. T A P 2 did not have direct cytotoxicity towards normal kidney cell line up to a dose of 1 mg/kg.
Abnormal lipid-metabolism and enhanced oxidative stress were 2 major factors contributing to familiar complications of diabetic mellitus. In this article, the regulation activities on lipid-metabolism and attenuation activities on oxidative stress of diabetic rats of TBE and TMP, as well as metformin were compared. TBE possesses stranger function in decreasing blood glucose level and the concentration of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglyceridon of plasma of diabetic rats. TBE could increase the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidise, and glutathione reductase and decrease the malondialdehyde concentration in determined tissue. It was shown that TBE could perform more significant function in rectifying abnormal lipid-metabolism, reducing oxidant press, and controlling diabetic complications.
Unlike the hypoglycermic component of TMP that contained 47.6% polysaccharides, there was little polar substance in TBE, such as protein, reducing sugar, and polysaccharide. TBE could be more easily dissolved in boiled water, 40% to 60% ethanol and alkaline solution. TBE could give rise to durable foam. TLC indicated that the band with the same Rf value turned red after reaction with methanol: acetic acid: sulfuric acid: anisaldehyde (85: 10: 5: 0.1), green after reaction with sulfuric acid: CHCl3 (1: 9), and yellow after reaction with CCl3COOH. Based on these characteristics, it was speculated that some components of TBE were saponins (Xiao 1997). Saponins content in TBE was estimated at 23.1% by colorimetric method (Xiang and others 2001). About the structure of the saponins in TBE would be reported in other articles.
In many reported studies, saponins and polysaccharides were thought of possessing potent activities to regulate blood glucose levels, blood lipid levels, and antioxidative stress (Lang and others 2005; Zhang and others 2007).
These studied Results also supported our Conclusion obtained in the experiment. Since TBE and TMP were 2 kinds of different metabolites simultaneously produced in submerged culture of T. aurantialba and the difference of their function was so significant that the same mechanism may not be appropriate to explain the difference. The mechanism for TBE to regulate blood glucose levels, blood lipid levels, and alleviate oxidative stress remained unclear and further studies are required to elucidate their operating mechanisms.
THE anti-HYPERGLYCEMIC activity OF polysaccharides FROM TREMELLA AURANTIALBA MYCELIUM
Conclusion:
TMP has obvious hypoglycemic activity and can reduce hyperlipemic complications.
In the present study, the physiochemical and biological properties of crude mycelium polysaccharide (CMCP) and purified mycelium polysaccharide (MCP) extracted from the Tremella aurantialba mycelium were investigated. A series of physiochemical properties were determined, including the total sugar, uronic acid and protein content, monosaccharide composition and structure, and molecular weight. The reducing power and scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals were determined to investigate the antioxidant activity of CMCP and MCP. Furthermore, the immunostimulatory activity of the polysaccharides was evaluated by detecting the effects of CMCP and MCP on proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine secretion by RAW264.7 cells. The chemical analysis revealed that MCP had a molecular weight of 4.3×104 g/mol and was composed primarily of D‑glucose, D‑galactose and D‑mannose. The total carbohydrate contents of MCP and CMCP were 86.59 and 11.92%, respectively. Compared with CMCP, MCP demonstrated improved antioxidant properties. In addition, MCP induced RAW264.7 macrophage proliferation, NO production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1 and IL‑6. These findings suggest that the total carbohydrate content may contribute to the improvement of antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities of MCP.
anti--thrombus effect on the fermented products of mycelium from Tremella aurantialba
After the fermented products of mycelium from Tremella aurantialba 9800 0.8 g/kg·d were given to thrombusis mice, the anti-thrombus effect was prominently efficient in comparison with the control. The group of the high dose could significantly inhibit the peroxide lipid from decomposing into MDA in brain tissue of ischemia state, as well as the platelet aggregation that induced by ADP in normal rats. The fermented products could remarkablely prolong the clotting time of the thrombogen and increase the volume of meninges^ blood flow after given the products (in vitro) in 5min. The Conclusion is that the fermented products of mycelium from Tremella aurantialba 9800 have distinct biological activeness on anti-thrombus.
Conclusion The effective anticoagulant components of the fermented products of mycelium from Tremella aurantialb is butanol extract.
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of crude polysaccharides extracted from Tremella aurantialba mycelia (TMP) on serum glucose, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles and antioxidant parameters in nicotinamide and streptozotocin (STZ) -induced type 2-like diabetic rats. Type 2-like diabetes in rat was induced by nicotinamide, STZ and high fat diet. 50 and 100 mg/(kg·d) TMP were fed by intragastric administration to diabetic rats once a day lasting for 48 days. In this study, we focused on measuring the change of serum glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, antioxidant parameters and body weight to evaluate anti-diabetic effect of TMP. Moreover, effect of TMP on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was been investigated.
Results showed that administration of TMP significantly lowered the fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in type 2-like diabetic rats. Meanwhile, TMP also markedly increased the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and activities of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hepatic catalase (CAT). In addition, TMP supplement significantly attenuated the elevated blood glucose levels of diabetic rats after 120 rain of glucose loading in oral glucose tolerance test. These findings suggested that TMP might have hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects in nicotinamide-STZ induced type 2-like diabetic rats. Furthermore, TMP might improve insulin resistance in diabetic rats.
Tremella fuciformis
antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Eight Medicinal Mushroom species from China
The objective of the current study was to verify antidiabetic effects of different types of Mushrooms as folk medicines in treating diabetes. The antidiabetic effects were evaluated by in vitro α-glycosidase and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory assays and antioxidant activity assay. Ganoderma lucidum extract exhibited the best dose-dependent inhibitory activity against α-glycosidase with IC50 at 4.88 mg/mL, and also exhibited aldose reductase inhibitory potential with IC50 value of 9.87 mg/mL. Tremella fuciformis demonstrated the highest AR inhibitory activity (IC50=8.39 mg/mL). antioxidant activities of selected Mushrooms were evaluated based on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and DPPH free radical scavenging activity.
The result showed that G. lucidum contained the highest TPC (39.3 mg GAE/g sample extract), TFC (15.1 mg CE/g sample extract), and the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50=3.66 mg/mL) among the Mushroom samples.
Tricholoma giganteum Massee
species Diversity and Utilization of Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi in China (Review)
The investigation and utilization of Medicinal Fungi in China has received considerable attention in recent years. However, information on Medicinal Fungi is scattered throughout the literature, and many nomenclatural inconsistencies have been found in the Chinese reports. The publications on Chinese Medicinal Fungi have been critically checked; as a result, 540 Medicinal Mushrooms and Fungi from China were enumerated in the present checklist. All names have been checked or revised in accordance with contemporary taxonomy and the latest version of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). The “out-of-date” names, illegitimate names, nonexistent names, and misapplied names in previous reports were revised. The common synonyms are listed after their valid names. The main Medicinal functions of each species, together with the original or important references, are provided. The 540 species belonging to 10 classes, 26 orders, 76 families, and 199 genera of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota have been recorded with Medicinal values.
Most are the higher Basidiomycetes (482 species), which comprise approximately 89% of all the Chinese Medicinal species. In total, 126 Medicinal functions are thought to be provided by Chinese Medicinal Fungi, and 331 (61% of the total Medicinal Fungi) can be used as antitumor agents. Other common functions are hemostasis, antibacterial, improving immunity, detoxication, and anti-inflammatory. Fifteen species, including Ganoderma lucidum, are the most important or commonly used Medicinal Fungi, and 26 species, including Agaricus bisporus, are commonly cultivated in China as food or for Medicinal products.
Biological studies on The Tricholoma giganteum massee,a rare and precious wild Mushroom in Yunnan
The type specimen of elder authorized dried Mushroom (No. Dws – 0077, MHrAu Type) collected in Dawei Mountain, Pingbian County, Yunnan Province was identified and clarified to be the homonymus of Tricholoma giganteum Massee = (T. lobayense Heim). This article reported its’ biological characteristics ecological properties, geographical distribution, economic value and market prospect.
Different concentrations of standardized ethanolic extract from the basidiocarps of Tricholoma giganteum Massee (TgEtOH) were screened for hepatoprotective effects in an animal model of rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet. After 4 weeks of treatment with TgEtOH, the relative liver weights, serum lipid concentrations, and biochemical profiles were found to be normal in treated animals compared with those given a standard drug. The macroscopic and histopathological studies clearly indicated that 200 mg/kg of ethanolic extract was effective in ameliorating the abnormalities of NAFLD.
The findings indicate the efficacy of T. giganteum extract in liver protection. Future experiments on bioassay tailored fractionation of TgEtOH and mechanistic-based evaluation are required to assess the potential application of this Mushroom as a food supplement in NAFLD.
Studies on pharmacognostic profiles of three Medicinally important wild edible Mushrooms
Mushrooms are nutritionally functional food and a source of physiologically beneficial and nontoxic medicines. Several Mushrooms act as novel antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic agents. To evaluate correctly the identity of Mushrooms, the pharmacognostic profile of three wild edible Mushrooms Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer ex Pegler, Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. and Tricholoma giganteum Massee were evaluated. These studies include macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, powder analysis, extractive values, physical constant values, preliminary phytochemical tests, behavior of the powder material on treatment with different chemical reagents and fluorescence character of powder material under UV light. The identification of the Mushroom at powdered condition is impossible.
Therefore, the aggregate data from the above-mentioned experiments give a clear-cut picture at the powdered state, which ultimately help in identification and purity assessment.
Biological studies on The Tricholoma giganteum massee,a rare and precious wild Mushroom in Yunnan
The type specimen of elder authorized dried Mushroom (No. Dws – 0077, MHrAu Type) collected in Dawei Mountain, Pingbian County, Yunnan Province was identified and clarified to be the homonymus of Tricholoma giganteum Massee = (T. lobayense Heim). This article reported its’ biological characteristics ecological properties, geographical distribution, economic value and market prospect.
antioxidant properties of several specialty Mushrooms
Four specialty Mushrooms are commercially available in Taiwan, including Dictyophora indusiata (basket stinkhorn), Grifola frondosa (maitake), Hericium erinaceus (lion’s mane), and Tricholoma giganteum (white matsutake). Methanolic extracts were prepared from these specialty Mushrooms and their antioxidant properties were studied. The antioxidant activities at 1.2 mg ml−1 were in the order of basket stinkhorn>lion’s mane>maitake>white matsutake. Basket stinkhorn showed an excellent reducing power of 1.09 at 3 mg ml−1. At 6.4 mg ml−1, scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 92.1% for basket stinkhorn and 63.2–67.8% for other specialty Mushrooms. At 40 mg ml−1, scavenging effects were 75.0 and 69.4% for basket stinkhorn and lion’s mane and 39.6 and 47.4% for maitake and white matsutake, respectively. At 24 mg ml−1, chelating effects on ferrous ions were 91.9% for basket stinkhorn and 46.4–52.0% for other specialty Mushrooms. Total polyphenols were the major naturally occurring antioxidant components found in the methanolic extracts from these specialty Mushrooms.
Medicinal Aspects of edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
Mushrooms including mycorrhizal species are widely appreciated all over the world for their nutritional properties and pharmaceutical value. They are also used as functional food additives (“nutraceuticals” and “nutriceuticals”) owing to the synergistic effects of present bioactive compounds. Medicinal aspects of wild and cultivated edible ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms (EEMM), their chemical composition, main groups of bioactive compounds (polysaccharides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, lectins, etc.) and their health-enhancing therapeutic effects (antitumor, immune–modulating, immune-suppressive, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, nematicidal, insecticidal, antioxidant, neurotropic, psychotropic), as well as Mushroom compounds active against metabolic syndrome and related diseases are discussed. The data available suggests that EEMM can be regarded as valuable natural products to develop healthy functional food supplements and Mushroom-based pharmaceuticals that can be used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Further research on EEMM biology and the development of new cultivation technologies should aid progress on their biotechnological and Medicinal potential.
hepatoprotective Constituents of macrocybe gigantea (Agaricomycetes) from India
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent, chronic liver diseases worldwide and currently has no specific therapy. Our previous study indicated the anti-NAFLD effect of macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lodge in high-fat diet-fed animals. This study aimed to isolate and identify the active hepatoprotective constituents from M. gigantea using fatty acid induced steatotic HepG2 cells as in vitro model. The effect of the test materials on the viability of HepG2 cells was analyzed using MTT assay. The HepG2 cells were treated with a mixture of palmitate-oleate to induce steatosis; after 24 h of treatment with the test materials, the intracellular lipid content was estimated using Oil Red O staining. The levels of transaminases were also estimated in the spent media. Bioassay-guided isolation of hepatoprotective constituents from M. gigantea yielded two compounds viz., ergosterol and linoleic acid; their structures were confirmed using spectroscopic data. Among these two compounds, ergosterol significantly lowered the levels of intracellular triglyceride content of fatty acid induced HepG2 cells; it also lowered the leakage of transaminases. The reductions caused by linoleic acid were not statistically significant at the tested concentrations.
Detailed investigations on efficacy and safety of these compounds and M. gigantea might yield some useful leads for the management of NAFLD.
A Review on antifungal activity of Mushroom (Basidiomycetes) Extracts and Isolated compounds
The present review reports the antifungal activity of Mushroom extracts and isolated compounds including high (e.g. peptides and proteins) and low (e.g. sesquiterpenes and other terpenes, steroids, organic acids, acylcyclopentenediones and quinolines) molecular weight compounds. Most of the studies available on literature focused on screening of antifungal activity of Mushroom extracts, rather than of isolated compounds.
Data indicate that Mushroom extracts are mainly tested against different Candida species, while Mushroom compounds are mostly tested upon other Fungi. Therefore, the potential of these compounds might be more useful in food industry than in clinics. Oudemansiella canarii and Agaricus bisporus methanolic extracts proved to be the most active Mushroom extracts against Candida spp. Grifolin, isolated from Albatrellus dispansus, seemed to be the most active compound against phytopathogenic Fungi. Further studies should be performed in order to better understand the mechanism of action of this and other antifungal compounds as well as safety issues.
Tricholoma matsutake
Mushrooms extracts and compounds in cosmetics, cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics
The cosmetic industry is constantly in search of ingredients from natural sources because of their competitive effectiveness and lower toxicity effects. Mushrooms have been an important part of our diet for years and are now finding their way as cosmetic ingredients, either as cosmeceutical or as nutricosmetics. The present review focuses on the most relevant activities of Mushroom extracts, as well as on their bioactive compounds, which make them interesting ingredients for cosmetic formulations. Mushroom extracts, as well as their bioactive metabolites, revealed anti–tyrosinase, anti–hyaluronidase, anti– collagenase and anti–elastase activity.
Emphasis was also given to their important anti– oxidant, antimicrobial and anti–inflammatory potential, topics largely studied by numerous authors, making them very versatile and multi–functional cosmetic ingredients. Some of the bioactive compounds and the mechanism responsible for the activities ascribed to Mushrooms were highlighted. Other activities were identified as needing to be further studied in order to identify the major compounds contributing to the target activity, as well as their mechanisms of action. Based on the above findings, Mushroom extracts, as well as their bioactive metabolites, constitute important ingredients that can help to combat aging, reduce the severity of inflammatory skin disease and correct hyperpigmentation disorders. These findings and claims must be correctly supported by clinical trials and in vivo studies.
Mushroom cosmetics: The Present and Future
Mushrooms have been valued as a traditional source of natural bioactive compounds for centuries and have recently been exploited for potential components in the cosmetics industry. Numerous Mushrooms and their ingredients have been known to be beneficial to the skin and hair. The representative ingredients are as follows: phenolics, polyphenolics, terpenoids, selenium, polysaccharides, vitamins, and volatile organic compounds. These compounds show excellent antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, skin whitening, and moisturizing effects, which make them ideal candidates for cosmetics products.
This review provides some perspectives of Mushrooms (and/or extracts) and their ingredients presently used, or patented to be used, in both cosmeceuticals for topical administration and nutricosmetics for oral administration. With the small percentage of Mushrooms presently identified and utilized, more Mushroom species will be discovered, verified, and cultivated in the future, boosting the development of relevant industry. Combining with progress in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and systems pharmacology, Mushrooms can find their way into cosmetics with multiple approaches.
Tricholoma mongolicum
The immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of lectins from the Mushroom Tricholoma mongolicum
TML-1 and TML-2 were two lectins isolated from the Mushroom Tricholoma mongolicum. They did not differ appreciably in their pH stability and cationic requirement for hemagglutinating activity. They both stimulated the production of nitrite ions and activated the macrophages in mice. The two lectins were able to inhibit the growth of implanted sarcoma 180 cells by 68.84% and 92.39% respectively. The growth of tumor cells in the mouse peritoneal cavity was also inhibited by the two lectins with TML-2 expressing a greater potency.
Two lectins, TML-1 and TML-2, were isolated from Tricholoma mongolicum by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. They are dimers with molecular weight near 37 000. The hemagglutinating activities of TML-1 and TML-2 are sensitive to lactose inhibition and are stable between 10 and 80 °C. They exhibit antiproliferative activities against mouse monocyte-macrophage PU5–1.8 cells and mouse mastocytoma P815 cells in vitro. The two lectins differ in the content of proline and tyrosine residues. Both are non-glycoproteins and have hydroxyproline residues.
Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction (UMSE), purification, and characterization of Tricholoma mongolicum Imai polysaccharides (TMIPs) from fruit bodies were investigated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the UMSE conditions.
The Results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time of 24.65 min, microwave power of 109.98 W, and water to raw material ratio of 21.62 ml/g. Under optimized conditions, the yield and purity of TMIPs were 35.41 ± 0.62% and 73.92 ± 0.83%, respectively. Crude TMIPs were purified by DEAE-cellulose 52 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to afford four fractions, namely, TMIP-1, TMIP-2, TMIP-3, and TMIP-4. Preliminary TMIP characterization was conducted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. TMIP antioxidant activities were investigated by measuring its scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radicals, ferric reducing activity power, and reducing power assay.
The Results indicated that TMIPs have good antioxidant activity.
Response surface methodology was used to optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction parameters for polysaccharides from Tricholoma mongolicum Imai (TMIPs). The orthogonal test design was employed to determine the optimal concentration of three kinds of enzyme (trypsin, pectinase and papain) and the optimal concentrations of trypsin, pectinase and papain were 1.5%, 2.5%, and 2.0% (dry weight % of T. mongolicum Imai powder), respectively. In addition, three variables that remarkably affected the yield of polysaccharides such as extraction temperature, pH and extraction time were studied based on a Box–Behnken design.
The Results demonstrated that extraction time was the most remarkable factor affecting the TMIPs yield, followed by pH and temperature. Optimal extraction was obtained at 48.4 °C, pH 5.4, and extraction time of 132 min. Under these optimum conditions, the yield was 24.01%, which is consistent with the predicted value. Furthermore, crude polysaccharides were purified to obtain four fractions. In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities Results showed that TMIP-4 had stronger antioxidant and antiproliferative capacity than other fractions.
Crude extracts were prepared from fruiting bodies and mycelia of the Medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, and a polysaccharide–enriched fraction was obtained after extraction with hot water and ethanol precipitation. polysaccharide–enriched fractions were similarly prepared from Cordyceps sinensis, Omphalia lapidescens, and Tricholoma mongolicum. The various aforementioned preparations were orally administered into different groups of adult rats 24 h before an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight), and subsequently daily for another 4 days. The dosage used was 10 mg/kg body weight for polysaccharide–enriched preparations and 100 mg/kg body weight for crude extracts. Control rats received distilled water instead of crude extract or polysaccharide–enriched preparation.
It was found in the control rats that plasma glucose level rose from about 90 mg/dl before streptozotocin injection to levels that were maintained at about 300 mg/dl postinjection. All preparations produced hypoglycemic effects. C. militaris polysaccharide–enriched fraction displayed a more prominent effect than that of C. sinensis polysaccharide–enriched fraction which in turn was more potent than that of O. lapidescens and T. mongolicum polysaccharide–enriched fractions. The hypoglycemic effect of C. militaris polysaccharide–enriched fraction was dose-dependent.
Conclusion
TMIPs show moderate antioxidant activities in vitro. Therefore it is suggested that TMIPs are potential natural antioxidants for use in functional foods.
The effects of lectin from the edible Mushroom Tricholoma mongolicum on cytokine gene expression were studied. RNA was extracted from splenocytes and peritoneal exudate cells 24 hours after the last of a series of 10 daily intraperitoneal injections (10 μg/mouse/injection), and reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction was employed in the analysis of cytokine gene expression. In peritoneal exudate cells, the level of gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase, interleukin (IL)-1β, and transforming growth factor-β was upregulated by the lectin. In spleen cells, the level of gene expression of inducible IL-1β was upregulated.
The paper investigated the effect of rare-earth element on the mycelium growth of Tricholoma mongolicum Imai and different mycorrhizal Fungi. The Results showed that rare earth element significantly enhanced the mycelium growth of Tricholoma mongolicum Imai; enhanced the earlier period mycelium growth of Paxilus involutus and Pisolitus tinctorius 270, and inhibited the later period mycelium growth of them; inhibited the mycelium growth of Laccaria bicolors 238 and Suillus sp.
Tuber melanosporum (black truffle)
Conclusion: The results of our study show the hypoglycemic impact of black truffle on STZ-induced hyperglycemia in rats via Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways, and both pathways have significant improvement that may support the hypoglycemic impact of truffle.
Ustilago maydis
nutritional value of huitlacoche, maize Mushroom caused by Ustilago maydis
Smutty maize cobs, caused by Ustilago maydis ((DC) Corda.), a fungus belonging to Basidiomycetes, can be seen wherever maize is grown. It is considered as a fungal disease limiting maize yield worldwide. However, in Mesoamerica, it is called as “huitlacoche” and evaluated as an edible Mushroom. The present study was conducted to examine nutritional characteristics of this Mushroom. In the study, smutty cobs naturally infected by U. maydis were randomly gleaned from plants in maize producing areas in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, in 2015. Huitlacoche was analyzed in terms of proximate composition, fatty acids, mineral elements, total phenolic and flavonoid matters and antioxidant activity. Average protein content was 12%, while fatty acids ranged from 0.44 to 42.49% (dry basis). Of the 11 fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids had the highest percentages. Phosphorus (342.07 mg/kg) and magnesium (262.69 mg/kg) were found in high quantities. As for total phenolic and flavonoid matters were 113.11 mg GAE/kg and 28.51 mg CE/kg, respectively. The study suggests that huitlacoche has numerous good nutritional features for human diet, thus, it can be evaluated as a valuable food source in international cuisines.
Huitlacoche Mushroom (composed by the fruiting bodies growing on the maize ears from the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis) is a culinary delicacy with a great economic and nutraceutical value. In this work, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, ergosterol and fatty acids profile from huitlacoche produced in 15 creole and in one hybrid maize genotypes, and harvested at different stages of development were determined. The hybrid crop was studied in raw and cooked samples. Total phenolic content ranged from 415.6 to 921.8.0 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of flour. Samples exhibited attractive antioxidant activities: 75 % of antiradical activity on average by DPPH methodology, and ORAC values up to 7661.3 μmol Trolox equivalents /100 g. important quantities of ferulic acid, quercetin, ergosterol, linoleic and oleic acids were observed. Stage of development and cooking process had an effect on evaluated compounds, sometimes negative and sometimes positive.
Results suggest that huitlacoche is an attractive food source of phenolics with excellent antioxidant potential and interesting lipidic compounds.
Huitlacoche galls were produced in 15 creole maize genotypes harvested at two stages of development, 23 and 28 days after inoculation, and in a hybrid genotype harvested at six stages of development. Raw and cooked galls were evaluated for proximate constituents, carbohydrate composition and antimutagenic activity. Huitlacoche grown in creole maize exhibited differences in concentrations of some of the proximate and carbohydrate components, due to genotype and stage of development; some effects were also observed in hybrid maize, as a result of stage of development and cooking. Huitlacoche has a considerable amount of crude protein (9.8% average in creole maizes, and 11.3% in hybrid maize). Most of the values for total dietary fibre, β-glucans, and total free sugars were higher than those reported for other edible Mushrooms. The high concentration of antimutagenic substances appears to be an asset of this culinary delicacy.
Huitlacoche – A 21st Century culinary Delight Originated in the Aztec Times
Common smut or boil smut are the young, fleshy, edible galls produced in the ears of maize (Zea mays) when they are infected by the fungus Ustilago maydis. U. maydis belongs to the Ustilaginales order and has been established as a robust pathogenic model to study Fungi and Fungi–plant relationships; also, it has been transformed and its genome sequenced. Cuitlacoche or huitlacoche is the Aztecs name given to these galls. In México, it has been traditionally prized and several hundreds of tons of fresh huitlacoche are sold annually; it is also consumed as prepared food or processed in Mexican markets. Currently, it has been appreciated in the US as a gourmet food and can be purchased on the Internet at high prices. Nowadays, it is a culinary delight for international chefs and has been accepted as a food delicacy in many countries and introduced into countless worldwide markets like Japan, China and some of the European Community, as France, Spain and Germany. In addition to its unique flavor, huitlacoche has been identified as a high-quality functional food, and could be included into the daily diet for its attractive characteristics, selected nutrients, valuable compounds, and nutraceutical potential.
Ustilago maydis, a Delicacy of the Aztec Cuisine and a Model for Research
Ustilago maydis is the causal agent of the disease known as corn smut or Huitlacohe; their natural hosts are maize (Zea mays L.) and its putative ancestor teocintle (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis and ssp. mexicana). In México there is an evidence of its use as human food since pre-hispanic times. Huitlacoche is a typical Mexican food with interesting nutritional properties and distinctive flavor. Its use in cuisine is considered as a culinary delicacy in Mexico and several parts of the world and the current consumption is increasing markedly, mainly due to its exclusive flavor different from any other known food. Huitlacoche contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins that contribute to its nutritional value, also it has been reported that it contains proteins with balanced levels of essential amino acids, something which does not occur in corn having a deficiency mostly in lysine. The fungus also contains compounds with antioxidant properties, consequently it can be included in what are now known as nutraceutical foods.
Besides its use in the food, this fungus has been used in different kinds of basic investigation, such as DNA recombination, signaling, cell biology, biotrophic plant-pathogen interactions and others. Its characteristics of dimorphism, and the detailed knowledge we have on its pathogenic development, that we describe in detail, make it an ideal subject for the analysis of fungal differentiation, and for the knowledge of the behavior of the highly aggressive plant pathogens that are members of its taxonomic group, the Ustilaginales. In the present communication we make a thorough review of the nutritional characteristics of U. maydis, its life cycle, and the molecular bases of its differentiation, morpohogenesis and pathogenicity.
Vascellum pratense
The antimicrobial activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Medicinal Mushrooms
Crude polysaccharide extracts derived from Agaricus bisporus (A), A. brasiliensis (B), and Phellinus linteus (P) were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, labeled AAgNP, BAgNP, PAgNP, respectively). UV and FT-IR spectra, size distribution, and zeta potential of the respective particles were recorded, and TEM and SEM-EDS characterization was done. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed maximum absorbance at 415 nm for A, at 400 nm for P, and at 420 nm for B. SEM-EDS analysis showed BAgNP to consist of almost 90% of silver, while silver content in AAgNP and PAgNP was much lower, 46.5 and 52.3%, respectively. Individual extracts as well as the Ag-NPs were tested against a panel of clinically isolated and ATCC derived pathogens. In almost all cases minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was significantly lower than those of antibiotics, suggesting up to 100 times more effectivity. BAgNP, PAgNP, and AAgNP appeared very active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (MIC: 0.19, 0.19, 0.97 μg/mL, respectively). The same nanoparticles were also very effective toward Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (MIC: 0.39, 0.78, 0.97 μg/mL, respectively). Our study indicates that the bactericidal effect of PAgNP, AAgNP, BAgNP on E. coli 25922 ATCC (MBC: 1.56, 0.97, 6.25 μg/mL, respectively) is significantly more pronounced than that of amoxicillin. A pure solution of colloidal silver nanoparticles showed significantly weaker microbiostatic/microbiocidal potential than all tested Mushroom extracts’ AgNPs, as well as amoxicillin.
Silver nanoparticles made with extracts of A, B, and P seem welcome as an addition to the inventory of antimicrobial compounds used in clinical medicine against bacterial and yeast infection.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by “green”, cheap hydrothermal method in an autoclave using sodium citrate and Vascellum pratense polysaccharide extract as reducing and stabilizing agents. Presence of spherical AgNPs was confirmed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy; particle size was determined as ~ 40 nm. Even though colloidal solution had relatively low absolute value of zeta potential (-15 mV), short term stability studies suggested a stable system, with AgNPs being stabilized by both citrate and fungal polysaccharides, as FTIR spectra confirmed. The colloidal solution showed good antimicrobial activity against both G+/G- bacteria and Candida albicans, including methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Products containing AgNPs and fungal polysaccharides, which possess various biological activities – most important being immunostimulation – may find use in treatment of skin conditions caused by pathogens.
Screening of antifungal Substances from Bovistella
Radicata (Mont.) Pat and Their antifungal effect
Conclusion In this paper, we successfully separate SPAF-1 from alcohol extract of B. radicata. The antifungal effect of SPAF-1 is similar to positive control, the main component were decanal, n-decanol, 2E-decenol and 2-Propyl-1-pentanol, the anti-tinea pedis effect of them was obvious.
Griseococcin(1) from Bovistella radicata (Mont.) Pat and antimicrobial activity
Conclusion: In this paper, the secondary metabolite compound Griseococcin(1) from B. radicata was purified. The purified compound can restrain main pathogens(T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes) leading to tinea pedis. The antifungal activity of Griseococcin(1) was similar to that of the positive control.
Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. A Review
In this review, more than 70 species of Medicinal Mushrooms from Mexico, which can help treat over 40 illnesses or health problems, are discussed. Among the latter, anxiety and rejuvenation are considered, as well as traditional beliefs about the evil eye or hearing the voice of a specific person. This article is based on an extensive bibliographic review, as well as the inclusion of field work done by the author during several years of study in Mexico. Schizophyllum commune, several species of Pleurotus and Ustilago maydis, as well as some lichens, are the most important Medicinal Fungi considered for the treatment of specific illnesses or health problems. Many Medicinal Mushrooms are also edible and are currently sold in the marketplace. Amanita muscaria is the only toxic Mushroom used in traditional medicine, as well as some hallucinogenic species of the genus Psilocybe.
Volvariella volvacea
Mushrooms are macro Fungi that exist everywhere around us. They have significant roles in human health–life as source of nutrition and bioactive compounds. Many edible Mushrooms have been reported as promising biotechnological tools for production of secondary metabolites of various biological activities. The genus macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola are a group of edible Mushrooms that are distributed all over the world. The studies on different species of these edible Mushrooms have revealed their nutritional Medicinal potentials. This review aims to present the importance of the genera macrolepiota; Russula; Amanita; Vovariella and Grifola as both food and medicine, and they offer new insights to researchers to develop new drugs and nutraceuticals.
| Size | 25g, 100g |
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16 reviews for SPACEBORN (Medicinal Mushroom Masterpiece)
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Kristen King –
Let’s just start by saying if you’re not ready to be your best version in this life stay away. I’ve been on blends for over a year now and I am currently taking 21 different blends but I do have some favorites. They include trinity, nebula, rewire, paraslayer (forever), helico, victorious and now the spaceborn. My whole family takes these blends including my 3 dogs. The clarity, sharpness, balance, and overall happiness we feel on these blends is out of this world.
Let’s talk about the stomach reset which was the first combo I bought. I had no idea at the time but hellooooo parasites, I didn’t realize I had so many! Wow! It took me down lots of parasite rabbit holes. I’m convinced now they are the root of all disease. I’ve also read ingredients on other companies that sell parasite meds (cellcore) and Interstellars matched plus many more. It’s a win-win!!
I tell anyone who wants to listen about the blends. It’s become our families Healthcare policy as I’m not interested in our shitty so called Health system in the US, it lies, steals, and kills! My morning coffee is now my favorite time of the day, it’s like I’m putting on my armor for the day!! Thank you Gavin, your blends are truly amazing and life changing. You have a customer for life! ❤️
Bernadette Andersen –
i’ve been waiting to post my review on the newer blends. liver regenerator and spaceborn.
i’m a little unique because i only half half of my pancreas and no gallbladder. my liver works twice as hard as the average person. i’m 61 and work long hours very well actually with the help of the blends. i was struggling this last year with being bone chilling cold. i know the fasting makes you cold. This was far beyond what most people would consider feeling cold. i went to a accupucture dr who is very knowledgeable and does extreme healing. He told me my liver was over taxed which was causing the extreme cold. i started very slow with liver regenerator – a salt tsp – i’ve been doing 1/8 tsp 3 times a day and it feels amazing to not feel cold. to actually sweat when i work out. To want to go out and do the things i love outside going into winter here in oregon.
As for the spaceborn. it totally curbs my appetite. it is actually more than that and it’s hard to explain. it takes away the feeling over overwhelm when you to start to eat. My awareness with others and there energy is crystal clear. i higher level of consciousness and taping into what or who feels good without attachment to any outcome.
it’s flow – not force
thank you gavin and the whole team behind the scenes who work to bless our lives. Extremely grateful ♥️
Heidi –
Rewire and Spaceborn AMAZING! Exactly what I needed in life. I had been drinking A LOT since a recent shift in my life. To the point I would pour a drink as soon as I walked in the door from work and drink until I passed out. I have ZERO craving for any sort of alcohol! I was definitely not going down the right path. Total life changer for me! I have laser focus, crazy motivation and so much energy. Gavin – I owe you a huge THANK YOU for helping me get my life back on track and going in the right direction again. You are amazing in every way! THANK YOU!!
Heidi –
⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
I began taking Space born when it was first released, before it even had a name! I couldn’t wait to try it and ordered it immediately upon release. I was taking the usual 1/8-1/4 tsp daily and was enjoying the benefits. I was sleeping better, had a good elevated mood without dips throughout the day, I felt happier, I felt more clear minded and was feeling like I had a good handle on things. Having a good handle on things, meaning I was controlling my anxiety with steady mindfulness and was feeling quite well mentally. A few weeks into me already taking this blend, Gavin offered up a challenge to take a full teaspoon a day for a week, then a half tsp for a week, then a 1/4, etc.
DAY 2 of this change is where the MAGIC really happened. I felt elevated, uplifted, extreme mood enhancement and I’m already a generally happy, positive out-look person! Like I moved a “level up” i explained to my brothers, I felt GOOD! My stamina in the work day was strong, I worked a 17 hour day while on a 22/2 fast and never lost steam. My mood was FIERCE in a good way. I was out there to have a GREAT day I didn’t care how the day went. I felt happy, strong, capable, and quite in control. As the week continued with my 1 tsp dose daily, I felt a mental and emotional shift. I had what I believe was a brief detox of trapped emotions. (Small headache and a release of internal tension). After this release I felt a large mental shift. I’m generally a reserved person and stick to myself but I found myself reaching out to others, having conversations with people I didn’t know, and just branching out in general. I am still taking a 1/2 tsp daily at this point in time and I am still feeling changes everyday. My skin has been noticeably clearer, no aches or pains to wake up to in the morning, not to mention actually sleeping well and feeling rested upon waking! I had a cold beginning to develop as we got our first snow this week and I doubled up on my dose that day, and was feeling great again. My appetite has changed and sugar cravings have been far less than usual. In fact I went all week without sugar or excess snacking. Thank you Gavin for an awesome blend! I have over 30 blends and would like to say that this quickly moved to my top favorites almost immediately! To top it all off I am a chronic migraine sufferer. I generally have a several a month. I haven’t had a single migraine since starting SPACE BORN!! I told my husband I have never found anything that worked to take away my migraines! Thank you for the boost in mood, wellness, mental capacity, and confidence Gavin!
I ❤️Space Born! -HF
⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
Rich Ryan –
Wow! Another great blend!
I would call this blend Space Shrooms, without the psychedelic effect (well, maybe a little ). Take a teaspoon of this stuff and you’ll be looking at the sky waiting for the E.T.’s to come visit you!
It gives a very pleasant buzz, like a mushroom version of Trinity. Very nice boost in mental clarity and body focus. You feel calm and focused as the inner Zen descends and the forest spirits start to whisper.
It’s a perfect companion to Trinity, ReWire and/or Autonomous. Trinity gives you a massive mood boost, and gets you ready to face the day. ReWire and Autonomous give you mental superpowers, drive+focus and mental agility, and SpaceBorn brings everything together with a calm mental clarity and body focusing effect. Perfect Combo!
I also experienced better sleep. I usually wake up 2-3 times during the night as my body is always in combat mode. I slept straight through with SpaceBorn and wake up feeling peaceful.
After about 2 weeks, I noticed smoother skin. Any bumpy areas were smoother and the reddish areas on my face evened out and my skin became shiny. I also noticed that my hair was fuller and softer. Would be a perfect companion to Plush blend and SuperHair to boost the effects!
All in all, a fantastic blend. Going to add it as one of my staples.
I’ve been looking forward to this one for a long time, and it delivered!
BOOM!
Wendy Nachtman (verified owner) –
WOW!! I do not know where to begin… First, I want to say THANK YOU to Gavin and Team for the unbelievable number of resources and information that is on this website the customer service is above and beyond, the packaging is awesome, and the delivery was fast AND I received a FREE blend to share with someone or keep.
In 2022 I was starting to experience many health concerns, Gut issues (After I Eat it almost looks like I’m 6 months pregnant) inflammation, and water retention in my ankles, wrists, and face. joint pain in my lower back. no energy by 2:00 PM every day I needed to take what I called a power nap. and the list can go on. I had much respect for my doctor because she looked at Health from a holistic approach or at least I thought. Last year she prescribed Contrave to help with some of my symptoms. OMG, I read the ingredients and the side effects of this pill and after spending $300.00 dollars I threw them out. I zoned in and did much Research; I know I was looking for a holistic approach.
In a conversation with my son, he told me about the Interstellar blends That many of his friends are taking and to check out the website.
I spent 14 days on the Interstellar Blends website, reading, researching, and reading Testimonies. After 14 days of research, I reached out to Gavin (He answered me quickly) to ask what blends he thought may be the best and he made some suggestions and from there I bought 11 different blends.
Spaceborn, Peel and Spice, Helico, Paralayer, & Purge (Stomach Reset Combo), ACB, Trinity, Rewire, Plush, & Ascendance.
Trinity, I gifted to my son (ADHD, Stress, Anxiety) He is LOVING this blend he is feeling calm, focused and no more brain fog!
All in all, these are fantastic blends. ALL OF THEM, I take all these blends together some with grapefruit juice and some blends with my coffee and follow the instructions. This is my favorite part of my day!!
Spaceborn WOW – ok if you want to feel the best version of yourself you will LOVE this blend, Total focus, total clarity, total sharpness, the flow you will have through your day is amazing, positive mood and happiness and energy and I am not napping during the day. YES!! Finally.
These blends are truly amazing!! You have a customer for life!! THANK YOU!
Rachel Caswell –
The first time I used Spaceborn it happened to be on a day when I had an eczema flare-up, on my face starting. The itching and redness was so uncomfortable. I also was having joint pain in one of my feet. By morning, after taking Spaceborn the night before, my skin was already improving. The itching had stopped and the redness was nearly gone without steroids. My foot pain was gone. The anti-inflammatory effects are remarkable.
Milan shah (verified owner) –
I’d like to talk about this particular blend. I’ve been taking blends for about 4 yrs now. I started off as cloudy, moody, swarming with negative thoughts and seeing the world so grey and fuzzy.
I began my first 3 day dry fast before my blends arrived. I noticed something special. Air felt lighter, grace entered my body and an unlimited supply of energy. By the 4th day I didn’t want to stop but I broke my fast. I then started taking the basic blends starter pack. Trinity changed it for me, the world sharpened up, colours became brighter, I became in touch with the world again.
Fast forward to now. I have taken about 20 blends and felt like a superhuman. The effects of dry fasting and blends can be permanent, the world is permanently bright and clear and grace is always there. I took a break from blends for 3 months because I ran out and wanted to see if the effects were lasting. They were. The neurons have changed and grown.
I started taking the medicinal mushroom blends and that has helped sustain a clear, lightness to life. It adds to meditation and other practices that I do, the air always feels lighter, my breathes longer and relaxation in any situation.
If anyone is considering a blend to start with I’d go for this and trinity and see where it takes you. Follow the instructions for dry fasting on 22/2 and make your own decisions on whether it’s a placebo or real.
Torsten Oberacker (verified owner) –
High.
I am using the blends for about theee years now. I was running out of the most of the blends for a half year and i started now again with spaceborn, autonomus, nebula and a free pack of the new force shield i got for free. Thank you very much for this Gavin!
I do the 22/2 with 16-18h dry. I feel relaxed but energetic the whole day, my sleep is much better now, short nights are no problems anymore. My mind is clear, i am focused and can handle much more stress easy.
The spaceborn makes me happy and takes my mood up to the roof.
In combination with autonomus, seven sages, shilajit, nebula, force shield in the morning its easy for me to working out and have energy left when the training is finished.
My wife is very happy about the seven sages and trinity that make her relaxed and dont thinking all time of too much problems auround her. Her panic attacks are now much more less and Hit her not as hard as before.
Thank you so much for all the work you and your team do Gavin.
I am very blessed to use interstellar blends and take so much knowledge from your advice.
Your blends are really a game changer in life.
Awesome greetings,
Torsten Oberacker
Anthony Gilliland –
When Gavin first introduced this blend I was extremely excited as I’d been using his other blends previously and was already loving them. When it arrived and I started adding it to my morning stack and I was absolutely astonished… some of my biggest mental struggles especially with certain addictions had diminished quickly. Like many people I work fully remote and am on my screen or using technology all day long and it’s really created a horrible habit with NEEDING to be entertained by my phone or some type of device and I had really started to notice my dependence on this. To my understanding, this blend acts to disassociate some of the dependencies we have mentally and within a week of using this consistently I for the first time in YEARS, started to feel less dependent on screens and constant dopamine spikes. This like many other blends that I take daily are perfect for returning to NORMAL way of living without any mental crap and brain fog. This blend is a freaking LIFE-CHANGER and my brain will thank Gavin for every for this lol
Sudevika Okeahi (verified owner) –
SPACEBORN IS AWESOME!!!!💥
Better than any micro dose ever, yet feels very similar. Totally stoked on it!
I am blow away by all of the physical & emotional cleansing & healing.
A true eye opener & rectifier!💥
Feeling super charged & amazing!❤️Sexually stimulating too!
Thank you Gavin Robert McGowen! 💥
⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
—Sudevika
Matthew W –
“I spent 9 years in pain searching for how to get back to going after what I really wanted. Finally after taking blends for a few months, I’m completely back to it. You don’t want to know the number of issues I was having from hiding from my dreams but all of them are solved. Depression, anxiety, muddled and cloudy thinking, emotional pain. I was really praying hard for something to help me. Finally found it.
Luteolin helped me think normally again.
Trinity allowed and eased my nervous system to work out the trauma.
Spaceborn put my mind and body in a higher place.
Seven Sages allowed me to see subtleties in what was going on with me.
Autonomous let my mind be unencumbered when understanding.
Rewire eased the process of changing habits.
Supernova gave me that kick to keep working through it.
Matcha let me focus in a relaxed state.
Stomach reset really seemed to remove a lot of issues automatically, like a fresh slate with how emotions, brain, and gut are connected.
Thunder is making me less controllable and under others’ influence. Big D energy.
The others are just as powerful.
Not to mention fasting making me push through it without physical distraction and coffee to keep me energized. Never would drink coffee before now it’s the best part of my day. I did combine it also with a healing technique called NET but I doubt it’s necessary unless you’re as fucked up as I was lol.
Blends are it man. Buy them.”
Milan Shah (verified owner) –
This is a very interesting blend for me.
Be ready to allow stillness and clarity enter your reality. There is a composition of mushrooms in here, instantly you can feel life sharpen, your breath feeling light, awareness of life around you becoming more defined.
This would be a nootropic, anti anxiety and mood lifter in one. I have benefited from this blend in particular due to the fact that it had brought somewhat the same sharpness you would get when taking a low dose of mushrooms. I ran out of the pack a couple months ago, but the clarity remains.
This is the benefit of the blends, they heal, what’s left remains permanent, and if you continue to take the healing continues.
Be sure to add this to you stack of blends, I think it works well with trinity and autonomous.
Tina Marie Bertoli –
When I was reading about Spaceborn, I thought, “Oh, I don’t need that.” LOL Which may sound crazy, but it’s because for 3 years now I’ve been on very expensive Chinese Teas that are mushroom and herbal-based that my Chinese Herbalist prescribes and changes every 3 weeks for my specific health issues.
But since I was taking other blends, Rewire, Autonomous, and Trinity, I decided to just sample Spaceborn when I was out of my teas. I decided to take a month off from my normal routine and just do the blends. I couldn’t believe how much better and different I felt! It was like how is this possible? And then I saw the ingredients, read the reviews, and was like I need to add my experience!
I have felt lighter, more energetic, and more clear. I have felt a depth inward that I’ve longed for, and “magical” uplifting and inspiring energy for just living. There is a clarity and sense of belonging, and really feeling at home in my body. I feel like I’m in a relaxed, happier, and higher space, and even my oncologist at my last appointment for bloodwork said, “I don’t know what you’re doing, but keep on doing it.”
Trinity Blackwell –
I love Spaceborn! I was out of it for a while but started again on it yesterday and can immediately tell a difference. I feel like the inside of my brain and even my sinuses and upper jaw have been scrubbed with a toothbrush. Lol. My brain is calm and clear, my emotions too. I was asked today by my husband why I was so calm and peaceful in the face of receiving bad news. I have a strong desire to meditate (something I haven’t done in a long time) and a sudden aversion to media. My sense of hearing is heightened, and the world looks slightly more colorful. It also completely satisfied my appetite, I can eat very little, but feel satiated. It’s a game changer!
Pablo Arteaga –
GYNOSTEMMA. REWIRE SPACE B. TRIN., presence for persistence. Total focus to enter the unknown with a serene precision. PEACE. Gynostemma is sour yet tasty. Spaceborn an earthy cocoa aroma. Rewire has licorice hints , while Trinity has a smoky flavor. Wonderful mushrooms and plants, plus other awesome ingredients such as pearl powder & deer velvet antler (in trinity).
Noticeably Higher levels of energy, decreased density and heaviness. Clarity, focus, immersion & flow zone. Enhanced Neuroconnectivity. A grand presence. May aid in the process of living with no pain (deoxidation), no desire for food & prolonged fasts, all while in a conscious yet burly state of being. Concentration with a fractal focus on the task at hand to really be able to get the job done.
In addition to being able to perform previously nerve racking tasks with focus. I.e. rv washing @ 9 feet + with ease, i’ve come to notice an Increase in mental depth. Revamped Aura.
Rewire is a powerful tool to carve out new pathways. It is a tool to pull yourself out of any unnecessary rabbit holes.
The Ability to handle waves of energy, especially with spaceborn, when performing energy intensive exercises or even when performing simple activities such as meditation or breathing.
These are powerful catalysts for epigenetic upgrades!
Forethought: If you have positively prepaved neural nets, pathways, loops or habits, you will be able to perform those tasks in a systematic way, or as a protocol. You’ll perform these protocols with greater clarity, ease & focus when these herbal blends are infused into the protocol. If you need to eliminate habits that negatively impact your life, these 4 blends will also aid you in doing so, then to fire and wire different neural pathways that will lead to an overall positive change. With an enhanced mental state, you thus have the ability to then create, design & refine existing protocols, creating greater efficiency. Utilize these blends to uplift yourself, to eliminate the fog of worry and doubt & to enhance your energetic field.