TITANIUM (Anti-Osteoporosis, Bone Health)

200:1 Concentration

The effects of Flavonoids on bone

Osteoporosis and fragility fractures are a growing problem for our aging population with around 1 in 2 women and 1 in 5 men suffering from an osteoporotic fracture during their lifetime. Although there are established factors that can reduce the risk of fracture such as maintaining physical activity , ceasing smoking, and adequate vitamin D status, and intakes of calcium; dietary mechanisms are less well established. The relevance of the flavonoid group of bioactive compounds found in fruits and vegetables has been less investigated. Two human epidemiologic studies in women found positive associations between total dietary flavonoid intake and bone mineral density. Flavonoids may protect against bone loss by upregulating signaling pathways that promote osteoblast function, by reducing the effects of oxidative stress or chronic low-grade inflammation. The limitations of the existing research are explored in the manuscript and it is concluded that further research is needed, in this promising area.

Screening of flavonoids for effective osteoclastogenesis ogenesis suppression

Flavonoids are natural compounds derived from plants and some of them have been shown to inhibit osteoclastogenesis formation, implicating their potential use for the treatment of Osteoporosis. Conventionally, the screening of antiosteoclastic agents is a tedious process that requires visual counting of the number of osteoclasts produced. The purpose of this study was to establish an easier and faster method for screening the antiosteoclastogenic flavonoids by using an enzyme assay. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is a marker enzyme of the osteoclastogenesis . Results obtained demonstrated that cellular TRAP activity tended to correlate with the number of osteoclasts formed. However, the secreted TRAP activity was actually responsible for the resorption activities of the functional osteoclasts.

Consequently, the effectiveness of antiosteoclastogenic agents was screened for by assessing their inhibition on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced TRAP secretion. The half-inhibitory concentrations of flavonoids on TRAP secretion were employed as indices to compare the effectiveness of various flavonoids. The effective flavonoids also exhibited similar inhibitory potencies in the pit-formation analysis. This protocol provides a rapid analysis to screen for effective antiosteoclastogenic agents.

Flavonoids in bone Erosive Diseases: Perspectives in Osteoporosis treatment

Imbalance of bone homeostasis, with excessive bone resorption compared with bone formation, leads to the development of progressive osteopenia leading to lower bone resistance to load, with consequent pain and functional limitations. Phytochemicals with therapeutic and preventive effects against bone resorption have recently received increasing attention since they are potentially more suitable for long-term use than traditional therapeutic chemical compounds. In this systematic review of the literature of the past 5 years, comprehensive information is provided on flavonoids with potential antiresorption and pro-osteogenic effects . It aims to highlight the molecular mechanisms of these molecules, often epigenetic, and their possible pharmacological use, which is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of Osteoporosis (OP).

Tea flavonoids for bone health: from animals to humans

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by a deterioration of bone mass and bone quality that predisposes an individual to a higher risk of fragility fractures . Emerging evidence has shown that the risk for low bone mass and Osteoporosis-related fractures can be reduced by nutritional approaches aiming to improve bone microstructure, bone mineral density, and strength. Tea and its flavonoids, especially those of black tea and green tea, have been suggested to protect against bone loss and to reduce risk of fracture, due to tea‘s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Based on the results of animal studies, moderate intake of tea has shown to benefit bone health as shown by mitigation of bone loss and microstructural deterioration as well as improvement of bone strength and quality. Epidemiological studies have reported positive, insignificant, and negative impacts on bone mineral density at multiple skeletal sites and risk of fracture in humans with habitual tea consumption. There are limited human clinical trials that objectively and quantitatively assessed tea consumption and bone efficacy using validated outcome measures in a population at high risk for Osteoporosis, along with safety monitoring approach.

This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of laboratory animal research, epidemiological observational studies, and clinical trials assessing the skeletal effects of tea and its active flavonoids, along with discussion of relevant future directions in translational research.

Osteoporosis and the role of diet.

Osteoporosis, a common problem of older women in developed countries, is characterised by low bone mineral density or low bone mineral content, both measures of bone quantity. However, with Osteoporosis there is also a loss of bone micro-architecture–that is, a loss of bone quality. Dietary factors thought to be important in maintaining bone quantity include calcium, vitamin D, protein and salt. Trace minerals may be important in maintaining bone quality through their role as metallo-enzymes in the synthesis of collagen and other proteins that form the structure of bone. Other substances like flavonoids may also have a role in preventing Osteoporosis.

The role of polyphenols on bone metabolism in Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease of bone mass loss and deterioration of the bone structure leading to increased susceptibility to fracture , generally associated with risk factors that include hormonal imbalance, increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.

Nutritional factors and certain lifestyle reduce the risks of occurrence of Osteoporosis and are part of a number of national and international prevention recommendations. Recent reports based on molecular mechanisms of dietary polyphenols have highlighted the benefits in their prevention and treatment of Osteoporosis. Polyphenols can protect bone health through reduction of oxidative stress because they act as antioxidants, reduction of inflammation by proinflammatory signaling, modulation of osteoblastogenesis , osteoclastogenesis, and osteoimmunological action.

This review reports about some important bioactive polyphenol sources and describes their action against Osteoporosis based on in vitro and in vivo studies.

Polyphenol-Rich Foods and Osteoporosis

Background: Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease affecting the bone mineral density and thus compromise the strength of the bones. Disease prevention through diet is the objective of the study and discussion. Among the several nutrients investigated, the intake of phenols seems to influence bone mineral density by acting as free radical scavengers, preventing oxidation-induced damage to bone cells . In addition, the growing understanding of the bone remodelling process supports the theory that inflammation significantly contributes to the etiopathogenesis of Osteoporosis.

Methods: To provide an overview of current evidence on polyphenol-rich foods and Osteoporosis prevention we made a comprehensive review of the literature focusing on the state of art of the topic.

Results: Some polyphenol-rich foods, including olive oil, fruit and vegetable, tea and soy, seem to be beneficial for preventing Osteoporosis disease and its progression. The mechanism is still partly unknown and may involve different pathways which include inflammation and other disease reactions.

Conclusions: However, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms regulating the molecular interaction between Osteoporosis incidence and progression and polyphenol-rich foods. The current evidence suggests that dietary intervention with polyphenol rich foods may be useful to prevent incidence and progression of this condition.

Tea Polyphenols Inhibit Rat Osteoclast Formation and Differentiation

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in degeneration of the matrix associated with bone and cartilage . Regulation of osteoclastogenesis activity is essential in the treatment of bone disease, including Osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Polyphenols in green tea, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), inhibit MMPs expression and activity . However, the effects of the black tea polyphenol, theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TFDG), on osteoclastogenesis and MMP activity are unknown.

Therefore, we examined whether TFDG and EGCG affect MMP activity and osteoclastogenesis formation and differentiation in vitro. TFDG or EGCG (10 and 100 μM) was added to cultures of rat osteoclastogenesis precursors cells and mature osteoclasts. Numbers of multinucleated osteoclasts and actin rings decreased in polyphenol-treated cultures relative to control cultures. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were lower in TFDG- and EGCG-treated rat osteoclastogenesis precursor cells than in control cultures. MMP-9 mRNA levels declined significantly in TFDG-treated osteoclasts in comparison to control osteoclasts. TFDG and EGCG inhibited the formation and differentiation of osteoclasts via inhibition of MMPs. TFDG may suppress actin ring formation more effectively than EGCG. Thus, TFDG and EGCG may be suitable agents or lead compounds for the treatment of bone resorption diseases.

Putative effects of Nutritive Polyphenols on bone Metabolism In Vivo—Evidence from Human Studies

For the prevention and treatment of bone loss related diseases, focus has been put on naturally derived substances such as polyphenols. Based on human intervention studies, this review gives an overview of the effects of dietary significant polyphenols (flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and stilbenes) on bone turnover. Literature research was conducted using PubMed database and articles published between 01/01/2008 and 31/12/2018 were included (last entry: 19/02/2019). Randomized controlled trials using oral polyphenol supplementation, either of isolated polyphenols or polyphenols-rich foods with healthy subjects or study populations with bone disorders were enclosed.

Twenty articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and the average study quality (mean Jadad score: 4.5) was above the pre-defined cut-off of 3.0. Evidence from these studies does not allow an explicit conclusion regarding the effects of dietary important polyphenols on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers. Differences in study population, habitual diet, lifestyle factors, applied polyphenols, used doses, and polyphenol bioavailability complicate the comparison of study outcomes.

Modulatory effects of Plant Polyphenols on bone Remodeling: A Prospective View From the Bench to Bedside

During the past, a more comprehensive knowledge of mechanisms implicated in bone resorption processes has driven researchers to develop a compound library of many small molecules that specifically interfere with the genesis of osteoclastogenesis precursors cells ]. Natural compounds that suppress osteoclastogenesis commitment may have therapeutic value in treating pathologies associated with bone resorption like Osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, bone metastasis, and periodontal disease. The present review is focused on the current knowledge on the polyphenols derived from plants that could be efficacious in suppressing osteoclastogenesis differentiation and bone resorption.

Dietary Polyphenols, Berries, and Age-Related bone Loss: A Review Based on Human, Animal, and Cell Studies

Bone loss during aging has become an increasing public health concern as average life expectancy has increased. One of the most prevalent forms of age-related bone disease today is Osteoporosis in which the body slows down bone formation and existing bone is increasingly being resorbed by the body to maintain the calcium balance. Some causes of this bone loss can be attributed to dysregulation of osteoblast and osteoclastogenesis activity mediated by increased oxidative stress through the aging process. Due to certain serious adverse effects of the currently available therapeutic agents that limit their efficacy, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has garnered interest as a natural means for the prevention of this debilitating disease. Natural antioxidant supplementation, a type of CAM, has been researched to aid in reducing bone loss caused by oxidative stress.

Naturally occurring polyphenols, such as anthocyanins rich in berries, are known to have anti-oxidative properties. Several studies have been reviewed to determine the impact polyphenol intake—particularly that of berries—has on bone health. Studies reveal a positive association of high berry intake and higher bone mass, implicating berries as possible inexpensive alternatives in reducing the risk of age related bone loss.

When nutrition interacts with osteoblast function: molecular mechanisms of polyphenols

Recent research has provided insights into dietary components that may optimise bone health and stimulate bone formation. Fruit and vegetable intake, as well as grains and other plant-derived food, have been linked to decreased risk of major chronic diseases including Osteoporosis. This effect has been partially attributed to the polyphenols found in these foods. Thus, it has been suggested that these compounds may provide desirable bone health benefits through an action on bone cell metabolism. The present review will focus on how some polyphenols can modulate osteoblast function and reports which cellular signalling pathways are potentially implicated.

However, to date, despite numerous investigations, few studies have provided clear evidence that phenolic compounds can act on osteoblasts . Polyphenols cited in the present review seem to be able to modulate the expression of transcription factors such as runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) and Osterix, NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1). It appears that polyphenols may act on cellular signalling such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), oestrogen receptor and osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (OPG/RANKL) and thus may affect osteoblast functions. However, it is also important to take in account the possible interaction of these compounds on osteoclastogenesis metabolism to better understand the positive correlation reported between the consumption of fruit and vegetables and bone mass.

Acanthopanacis Cortex

therapeutic effects of Cortex acanthopanacis Aqueous Extract on bone Metabolism of Ovariectomized Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of aqueous extract from Cortex acanthopanacis (CAE) on osteoporosis rats induced by ovariectomy (OVX) using aqueous extract from Folium Epimedii (FEE) as positive control agent. Three-month-old female rats that underwent OVX were treated with CAE. After 12 weeks, bone mineral density (BMD) and indices of bone histomorphometry of tibia were measured. Levels of protein and mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in tibia were evaluated. In addition, the serum concentrations of osteocalcin (OC), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were determined.

Administration of CAE significantly prevented OVX-induced rats from gain of the body weight. treatment with CAE increased bone mass remarkably and showed a significant inhibitory effect on bone resorption by downregulating significantly the expression of RANKL in tibia of OVX rats. Meanwhile, treatment of CAE significantly reduced serum level of IL-1β and increased level of CT in OVX rats. This suggests that CAE has the potential to be used as an alternative therapeutic agent for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Acer Palmatum

Antiosteoporotic effects Of Acer Palmatum On Osteoclastogenesis And osteoblastogenesis

osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that causes bone weakness and fragility. Consuming bone-beneficial nutrients through diet can prevent and treat osteoporosis. Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) leaves are used to make tea, but there have been few reports of their health benefits, especially regarding bone homeostasis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of A. palmatum hot water extract (APE) on osteoclastogenesis ogenesis and osteoblastogenesis in cultured cells . APE suppressed the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclasts in RANKL induced RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, APE facilitated Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition during osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to investigate the effective components of APE, and four flavonoids orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, and isovitexin were identified with the LC-MS analysis. treatment with fractionated APE suppressed osteoclastogenesis ogenesis and facilitated osteoblastogenesis in cultured cells. These findings suggest that APE contains antiosteoporotic compounds; thus, APE might have health promoting effects that help prevent osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis ogenesis and facilitating osteoblastogenesis.

Achyranthes Bidentata Root

Achyranthes Bidentata Root prevent Ovx-Induced osteoporosis In Rats

Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep.

The effects of Liuwei Dihuang on canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in osteoporosis

Materials and methods: Osteoporosis model was induced by ovariectomy (OVX) in 8-week-old female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. After 12 weeks of treatment with LWDH by intragastric administration, the rats were put to death in batch. The changes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (BGP) and estradiol (E2) in serum were determined, bone mineral density (BMD) and histomorphology of right femur were observed, biomechanics of lumbar vertebra were measured, and the expression of Lrp-5, β-catenin, Runx2, Osx involving the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were detected by RT-PCR. In addition, osteoblasts isolated from neonatal rat calvariae were used in this study to investigate the effects of LWDH on the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell proliferation and differentiation were observed by the MTT test, ALP activity and calcified nodules. The expression of Lrp-5, β-catenin, Runx2, Osx mRNA of cells were also detected. All the data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0.

Results: Twelve weeks of treatment with LWDH could significantly decrease the level of ALP and BGP in serum, increase the BMD of femurs, and improve the biomechanical capabililty of vertebral body in maximum loading and elastic modulus. Concerning histomorphology, we found ordered arrangement of trabeculae, slightly thinning of trabeculae and none obvious slight fractures in femurs after twelve weeks of treatment with LWDH. In osteoblast , serum containing LWDH elicited significantly increase in cell viability (at day 6), alkaline phosphatase activity (at days 2, 4 and 6) and amount of calcified nodules. The expression of Lrp-5, β-catenin, Runx2 and Osx involved in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were significantly up-regulated in the presence of LWDH both in vivo and in vitro experiment.

Allium Sativum Linn

prevention Of bone Loss By Oil Of Garlic (Allium Sativum Linn.) In An Ovariectomized Rat Model Of osteoporosis

The effects of oil extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on different primary and secondary osteoporotic marker changes were tested in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Experiments were performed on three different rat models: sham-operated control, ovariectomized and ovariectomized supplemented with garlic oil. In ovariectomized group, there has been a significant increase in different relative organ weights compared to sham-operated control, while the uterine weight was found to be decreased. Supplementation with oil extract of garlic could effectively reverse these changes.

Also low bone densities that developed in the ovariectomized group were significantly recovered in the garlic oil supplemented group. In our study, the development of high rate of bone turnover and osteoporosis in the ovariectomized animals were confirmed by significant alteration of serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity, urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, hydroxyproline and urinary calcium to creatinine ratio, when compared with the sham-operated control group. Garlic oil extract supplementation, apart from its unique influence in lowering blood cholesterol, could also prevent ovariectomy-induced rise in all the above-mentioned marker changes. The results of this study emphasize that oil extract of garlic possibly has a positive role in suppressing ovariectomy-induced bone resorption.

Amygdalin

Amygdalin promotes fracture healing through TGF-β/Smad Signaling in mesenchymal stem cells

chondrogenesis and subsequent osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs ) and angiogenesis at injured sites are crucial for bone fracture healing. Amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside compound derived from bitter apricot kernel, has been reported to inhibit IL-1β-induced chondrocyte degeneration and to stimulate blood circulation , suggesting a promising role of amygdalin in fracture healing. In this study, tibial fractures in C57BL/6 mice were treated with amygdalin. fracture calluses were then harvested and subjected to radiographic, histological, and biomechanical testing, as well as angiography and gene expression analyses to evaluate fracture healing.

The results showed that amygdalin treatment promoted bone fracture healing. Further experiments using MSC-specific transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β receptor 2 conditional knockout (KO) mice (Tgfbr2^Gli1-Cre) and C3H10 T1/2 murine mesenchymal progenitor cells showed that this effect was mediated through TGF-β/Smad signaling. We conclude that amygdalin could be used as an alternative treatment for bone fractures.

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)Diels

Anti-Osteoporotic effects of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Extract on Ovariectomized Rats and Its Oral Toxicity in Rats

Angelica sinensis root is one of the herbs most commonly used in China; it is also often included in dietary supplements for menopause in Europe and North America. In the present study, we examined the anti-osteoporotic effects of A. sinensis extract in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis as well as toxicity of the extract after repeated oral administration. The OVX rats were treated with 17β-estradiol (10 μg/kg i.p. once daily) or A. sinensis extract (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o. once daily) for four weeks. The bone (femur) mineral density (BMD) of rats treated with the extract (300 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that of the OVX-control, reaching BMD of the estradiol group. Markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis , serum alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I C-telopeptide and osteocalcin, were significantly decreased in the extract group.

The body and uterus weight and serum estradiol concentration were not affected, and no treatment -related toxicity was observed during extract administration in rats. The results obtained indicate that A. sinensis extract can prevent the OVX-induced bone loss in rats via estrogen-independent mechanism.

Antrodia camphorata

osteoporosis recovery by Antrodia camphorata alcohol s through bone regeneration in SAMP8 mice

Antrodia camphorata has previously demonstrated the efficacy in treating cancer and anti-inflammation. In this study, we are the first to evaluate Antrodia camphorata alcohol extract (ACAE) for osteoporosis recovery in vitro with preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) and in vivo with an osteoporosis mouse model established in our previous studies, ovariectomized senescence accelerated mice (OVX-SAMP8). Our results demonstrated that ACAE treatment was slightly cytotoxic to preosteoblast at 25 μg/mL, by which the osteogenic gene expression (RUNX2, OPN, and OCN) was significantly upregulated with an increased ratio of OPG to RANKL, indicating maintenance of the bone matrix through inhibition of osteoclastogenesisic pathway. Additionally, evaluation by Alizarin Red S staining showed increased mineralization in ACAE-treated preosteoblasts.

For in vivo study, our results indicated that ACAE inhibits bone loss and significantly increases percentage bone volume, trabecular bone number, and bone mineral density in OVX-SAMP8 mice treated with ACAE. Collectively, in vitro and in vivo results showed that ACAE could promote osteogenesis and prevent bone loss and should be considered an evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine for osteoporosis therapy through the maintenance of bone health.

Apium Nodiflorum

The effect of Apium Nodiflorum in Experimental osteoporosis

treatment of osteoporosis remains a therapeutic challenge. The effect of Apium Nodiflorum extract on development of experimental osteoporosis, pain thresholds and carrageenan-induced inflammation has been studied in ovariectomized osteoporotic Wistar rats. After osteoporosis verification rats were randomized and received vehicle only, HPLC-standardized Apium extract (equal to 2.4 mg/kg Quercetin) or Genistein (2.5 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. To verify the effect of Apium on the development of osteoporosis, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), bone histology and plasma levels of IL-6 and RANKL were measured 6 months after ovariectomy and 8 weeks after treatment with Apium extract or Genistein as comparator.

Inflammatory hyperalgesia was induced by intraplantar injection of 1% Carrageenan. Apium extract and Genistein impeded the development of osteoporosis (significant differences were shown for BMC and BMD levels in drug vs. vehicle treated rats) and improved bone histology and histological score. Apium and Genistein decreased IL-6 level. Both treatments alleviate d mechanical hyperalgesia, decreased exudative reaction and lowered inflammatory pain threshold. The results suggested that Apium extract could be an alternative therapy for post-menopausal osteoporosis.

Aralia Echinocau

[Influence of aqueous extract of Aralia echinocaulis Hand.-Mazz on the expression of fracture healing -related factor receptors]

Areca Nut

Areca Nut Protects Against Ovariectomy-Induced osteoporosis In Mice

Estrogen deficiency increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a crucial pathogenic factor for osteoporosis. Areca nuts are rich in phenolics, which have high antioxidant activity . In the present study, an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model was used to investigate the protective effects of areca nut extract (ANE) on bone loss and related processes. A total of 24 8-week-old female mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=8 per group): I Sham-operated control; II, bilateral OVX; and III, bilateral OVX + ANE. Group III were treated orally with ANE at a single dose of 300 mg/kg body weight daily for 6 months. ANE supplementation for 6 months improved trabecular bone microarchitecture and significantly increased bone mineral density in the distal femur (P<0.05) compared with Group II. Furthermore, serum levels of the osteoclastogenesis differentiation-inducing factors, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin were significantly increased and decreased , respectively (both P<0.05), in OVX mice and these effects were significantly inhibited by ANE treatment (both P<0.05).

ANE supplementation also resulted in significantly decreased serum hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels compared with Group II, while the levels of glutathione and catalase activity were significantly increased (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The current study indicated that the protective effects of ANE against bone loss were mediated, at least in part, via inhibition of the release of ROS and bone resorption. These results suggested that ANE could have therapeutic value in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Artemisia Capillaris

In Vitro And In Vivo protective effect Of Artemisia Capillaris On osteoporosis Through Regulation Of Osteoclast Differentiation And bone resorption activity

Bone is dynamic tissue that is constantly destroyed or resorbed by osteoclasts and then replaced by osteoblasts in physiological process referred to as bone remodeling. In this study, the protective effect of Artemisia capillaris extract (ACE) on osteoporosis was investigated using RANKL‐induced osteoclasts and ovariectomized rats. In animal study, The total of sixty 8 week‐old female Spraque‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham‐operated group and four ovariectomized (OVA) groups: OVA, OVA + 17β‐estradiol (E2, 50 μg/kg/day) and OVA + ACE (125 or 250 mg/kg/day). Daily oral administration of E2 or ACE began 3 weeks after surgery and lasted for 12 weeks. ACE inhibited the decrease in total BMD and BMC of the femur induced by OVA, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in bone remodeling. The bone turnover markers such as BALP, PICP, OPG, RANKL, TRAP, and ICTP were regulated by ACE treatment.

In addition, the underlying mechanism of anti‐osteoporotic effect of ACE was studied using scoparone, its major bioactive compound. The TRAP and bone resorption activity were dose‐dependently by scoparone in RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis differentiation. The suppressive effect of scoparone on RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis differentiation was executed by down‐regulating ROS production through NADPH oxidase 1 and mitochondria and by scavenging generated ROS. In conclusion, the protective of ACE on osteoporosis can be accomplished by attenuating RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis differentiation and bone resorption activity. These results indicate that ACE may utilized as a therapeutic agent for the prevention of bone metabolism‐related diseases.

Artemisiae Vulgaris Folium

effects Of Herbal-Acupuncture With Artemisiae Vulgaris Folium At Ki_ {10} $($ Eumgok $) On osteoporosis In Ovariectomized Mice

Objectives & Methods: The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of herbal-acupuncture with $Artemisiae$ $Vulgaris$ $Folium$ extract(AaH-HA) at $K{I}_{10}$($Eumgok$) on osteoporosis in ovariectomized(OVX) ddy mice. We carried out several experimental items to analyze the changes in body weight, urine, weight, uterus index, tibial length, the ash bone weight, tibial BMD, serum ALP, serum osteocalcin, serum Ca, and the levels of Ca, P, Ca/P ratio in tibia, and we performed histological and histomorphological analysis as well.

Results: 1. Herbal-acupuncture with AaH-HA at $K{I}_{10}$ significantly inhibited the reduction phosphorus level in serum in ovariectomized mice. 2. Herbal-acupuncture with AaH-HA at $K{I}_{10}$ significantly inhibited the reduction creatinine level in serum in ovariectomized mice. 3. Herbal-acupuncture with AaH-HA at $K{I}_{10}$ significantly inhibited the increase of tibial osteoclastogenesis cells in ovariectomized mice. 4. Herbal-acupuncture with AaH-HA at $K{I}_{10}$ significantly inhibited the reduction of TBV(trabecular bone volume) and TBT(trabecular bone thickness) in ovariectomized mice. 5. Herbal-acupuncture with AaH-HA at $K{I}_{10}$ significantly inhibited the overgrowth of tibial growth plate length(GPL) in ovariectomized mice.

Conclusions: In conclusion, our study suggested that Herbal-acupuncturing with AaH-HA at $K{I}_{10}$ can be effective treatment for osteoporosis.

Astragali Radix

Inhibitory effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats by regulating FoxO3a /Wnt signaling pathway

Astragalus Membranaceus Bunge

Anti-osteoporosis activity Of Astragalus Membranaceus Bunge In Experimental Rats

Purpose: To investigate the anti-osteoporosis effect of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge. extract (AMBE) in experimental rats. Method: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, ovariectomy (OVX) with vehicle group, OVX with 17β-estradiol (E2, 25 µg/kg/day) group, and OVX with AMBE doses (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg/day) groups. Daily oral administration of AMBE or E2 was started 4 weeks after OVX and lasted for 16 weeks. The bone mineral density (BMD) of L4 vertebrae and right femurs was evaluated. The length of each femur was measured with a micrometer, and the center of diaphysis was determined. Three representative L4 vertebrae were selected to evaluate trabecular microarchitecture. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urinary calcium (U-Ca), urinary phosphorus (U-P), urinary creatinine (Cr) and osteocalcin (OC) levels were measured. Results: AMBE dose-dependently inhibited the bone mineral density (BMD) reduction of L4 vertebrae (0.27 ± 0.03 g/cm², p < 0.05) and femurs (0.23 ± 0.03 g/cm², p < 0.05) caused by OVX and prevented the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture (p < 0.05), which were accompanied by a significant decrease in skeletal remodeling (p < 0.05) as evidenced by the lower levels of bone turnover markers.

A higher dosage of AMBE treatment (240 mg/kg/day) increased U-Ca/Cr (0.27 ± 0.03 mmol/mmol), ALP (137.23 ± 16.72 U/L), U-P/Cr (4.18 ± 0.27 mmol/mmol) and OC (8.47 ± 0.26 mmol/L) levels (both p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that AMBE prevents OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats.

Astragalus Variabills

effects of the mixture of Epimediem sagittatum flavone,Rhizoma Drynariae flavone and the enthanol extract of Astragalus variabills Bunge on osteoporosis mice induced by retinoic acid

The effect of the mixture composed of the flavone of [Epimediem sagittatum and Rhizoma Drynariae] and the enthanol extract of Astragalus variabills Bunge onosteoporosis wasstudied by feeding the osteoporosis mice induced by retinoic acid with high,middle,low doses of the above mixture.Based on the experimental results,the concentration of serum ATP of high dose group was very markedly higher than that of the model group,while the concentrations of serum BGP,serum Ca2+ and the ratio of HOP/Cr were markedly lower than that of the model group.The results indicated that the above mixture possess potentially preventive and therapeutic function on osteoporosis mice induced by retinoic acid.

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.

Ethanol Extract of Atractylodes macrocephala Protects bone Loss by Inhibiting Osteoclast Differentiation

The rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala has been used mainly in Traditional Chinese medicine for invigorating the functions of the stomach and spleen. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the 70% ethanol extract of the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala (AMEE) on osteoclastogenesis differentiation. We found that AMEE inhibits osteoclastogenesis differentiation from its precursors induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), an essential cytokine required for osteoclastogenesis differentiation. AMEE attenuated RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, subsequently inhibiting the induction of osteoclastogenesis ogenic transcription factors, c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1.

Consistent with the in vitro results, administration of AMEE protected RANKL-induced bone loss in mice. We also identified atractylenolide I and II as active constituents contributing to the anti-osteoclastogenesis ogenic effect of AMEE. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AMEE has a protective effect on bone loss via inhibiting osteoclastogenesis differentiation and suggest that AMEE may be useful in preventing and treating various bone diseases associated with excessive bone resorption.

Auricularia auricula

Anti‐Disuse osteoporosis activity of a Complex of calcium ‐Binding Peptide from Auricularia auricula Protein Hydrolysates

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease that is often seen in bedridden patients and astronauts. Long‐term bed rest and nonweight bearing tend to induce disuse osteoporosis. calcium supplements are commonly used to help treat disuse osteoporosis along with medications, most of which are calcium carbonate based, but they have poor absorption effects. In this study, we prepared a novel Auricularia auricula peptide–calcium complex (AP–Ca) and evaluated its protective effects on disuse osteoporosis. In vitro assays showed that AP–Ca significantly increased the contents of calcium (P < 0.05) and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP; P < 0.05) of osteoblasts cultured in a two‐dimensional‐rotating wall vessel.

Meanwhile, supplementation with AP–Ca also inhibited the production of pro‐inflammatory factors induced by the loss of stress, especially TNF‐α (P < 0.05). In vivo, a mouse tail suspension (TS) model was established, and the results showed that AP–Ca helped to improve bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and bone organic content in TS mice and effectively alleviated the alteration of enzymes related to bone metabolism, including AKP (P < 0.05) and serum tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (P < 0.05), to avoid more serious bone loss induced by TS. Furthermore, we found that AP–Ca downregulated the bone resorption‐associated pro‐inflammatory genes interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), tumor necrosis factor‐α, and IL‐6 by 59.53 ± 3.55%, 48.01 ± 5.68%, and 40.00 ± 5.89%, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, AP–Ca showed potential to suppress bone loss induced by disuse and might be considered a new alternative to reduce the risk of disuse osteoporosis.

Bambusa vulgaris

The aqueous and methanol extracts of Bambusa vulgaris (Poaceae) improve calcium and phosphorus levels, and bone microstructure in ovariectomized model of osteoporosis

Methods: Adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal (n = 6) and ovariectomized (n = 42) groups. Twelve weeks after ovariectomy, animals were treated for 4 weeks as follows: distilled water (10 mL/kg, per os (p.o.)), 17β-estradiol (10 μg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)), soya oil (1 mL/kg, i.p.), aqueous or methanol extract of B. vulgaris (55 or 110 mg/kg, p.o.). All rats were weighed daily and sacrificed on day 29. Plasma was collected, and the uterus and femur were dissected out, weighed, and used for biochemical and histological measurements.

Results: In the untreated ovariectomized females, a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in body weight and a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the uterine and bone weights were recorded. Ovariectomy also significantly (p < 0.001) lowered the bone calcium and phosphorus concentrations, and deteriorated the microarchitecture of the femur. Interestingly, B. vulgaris extracts significantly (p < 0.001) improved the bone calcium concentration and femur microarchitecture (increase in trabecular bone density, reorganization of the trabecular network, and increase in bone marrow) with estrogenic-like effects compared to 17β-estradiol.

GINGKO Biloba

Potential antiosteoporotic effect of ginkgo biloba extract via regulation of SIRT1-NF-kB signaling pathway

Objective: Osteoporosis is bone disorder that happens when too much bone is damaged by the body, causing too little bone or both. As a consequence, bones are brittle and may crack from dropping or sneezing or small bumps in extreme situations. Ginkgo biloba is a Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and commonly used for the treatment of various bone related disease. The current experimental study aimed to scrutinize the anti-osteoporosis effect of Ginkgo biloba and explore the possible mechanism of action.

Methods: The rats were divided into following groups; Control, osteoporosis , osteoporosis received ginkgo biloba (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and rats were received the treatment after the surgery for 8 weeks. bone parameters, osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and cytokines were estimated. The expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‑κB) were estimated.

Results: Dose dependently treatment of ginkgo biloba extract significantly altered the bone parameters such as increase the number of trabecular bone , trabecular bone thickness, connectivity density , ration of BV/TV and decrease the trabecular separation. Ginkgo biloba extract decreased the serum level of ALP, OC, Ca and P at dose dependent manner. ginkgo biloba extract decreased the cytokines at dose dependent manner. Ginkgo biloba extract also reduced the expression of SIRT1 and NF-kB.

Black Olive Hydroalcoholic

Stereological Study Of The effect Of Black Olive Hydroalcoholic On osteoporosis In Vertebra And Tibia In Ovariectomized Rats

Black Seed (Nigella Sativa)

Impact Of Black Seed (Nigella Sativa) On bone Turnover Markers In Postmenopausal Women With osteoporosis

Background and purpose: Experimental studies have shown that Ns (Nigella sativa) seeds oil can increase bone formation and may have anabolic effects on bone loss. This study was conducted to investigate the beneficial impacts of the oil of Black seeds on bone turnover in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: A placebo controlled pilot study was carried out on 15 postmenopausal osteoporotic women of 48-74 years old. In addition to calcium -D supplements (2 tablets per day) all participants were randomly received Ns extract (3ml, 0.05 ml/kg/day p .o.) or placebo for 3 months. In all subjects hematological tests were performed and hepatic enzymes, BUN, Cr, Ca, P and plasma bone formation and resorption markers including osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase (bone -ALP) and carboxy terminal cross linked telopeptide (CTX) was determined before and after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results: Twelve participants completed the entire 12 weeks study course of which 5 and 7 women were belonged to Ns and placebo groups respectively. Women in placebo group were significantly older than women in Ns group. There were not significant differences between BMIs, BMD results and plasma levels of bone marker in two groups at the baseline and plasma levels of bone markers between Ns and placebo group at the end of 12 weeks. Alterations from baseline in bone markers levels did not differ significantly between two groups. We did not observe any side effects due to Ns therapy.

Conclusion: In this pilot study similar to the previous trial, we failed to show beneficial impact of Ns extract administration for a short time on bone turnover so we don’t suggest it for medicinal application in the osteoporosis condition. Long time duration studies with larger sample size and usage of a more tolerable dosage forms of Black seeds oil should be emphasized for further clarification of its useful anabolic effects on bone metabolism.

Black Tea

Phytoestrogenic effects Of Black Tea (Camellia Sinensis) In An Oophorectomized Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Model Of osteoporosis

The adverse side effects of currently available anti-osteoporotic agents warrant the search for compounds with less toxic effects . In this study, we assessed the phytoestrogenic potentiality of whole aqueous extract of black tea (BTE) in a bilaterally oophorectomized rat model (2.5%, 1 ml/100 g body weight/day for 28 days). Although the supplementation was given for 28 days but, sign of revival of copulation period (estrous stage) from non-receptive diestrous stage was first noticed after 21 days of BTE supplementation in bilaterally oophorectomized rats. This was accompanied by a significant increase in serum estradiol level. To test whether this increase in serum estradiol level could have an influence upon the oophorectomy-induced damage of bone, we assessed marker parameters of bone resorption and osteoclastogenesisic activity (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase), collagen degradation (urinary hydroxyproline), bone loss (bone ash mineral content) and bone breaking strength (bone density ).

Results indicated that increase in serum estradiol level after BTE supplementation could significantly diminish oophorectomy-induced decaying changes in bone. This study proposes that aqueous BTE may be assessed as a phytoestrogenic compound for prevention against estrogen deficiency-related osteoporotic damages.

Bushen Huayu

treatment effect Of Bushen Huayu On Postmenopausal osteoporosis In Vivo

Bushen Huayu extract (BSHY), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, however, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of BSHY and the mechanisms underlying this effect in an in vivo postmenopausal osteoporosis animal model. A total of 1 g BSHY containing 7.12 μg icariin was prepared. Low-dose BSHY (BSHY-L; 11.1 g/kg), medium-dose BSHY (BSHY-M; 22.2 g/kg) and high-dose BSHY (BSHY-H; 44.4 g/kg) was administered to oophorectomized rats using intragastric infusion. Estradiol (E2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, as well as bone density , were determined. It was found that the levels of serum ALP in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (197.75±41.74, 166.63±44.83 and 165.63±44.90 IU/l, respectively) were significantly decreased compared with the model group (299.13±45.79 IU/l; P<0.05), whilst the levels of E2 (16.89±1.71, 17.95±1.40 and 18.34±1.43 pg/ml, respectively) increased compared with the model group (14.54±1.61; P<0.05). In addition, the levels of IL-6 decreased in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (91.85±14.81, 82.99±15.65 and 80.54±14.61 pg/ml, respectively) compared with the model group (105.93±16.50 pg/ml; P<0.05). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that BSHY increased the bone density in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (0.20±0.014, 0.22±0.016 and 0.22±0.017 g/cm², respectively) compared with the model group (0.19±0.011 g/cm²; P<0.05).

BSHY was also found to increase the number of osteoblasts in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (25.38±2.17, 29.25±2.12 and 30.00±2.39, respectively), compared with in the model group (14.75±2.38; P<0.05), and decrease the number of osteoclasts in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (4.00±1.85, 4.25±1.39 and 5.75±1.49, respectively) compared with 9.50±1.60 observed in the model group (P<0.05). These results suggest that BSHY is a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of osteoporosis in vivo. Furthermore, these results suggest that the mechanism by which BSHY decreases the serum levels of IL-6 may be by regulating E2.

Bushen Huoxue

Water Of Bushen Huoxue Compound improves osteoporosis Via Transcriptional And Translational Regulation Of Key Factors In Notch And Wnt/B-Catenin

Bushen Huoxue Compound is a Chinese herbal formula that shows promise in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis (OP), but the mechanisms underlying its anti-osteoporotic effects are yet to be established. Here, we detect the influence of theextract on several targets of the Notch and Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathways in bone tissue of ovariectomized rats as a model of OP with the aid of real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemical staining. The water extract of BHC exerted a pronounced beneficial effect on OP rats and activated the Wnt/b-catenin pathway through regulating Wnt3a, Wnt10b protein, and glycogen synthesis kinase 3b (GSK-3b) mRNA. Furthermore, the BHC extract inhibited Jagged 1,2 protein and Notch 1,2 mRNA of the Notch signaling pathway. We detected simultaneous changes in the levels of a number of downstream transcripts, including increased runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx 2) and decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor b (PPARb ), which were closely correlated with the treatment effect.

Based on the collective findings, we propose that the water extract of BHC regulates OP-associated factors through modulation of key transcripts and proteins in the Notch and Wnt/b-catenin pathways. Our results provide further mechanistic evidence supporting the clinical efficacy of BHC in the treatment of OP.

Camellia Sinensis

Evidence For A Prospective Anti-osteoporosis effect Of Black Tea (Camellia Sinensis) In A Bilaterally Ovariectomized Rat Model

The purpose of this study was to examine whether whole aqueous black tea extract (BTE) prevents bone loss induced by ovarian hormone deficiency. Eighteen 95-100 days old female albino rats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups [sham -operated control (sham); bilaterally ovariectomized (ovx) and ovx + aqueous black tea extract (BTE) ] and sacrificed after 28 days. All animals were fed a standard laboratory diet with free access to deionized water except on days of urinary parameter studies when animals were given only calcium free deionized water during the entire 24 h period of urine collection. Body weight study revealed that rats in the ovx group had significantly higher final body weight than rats in the sham group. This higher final body weight was not observed in animals receiving BTE. The ovx group also had significantly higher abdominal fat mass and liver weight and significantly lower uterus, right kidney and left kidney weights than in other two groups. All these organ weight changes in ovx group also were not observed in animals receiving BTE. Results of urinary studies revealed that rats in the ovx group had significantly higher urinary excretion of calcium (Ca), phosphate, creatinine (Cr), calcium to creatinine (Ca:Cr) ratio (P< 0.001) and hydroxyproline (HPr) (P< 0.01) than rats in the sham group. Significant recovery of all these parameters were observed in animals receiving BTE. The ovx group also had significantly higher (P< 0.001) serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity than rats in the other two groups.

These changes could not be seen in animals receiving BTE. Also, identical changes were seen in bone density experiments. Rats in the ovx group had significantly lower densities of the right femur (P<0.001), eighth thoracic rib (P< 0.001), eighth thoracic vertebra (P< 0.05), and fourth lumbar vertebra (P< 0.01) than rats in the sham group; and significant improvement in densities of these bones were seen in animals supplemented with BTE. Animals of ovx group also showed significant decrease in calcium and phosphate level in all these bones which could be regained significantly when these animals were supplemented with BTE. Our findings suggest that aqueous BTE may be effective in preventing bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency. Because serum activity of AP, TRAP and urinary loss of bone minerals (Ca and Phosphate) and also the organic components of bone (Cr and HPr) were significantly greater in the ovx group, compared to sham animals and ovx + BTE group.

This confirms that ovariectomy enhances and BTE suppresses the rate of bone turnover. The density results of ovx + BTE group are significantly greater than rats in the ovx group, suggesting further that formation exceeded resorption . Detailed studies are underway to clarify the mechanism of this protective effect of BTE on hypogonadal bone loss.

Cassia Tora L. Seed

The Anti-osteoporosis effects Of Cassia Tora L. Seed Ethanol In Ovariectomixed Rats

In our study, osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomized in female rats, and the prevention and treatment efficacy of the climacteric disease the postmenopausal type I pattern was examined by using the experimental substance Cassia tora (CT) ethanol extracts. Female rats were either sham-operated (sham; n=5) or surgically ovariectomized (OVX; five animals per group) and then administered to OVX control, raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) 1 mg/kg/day, or CT (20 and 200 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks.

Serum osteocalcin and creatinine concentration were significantly lower in the CT 200 mg/kg/day group compared with the OVX control group. Serum progesterone concentration was significantly higher in the CT 200 mg/kg/day group compared with the OVX control group. Reduction grade of the trabecular bone decreased in the RLX 1 and CT 200 mg/kg/ day group compared with that of the OVX control group. In conclusion, CT 200 mg/kg/day may have inhibitory effects on osteoporosis in OVX rats.

Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae

Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae Shows protective effect On osteoporosis In Rats

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Caulis lonicerae Japonicae extract (CLJE) on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats.

Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group (normal rats) and five ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups: OVX with vehicle (OVX), OVX with 17ß-estradiol (E2, 25µg/kg/day), and OVX with CLJE doses (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/day). Daily oral administration of E2 or CLJE started 4 weeks after OVX and lasted for 16 weeks. The bone mineral density (BMD) of L4 vertebrae and right femurs was determined. The length of each femur was measured with a micrometer, and the center of the diaphysis was determined. Three representative L4 vertebrae were selected to evaluate trabecular microarchitecture. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urinary calcium (U-Ca), urinary phosphorus (U-P), urinary creatinine (Cr) and osteocalcin (OC) levels were measured using a diagnostic reagent kit.

Result: The results show that a high-dose of CLJE (600 mg/kg) significantly inhibited bone mineral density (BMD) reduction of L4 vertebrae (0.24 ± 0.02, p < 0.05) and femur (0.24 ± 0.03, p < 0.05) caused by OVX, and prevented the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture (p < 0.05). High-dose CLJE also improved morphometric parameters, viz, trabecular number (Tb-N) (4.6 ± 0.3, p < 0.05), trabecular thickness (Tb-Th, 0.084 ± 0.012, p < 0.05) and trabecular separation (Tb-Sp, 0.14 ± 0.02, p < 0.05) in L4 vertebrae significantly.

Conclusion: The results indicate that CLJE prevents OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats. Thus, CLJE is a potential natural alternative for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in future.

Chicory Roots

The protective effect Of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides From Chicory Roots And Phyto Soya On osteoporosis In Rats

osteoporosis is a serious disorder of the skeleton. Postmenopausal women are at increased risk of osteoporosis because of the decline in estrogen production that occurs following menopause. The objective of the present study was to determine the protective effect of nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) from chicory roots and phyto soya extract rich with isoflavones whether using alone or in combination on the prevention of osteoporosis using ovariectomized (OVX) rats as model of postmenopausal women. Sixty female albino rats were subjected to either; Bilateral ovariectomized surgery (OVX, n=48), or sham operated surgery (Sham, n= 12), and then assigned to five groups of 12 rats each; {sham-operated control, OVX control, OVX supplemented with 5% Raftilose Synergy1, OVX supplemented orally with a dose of 30.6 mg phyto soya extract/rat/day and ® OVX supplemented with both 5% Raftilose Synergy1 plus 30.6 mg phyto soya extract/rat/day}. All ® rats fed a casein based diet (AIN-93M) for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment urine, blood and femur were sampled to investigate; serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, bone turnover markers (serum osteocalcin, serum total alkaline phosphatase and urinary deoxypyridinoline) and femoral BMD. The results of the study revealed that the significant reduction in serum mineral concentrations observed in the OVX control group compared to sham group as a result of estrogen deficiency were improved by supplementing the rats with Raftilose Synergy1 and/or phyto soya extract compared to ® OVX control rats.

Ovariectomy was found to elevate the rate of bone turnover as indicated by the higher levels of bone turnover markers in OVX control group comparing to sham group and as a result femoral BMD was reduced, but in the three supplemented OVX groups the elevation in the levels of bone turnover markers were significantly reduced comparing to OVX control group and this was followed by an improvement in the femoral BMD. The reduction of bone turnover markers and the improvement in femoral BMD was found to be higher in the OVX group received a combination of the two supplements than using each supplement alone. These results suggest that supplementation with NDOs or phyto soya extract rich with isoflavone prevent the bone loss which might occur as a result of the decline in estrogen production that occurs following menopause. The results may also suggest that a combination of these supplements may have an additive and cooperative effect on the prevention of bone loss.

Cibotium Barometz

Anti-osteoporosis activity Of Cibotium Barometz On Ovariectomy-Induced bone Loss In Rats

Cicer Arietinum

Possible Antiosteoporotic Mechanism Of Cicer Arietinum In Ovariectomized Rats

Objective: The present study aimed to throw the light on the anti-osteoprotic mechanism of Cicer arietinum extract (CAE) seeds against ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Methods: Seventy female rats were divided into two groups. The first group (14 rats/group) represented normal rats (Sham operated) while the second group (56 rats/group) underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX). After one week of recovery from ovariectomy surgery, the second group was randomly subdivided into 4 subgroups (14 rats/ each subgroup). The rats administered orally; distilled water (vehicle) (1^st subgroup), Cicer arietinum extract (CAE) (500 or 1000 mg/kg body weight/day) (2^nd and 3^rd subgroups), alendronate (6.5 mg/kg mg/kg body weight) as a positive control one time/week (4^rh subgroup), daily for 10 weeks.

Results: The present study demonstrated that ovariectomy caused significant decrease in bone mineral ; density (BMD) and content (BMC), bone -specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin levels. Furthermore, ovariectomy induced significant elevation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP 5b) and receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF-kappa β) ligand (RANKL) concentration. Conversely, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and OPG/RANKL ratio were decreased following ovariectomy. The present work suggests that CAE has antiosteoporotic action against ovariectomy effects and its activity may results from its phytochemical and/or phytoestrogen contents.

Conclusion: The ongoing study speculates that the CAE exerts its action through regulation of RANK/RANKL/OPG system. As, CAE not only promotes osteoblast differentiation, but also up-regulates OPG and downregulates RANKL secretion in osteoblasts, subsequently prevents bone loss and osteoporosis.

Cimicifuga Racemosa

Antiosteoporotic effects Of The Special Cimicifuga Racemosa Bno 1055

Cinnamomum Cassia

The Standardized BHH10 Extract, a Combination of Astragalus membranaceus, Cinnamomum cassia, and Phellodendron amurense, Reverses bone Mass and Metabolism in a Rat Model of Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Jasin‐hwan‐gagambang (BHH10), a modified prescription of Jasin‐hwan, contains Astragalus membranaceus, Cinnamomum cassia, and Phellodendron amurense, and it has been traditionally used to treat osteoporosis and other inflammatory diseases. In this study, we systematically investigated the protective effects of BHH10 in ovariectomy (OVX)‐induced rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham and OVX subgroups. The rats in the OVX group were treated with vehicle, BHH10, alendronate (ALN), and 17β‐estradiol (E2). BHH10 treatment significantly inhibited OVX‐induced increases in body weight and uterus atrophy.

In addition, it significantly increased the bone mineral density (BMD) and prevented a decrease in trabecular bone volume, connectivity density, trabecular number, thickness, and separation at the total femur and femur neck. The OVX rats showed significant decreases in the serum levels of calcium and phosphorous and significant increases in the serum levels of cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, C‐telopeptide type 1 collagen , and bone morphogenetic protein‐2. These changes were significantly reduced to near sham levels by administration of BHH10 to OVX rats. BHH10‐treated rats had a greater bone mass, a better structural architecture of the bone, and higher levels of biochemical markers of the bone than did the ALN‐treated or E2‐treated rats. These results suggest that BHH10 reverses osteoporosis in OVX rats by stimulating bone formation or regulating bone resorption and is not associated with toxicity.

Cissus Quadrangularis

Antiosteoporotic activity Of Phytoestrogen-Rich Fraction Separated From Ethanol Of Aerial Parts Of Cissus Quadrangularis In Ovariectomized Rats

Antiosteoporotic effect Of Ethanol Of Cissus Quadrangularis Linn. On Ovariectomized Rat

Ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis was evaluated for its anti-osteoporotic activity in ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis at two different dose levels of 500 and 750 mg/kg per day. Healthy female albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. First group was sham operated and served as control. All the remaining groups were ovariectomized. Group 2 was fed with equivolume of saline and served as ovariectomized control. Groups 3-5 were orally treated with Raloxifen (5.4 mg/kg) and ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis (500 and 750 mg/kg), respectively. The findings assessed on the basis of biomechanical, biochemical and histopathological parameters showed that the ethanol extract of the plant had a definite antiosteoporotic effect.

Cistanche Deserticola Ma

Anti-osteoporosis effect Of Cistanche Deserticola Ma In Ovariectomized Rats

Purpose: To investigate the therapeutic effects of Cistanche deserticola Ma. extract (CDME) on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats.

Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group and five ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups, that is, OVX with vehicle (OVX), OVX with 17ß-estradiol (E2, 25 μg/kg/day), and OVX with CDME doses (40, 80, or 160 mg/kg/day). Daily oral administration of E2 or CDME started 4 weeks after OVX and lasted for 16 weeks. bone mineral density (BMD) of L4 vertebrae and right femur of rats was estimated, The length of each femur was measured, and biochemical analysis of serum and urine specimens were performed.

Results: CDME dose-dependently inhibited the reduction in BMD of L4 vertebrae (0.23 ± 0.02 g/cm³, p < 0.05) and femurs (0.20 ± 0.03 g/cm³, p < 0.05) caused by OVX and prevented the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture (p < 0.05), which were accompanied by a significant decrease in skeletal remodeling (p < 0.05) as evidenced by the lower levels of bone turnover markers.

Conclusion: This study indicates that CDME prevents OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats, and could be used for treating osteoporosis in elderly women.

Citrus aurantifolia L. cv. Swingle Peel

protective effect of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia against osteoporosis and their phytochemical constituents

The efficacy of Citrus aurantifolia L. cv. Swingle and Citrus sinensis L. cv. Liucheng against osteoporosis was evaluated in an ovariectomized rat model. Administration ofCitrus extracts increased trabecular bone mineral content and bone mineral density of tibia, improved the levels of phosphorus and calcium . The results demonstrated that Citrusextracts reduced bone loss in ovariectomized rats. These findings have prompted the authors to investigate the phytochemical constituents of those plants, collected in Saudi Arabia, for the first time. Eighteen compounds were obtained from both plants and classified into, eight coumarins (1 – 8), eight flavonoids (9 – 16) and two sterols analogues (17 and 18). Leaves and peels of C. aurantifolia afforded eleven components, while those of C. sinensis afforded fourteen compounds. Structures of the isolated compounds were deduced by UV, NMR and MS spectra, and comparison with related structures, in whichisobergapten (6), marmesin (7), myricetin (11), 4′,5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy flavone (12), and quercetin-3-O-robinobioside (14), were reported to first time from Citrus species,Coumarins, flavonoids and sterols from C. aurantifolia and C. sinensis could be responsible for their antiosteoporotic activity and the action mechanism of these constituents needs to be further studied. Therefore, Citrus extracts have the potential to develop a clinically useful antiosteoporotic agent.

Citrus sinensis L. cv. Liucheng Peel

protective effect of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia against osteoporosis and their phytochemical constituents

The efficacy of Citrus aurantifolia L. cv. Swingle and Citrus sinensis L. cv. Liucheng against osteoporosis was evaluated in an ovariectomized rat model. Administration ofCitrus extracts increased trabecular bone mineral content and bone mineral density of tibia, improved the levels of phosphorus and calcium.

The results demonstrated that Citrusextracts reduced bone loss in ovariectomized rats. These findings have prompted the authors to investigate the phytochemical constituents of those plants, collected in Saudi Arabia, for the first time. Eighteen compounds were obtained from both plants and classified into, eight coumarins (1 – 8), eight flavonoids (9 – 16) and two sterols analogues (17 and 18). Leaves and peels of C. aurantifolia afforded eleven components, while those of C. sinensis afforded fourteen compounds. Structures of the isolated compounds were deduced by UV, NMR and MS spectra, and comparison with related structures, in whichisobergapten (6), marmesin (7), myricetin (11), 4′,5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy flavone (12), and quercetin-3-O-robinobioside (14), were reported to first time from Citrus species,Coumarins, flavonoids and sterols from C. aurantifolia and C. sinensis could be responsible for their antiosteoporotic activity and the action mechanism of these constituents needs to be further studied.

Therefore, Citrus extracts have the potential to develop a clinically useful antiosteoporotic agent.

Cordyceps Sinensis

prevention Of Disuse osteoporosis In Rats By Cordyceps Sinensis

Corni Fructus

effects Of The Herbal-Acupuncture With Corni Fructus At Eumgok (Ki10) On osteoporosis In Ovariectomized Mice

Objective & Method: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of herbal-acupuncture with Corni Fructus extract (CF-HA) at Eumgok(KI10) on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) ddy mice. I carried out several experimental items to analyze the changes in body weight, uterine weight, uterus index, tibial length, the ash bone weight, tibial BMD, the levels of serum ALP, osteocalcin, Ca, P and the levels of tibial Ca, P, Ca/P ratio, and we performed histological and histomorphological analysis as well.

Result: 1. CF-HA at Eumgok(KI10) significantly did not increase the level of bone mineral density in overiectomized mice. 2. CF-HA at Eumgok(KI10) significantly decreased the level of serum phosphorus in ovariectomized mice and sinificantly increased the level of serum calcium in ovariectomized mice. 3. CF-HA at Eumgok(KI10) significantly increased the levels of tibial calcium and phosphorus in ovariectomized mice. 4. CF-HA at Eumgok(KI10) significantly decreased the number of tibial osteoclastogenesis like cell in ovariectomized mice. 5. In the histomorphometric analysis of tibia, GPL(growth plate length) was significantly decreased by CF-HA at Eumgok(KI10) in ovariectomized mice.

Conclusions: These results suggest that CF-HA at Eumgok(KI10) may have useful therapy effects on osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice.

Cuscuta Chinensis

Beneficial effects Of Cuscuta Chinensis On Glucocorticoid-Induced osteoporosis Through Modulation Of Rankl/Opg Signals

Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (Convolvulaceae) is an important herbal medicine widely used to improve sexual function, treat osteoporosis , and prevent aging, and has been reported to exhibit anti-osteoporotic effects in vitro. However, the activity of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis still remains unclear. The present study aimed to assess the protective effect and the underlying mechanism of action of Cuscuta chinensis extract (CCE) against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in vivo. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control group, osteoporosis group, and 2 CCE-treated osteoporosis groups (100 mg·kg-1·day-1). blood samples and femur bones were collected for immunohistochemistry, biochemical, mRNA expression, and western blot analysis. HPLC analysis revealed that chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and hyperin were the major constituents of CCE. The results indicated that CCE increased bone length, bone weight, and bone mineral density and suppressed dexamethasone (DEX)-induced reduction in body weight.

In addition, TRAP staining indicated that CCE reduced osteoclasts in DEX-induced osteoporosis rats. Mechanistically, CCE treatment alleviate d the increase of bone resorption markers and the decline of osteogenic markers, which might be partially mediated by regulation of RANKL/OPG and RunX2 pathways. These results suggest that CCE showed promising effects in the protection against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis through protecting osteoblasts and suppressing osteoclastogenesis ogenesis.

Cuscutae Semen

effects Of Cuscutae Semen On prevention Of osteoporosis In Ovariectomized Rats

Objectives: Osteoporosis , which occurs after menopause, is a kind of metabolic bone disorder. It develops when the bone mass begins to decrease radically, and its main symptoms are bone fracture and height-shortening. This thesis aims at what effects the Cuscutae Semen Extract(CSE) has on the prevention of osteoporosis in SD-rat that is caused by ovariectomy.

Methods: The 24 female white rats, after removing their ovaries, were divided into the Normals, the Control group, and the CSE administrated group. For the next 8 weeks, distilled water to the normals and the control, and the CSE(45.9 mg/100 g) to the CSE administrated group were given in the mouths of them. After 8 weeks the rats were sacrificed. Weight, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total-cholesterol, triglyceride, phosphorus, calcium , tetraiodothyronine, estradiol, the weight of the femur, the amount of tibia ash, the area of trabecular bone , and the thickness of trabecular bone were measured.

Results: The serum analysis shows that the calcium and phosphorous of the CSE administrated group significantly increased compared to that of the control group. Aspartate aminotransferase, alkalinephosphatase, total cholesterol, tetraiodothyronine of CSE group were decreased , but not so significant. Albumin, alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride and estradiol of the group showed the tendency to increase, but the significance wasn’t admitted. Regarding the variation of bone , the femur weight and the ash content of tibia, CSE group was more increased than the control group but the significance wasn’t admitted. The histological observation shows that the trabecular thickness was more increased than the control group, and trabecular area increased significantly compared to those of the control group. The number of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast area of the CSE groups decreased significantly compared to those of the control group.

Conclusions: From the result of the above study, CSE should be effective for the osteoporosis cure and precaution and deeper study through bedside and clinical demonstration is much needed from now on.

Cynomorium songaricum Rupr.

The effect of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats

Objective: To investigate the anti-osteoporotic effect of 80% ethanol extracts of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. in ovariectomized( OVX) rat model,and both bone formation and bone resorption index were used to estimate the underlying mechanisms of the action.

Methods: A total of 50 female Sprague-Dawley( SD) rats aged 3 months were randomly divided into five groups: the rats in the Sham control group underwent bilateral laparotomy without removing the ovaries,and the remainders underwent bilateral ovariectomy and equally randomized into model group,1 mg/kg body weight of estradiol valerate as positive control group,100 and 300 mg/kg body weight of extracts of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. as low and high dosage groups,respectively. On the last day of 12 weeks of continues administration,the total bone mineral density ( BMD) as well as morphometric parameters were determined by a micro-CT scanner. The levels of serum Ca,P and the activities of alkaline phosphatase( ALP) were measured by automatic analyzer,and deoxypyridinoline( DPD),tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase( TRAP),cathepsin K were determined by ELISA. Results: 300 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dosage groups of the 80% ethanol extracts of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. significantly enhanced total bone mineral density ,improved bone trabecular microarchitecture,increased serum Ca and P content,decreased the activity of bone resorption markers including TRAP,DPD and cathepsin K in OVX rats,as compared with the Sham group.

Conclusion: Our data implied that Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. possessed antiosteoporotic effect, and this effect was exerted by the suppressing bone resorption and increasing bone formation,which suggested Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. might be a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis disease.

Dalbergia Sissoo

A Clinical Study Of A Standardized Of Leaves Of Dalbergia Sissoo (Roxb Ex Dc) In Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Daucus Carota

Evaluation Of Ethanolic Root Of Daucus Carota On Steroid Induced osteoporosis In Rats.

Objective: To evaluate the anti-osteoporotic activity of ethanolic extract of Daucus carota (DC) roots on steroid induced osteoporosis in rats.

Material and methods: Female wistar rats were divided into five groups of (n=6) each. osteoporosis was induced by intramuscular administration of dexamethasone 7mg/kg once a week for four weeks to all groups of rats except normal control group. Group I served as normal control and received normal saline. Group II served as disease control injected with dexamethasone 7mg/kg (i.m). Group III served as standard control and treated with sodium alendronate 0.2mg/kg orally from 15th to 28th day. Group IV and V were treated with DC at doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg (p.o) respectively from 15th to 28th day. Following treatment, antiosteoporotic effect of DC was evaluated by biochemical and biomechanical analysis and radiological observation along with histopathological examination among the experimental groups.

Results: Rats treated with ethanolic extract of DC (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) showed significant (P <0.01and P < 0.001) increase in level of serum calcium and phosphorus, whereas serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) decreased. A significant (P < 0.001) increase in bone weight, thickness, hardness was observed when compared to the disease control group. It was further confirmed by radiological and histopathological examination of femur bone.

Conclusion: The present findings propose that ethanolic extract of Daucus carota possess potent antiosteoporotic activity in steroid induced osteoporotic rats.

Deer Antler

Anti-bone resorption effect Of Deer Antler In Postmenopausal osteoporosis Model Rats

Background: Examination of the effects of deer antler, old antler, and antler glue on postmenopausal osteoporosis in an ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rat model. Methods The study involved 7 experimental groups; SHAM (sham-operated rats), OVX (ovariectomized rats), E2 (ovariectomized rats with estradiol 10 μg/kg daily, orally), DA (ovariectomized rats with deer antler extract 5.83 mg/kg), OA (ovariectomized rats with old antler extract 3.8 mg/kg), low-AG (ovariectomized rats with low dose of antler glue powder 12.5 mg/kg), high-AG (ovariectomized rats with high dose of antler glue powder 37.5 mg/kg). After 6 weeks of treatment , body weight, blood calcium , phosphorus, estradiol, liver [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT)] and kidney [blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio] function, and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) were measured.

Results: The body weights of DA, OA, low-AG, and high-AG groups did not significantly differ from OVX group. blood estradiol levels were significantly increased in the DA, low-AG, and high-AG groups compared to the OVX group. blood calcium , phosphorus, ALP, AST, and ALT levels and BUN/creatinine ratio did not show significant changes in the DA, OA, low-AG, and high-AG groups. BMDs of the femur, and femoral head and neck were significantly increased in the low-AG group. In the OA group, the BMD of the femoral head and neck was significantly increased.

Conclusions: Treatment with deer antler, or antler glue for 6 weeks was effective for increasing estradiol and femoral BMD in ovariectomized rats, suggesting that this may be of therapeutic benefit for osteoporosis.

Dendrobium Officinale Orchid

Dendrobium Officinale Orchid prevents Ovariectomy-Induced osteoporosis In Vivo And Inhibits Rankl-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation In Vitro

Background:Dendrobium officinale, a traditional Chinese medical herb with high value that is widely used in Asia, possesses many positive effects on human health, including anti-chronic inflammation , anti-obesity, and immune modulation properties; however, whether D. officinale has inhibitory effects on postmenopausal osteoporosis remains unknown.

Objective: We investigated the effects of D. officinale extract (DOE) on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo and on osteoclastogenesis ogenesis in vitro.

Methods:In vivo, female rats were divided into a sham-operated (sham) group and five ovariectomized (OVX) subgroups: OVX with vehicle (OVX), OVX with Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule (240 mg/kg body weight/day), and OVX with low-, medium-, and high-dose DOE (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively). Animals in each group were administered their corresponding treatments for 13 weeks. Body weight, serum biochemical parameters, uterine and femoral physical parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), bone biomechanical properties, and bone microarchitecture were obtained. In vitro, the effects of DOE on osteoclastogenesis ogenesis were examined using RAW264.7 cells . The effects of DOE on osteoclastogenesis ogenesis and the expression of osteoclastogenesis -specific marker genes and proteins were determined.

Results: DOE effectively ameliorated serum biochemical parameters, especially alleviated estradiol (E2) deficiency and maintained calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. DOE improved uterine and femoral physical parameters. In addition, DOE improved femoral BMD and biomechanical properties. DOE significantly ameliorated bone microarchitecture. Moreover, DOE inhibited osteoclastogenesis ogenesis independent of its cytoxicity and suppressed the expression of osteoclastogenesis -specific marker genes and proteins.

Conclusion: DOE can effectively prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo and inhibit osteoclastogenesis ogenesis in vitro.

Dendropanax Morbifera

In vitro evaluation of the potential therapeutic role of Dendropanax morbifera extract in ameliorating osteoporosis and resultant bone impairment using MC3T3-E1 cells

Osteoporosis is a widespread musculoskeletal deformity that affects thousands of older people every year, leading to bone abnormalities and ultimately increasing the risk of bone fractures in both genders. It is considered a lethal disease causing death in thousands of people at the late stage of life. Dendropanax morbifera Leveille is a subtropical broad-leaved prevalent species in Korea. Extracts of the leaves, stem s, roots, and seeds of D. morbifera have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases such as diabetes, atherogenesis, skin disorders, and headaches. However, the anti-osteoporosis effects of D. morbifera have not been examined. The primary objectives of this study were to elucidate the anti-osteoporosis effect of D. morbifera extract through an in vitro study using pre-osteoblast ic MC3T3-E1 cells.

We found that D. morbifera strongly increased the expression of bone metabolic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, type I collagen (Col-I) level, and mineral ization. Additionally, D. morbifera extract also upregulated the mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes including ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), osterix (Osx), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in MC3T3-E1 cells via upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/p38 MAPK/JNK and Smad1/5/8 signaling pathways. Moreover, addition of D. morbifera significantly suppressed the inhibitory effect of SB203580 (p38 inhibitor).

In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that D. morbifera extract significantly increased osteoblast differentiation and mineral ization in MC3T3-E1 cells by regulating BMP-2/p38/JNK and Smad1/5/8. Our study might be helpful in the discovery and development of new anti-osteoporosis therapeutic agents.

Dioscorea Spongiosa

Antiosteoporotic activity Of The Water Of Dioscorea Spongiosa

After 60 MeOH and water extracts of natural crude drugs were screened for their ability to stimulate osteoblast proliferation, four MeOH extracts (Cynomorium songaricum, Drynaria fortunei, Lycium chinense, Rehmannia glutinosa) and seven water extracts (Cornus officinalis, Dendrobium nobile, Dioscorea spongiosa, Drynaria fortunei, Eucommia ulmoides, Lycium chinensis, Viscum coloratum) showed that potent activities were evaluated for inhibition of osteoclastogenesis formation.

The results indicated that the water extract of D. spongiosa not only showed the strongest stimulation of osteoblast proliferation but also possessed potent inhibitory activity aganist osteoclastogenesis formation, whereas it showed lower cytotoxicity in osteoblast and bone marrow cells . A further in vivo experiment determined the antiosteoporotic activity of this extract, in which it inhibited the decrease in cancellous bone mineral content, cancellous bone mineral density , and cortical bone mineral content of the proximal tibia in ovariectomized rats.

Dried Plum

preventive effect Of Dried Plum Against Dexamethasone-Induced osteoporosis In Male Rats Through Inhibiting Cathepsin-K activity , Lipogenesis

Objectives: bone protective effect of dried plum extract (DPE) was investigated in dexamethasone (DEX) treated male rats, as an animal model of osteoporosis. Material and methods: Rats received intramuscular injection of DEX (7 mg/kg b.wt.) once a week for 4 weeks, whereas DPE (150 mg/kg b.wt.) was given orally for the same duration. Results: DEXtreated rats exhibited significant decline in the body weight accompanied by marked reduction in serum and bone minerals (Ca, P), bone mineral density (BMD) and serum total protein (TP) with elevation in serum creatinine (CR) level. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC) and hydroxyproline (HYP) were increased, whereas calcitonin (CT), insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were decreased , along with notable reduction in bone collagen type-1 (Col-1).

Marked elevation in serum and bone lipids (TL, TG, TC), alkaline and acid phosphatases (ALP, ACP), as well as bone cathepsin-K (Cath-K) and oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdhyde (MDA)] were recorded with decreased antioxidant components [reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)] in bone of DEX treated rats. bone histopathological alterations were also observed with DEX treatment , as reflected by thinning of trabecular bone and loss of connection with noticeable porosity, indicating bone fragility.

Consumption of DPE showed high ability to protect against DEX-induced biochemical and histological alterations in bone tissue, particularly through normalizing BMD and improving trabecular bone thickness and structure. Conclusion: Dried plum could be considered as a potential dietary approach for preventing bone loss and structural deterioration caused by DEX treatment .

drynariae rhizoma

Metabonomic study on protective effect of ethanol s of drynariae rhizoma on osteoporosis in rats urine by using UPLC-MS/MS

This paper was designed to study metabonomic characters of the osteoporosis induced by high dose of hydrocortisone and the protective effects of Drynariae Rhizoma, which can replenish the kidney and strength en the bones . A urinary metabonomics method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. Clear separation of healthy control group, model group and treatment group was achieved by using the principal components analysis (PCA) and 9 significantly changed metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers of osteoporosis.

Compared with the health control group, the model group rats showed lower levels of creatinine, citric acid, azelaic acid, hippurate, tryptophan and indoxyl sulfate together with higher levels of phenylalanine, cresol sulfate and phenaceturic acid. These changes in urinary metabolites suggest that the disorders of amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, gut microflora and anti-oxidative damage are related to osteoporosis induced by high dose of hydrocortisone and the potential effect of Drynariae Rhizoma on all the four metabolic pathways.

Du–Zhong–Wan Water

Antiosteoporotic activity Of Du–Zhong–Wan Water In Ovariectomized Rats

Context: Eucommiae Cortex and Radix Dipsaci, occurring in a ratio of 1:1 in Du-Zhong-Wan (DZW), a Chinese herbal medicine , is available as a water extract followed by ethanol precipitation for the treatment of osteoporosis , fractures and menopausal syndrome. Objective This study investigates the protective effects of DZW in ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in a rat osteopenia model.

Materials and methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham-operated group (SHAM) and five OVX subgroups: OVX with vehicle (OVX), 17β-estradiol (E2) and with three graded doses of DZW. Daily oral administration of the different samples started on the fifth week and lasted for 12 weeks, respectively. The body weight, uterus wet weight, serum biochemical parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), bone biomechanical properties, bone microarchitecture and immunohistochemistry were examined.

Results: Compared with the SHAM group, the DZW treatment significantly reversed the osteoporotic changes in OVX rats. The DZW-H group showed that serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) levels reduced by 152.25% (p < 0.01) and osteocalein (OCN) levels dose dependently increased by 118.43% (p < 0.01) as compared with the OVX group. Compared with the OVX group, the DZW at different three dosages of DZW evidently increased the right femur BMD by 112.43, 114.56 and 116.45%, and dramatically promoted bone quality and bone strength (p < 0.05). Further, immunohistochemical evaluation also showed that DZW administration increased ER expression in uteri (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: DZW exhibits an anti-osteoporotic effect , probably mediated via phyto-estrogenic effects . It might be a potential herbal alternative for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Elaeagnus Angustifolia Fruit

Stereological Investigation Of The effect Of Elaeagnus Angustifolia Fruit Hydroalcoholic On osteoporosis In Ovariectomized Rats

Eleutherococcus Senticosus Bark

preventive effects Of Eleutherococcus Senticosus Bark In Ovx-Induced osteoporosis In Rats

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng), has been used as a powerful tonic herb with an impressive range of health benefits. This medicinal herb has been commonly used to treat bone metabolism diseases due to its traditional Korean medicine use to strength en muscle and bone. This study was conducted to investigate prevention of bone loss by a standardized extract of dried E. senticosus stem bark in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. The OVX groups were divided into five groups treated with distilled water, 17β-estradiol (E2 10 μg/kg, once daily, i.p) and dried stem bark of E. senticosus extracts (DES 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, once daily, p.o) for eight weeks, respectively.

After eight weeks of treatments, the femur bone mineral density of the 100 mg/kg DES-treated group was significantly higher than that of the OVX-control group (16.7%, p < 0.01) without affecting the body, organs, and uterus weights, and serum estradiol levels. Additionally, bone markers such as serum ALP, CTx, and OC levels were significantly decreased in the DES 100 mg/kg treated group.

These results show that DES is able to prevent OVX-induced in bone loss without the influence of hormones such as estrogen.

Epimedium

effects Of Water From Epimedium On Neuropeptide Signaling In An Ovariectomized osteoporosis Rat Model

Eruca Sativa Leaves

effect Of Eruca Sativa Leaves On osteoporosis Induced By Phosphoric Acid In Adult Male Rabbits

This study was conducted on the male rabbits to investigate the effect of Eruca sativa on the liver enzyme and lipid profile in damaged liver induced by phosphoric acid. Twenty healthy adult male rabbits were used during the period from 1 to 31 March 2017. Animals were randomly separated into four equal groups (5 rabbits / group) and treated for 30 days as the following: 1^st group was a control group (C): rabbits were permitted to ad libitum provide of drinking water, 2^nd group (T₁): were allowed to drinking water containing 1/10 of lethal dose1530 mg /kg b.w of phosphoric acid, 3^rd group (T₂): were received 250 mg/ kg b.w aqueous extract of Eruca Sativa orally and 1/10 of lethal dose1530 mg /kg b.w of phosphoric acid, 4^th group (T₃): were received 250 mg/ kg b.w aqueous extract of Eruca Sativa orally. Fasting samples were collected after 30 days of the experimental to estimate liver enzymes and liver profile.

The results revealed that oral intubation of phosphoric acid for 30 days caused hepatic dysfunction manifested by a significant elevation(P<0.05) in the serum AST(83.00 u/L), ALT(44.20 u/L), cholesterol(74.60 mg/dL), triglyceride(224.80mmol/L), LDL-C (77.90 mg/dL) and VLDL-C (44.96 mg/dL) in the T1.Also phosphoric acid caused a significant decreasing(P<0.05) in HDL-C(31.96 mg/dL), while the animals received Eruca Sativa with phosphoric acid (T₂)for 30 days showed a considerable decreasing (P<0.05) in the levels of AST (30.60 u/L), ALT (24.60 u/L),triglyceride(124.80 mmol/L) and cholesterol (71.40 mg/dL).

However the increasing in HDL-C (45.98 mg/dl) was not significant as compared with control but the increasing was significant (P<0.05) with the other groups. The histological section showed the pathological changes in the liver tissue in T₁ group while giving Eruca Sativa extract with and without phosphoric acid was effective in modified these changes into semi normal.

Eucommia Leaf

Eucommia Leaf (Ele) prevents Ovx-Induced osteoporosis And Obesity In Rats

The cortex of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is widely used to treat kidney deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine. Its leaves have recently been reported to have anti-obesity properties in metabolic syndrome-like rat models. Due to a sharp decline in estrogen production, obesity, together with osteoporosis, are common problems in postmenopausal women. In this study, we examined the potential effect of Eucommia leaf extract (ELE) in preventing osteoporosis and obesity induced by ovariectomy (OVX). Forty-six female Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Sham-Cont, OVX-Cont, and four OVX groups administered estradiol and different concentrations of ELE 1.25%, ELE 2.5%, and ELE 5%. treatments were administered after ovariectomy at six weeks of age and continued for 12 weeks. OVX induced a significant decrease in the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar, femora, and tibiae, together with a marked increase in body mass index (BMI). The administration of 5% ELE led to a significant increase in tibial and femoral BMD, as well as significantly increased bone –strength parameters when compared with OVX-Cont rats.

According to the suppressed Dpd and increased osteocalcin concentrations in ELE 5% rats, we suggest that varying proportions of bone formation and bone absorption contributed to the enhanced BMD in the femora and tibiae. In addition, significant decreases in body weight, BMI and fat tissue in 5% ELE rats were also observed. These results suggest that ELE may have curative properties for BMD and BMI in OVX rats, and could provide an alternative therapy for the prevention of both postmenopausal osteoporosis and obesity.

Eurycoma Longifolia

effects Of Standardized Quassinoid-Rich Eurycoma Longifolia In A Rat Model Of osteoporosis Due To Testosterone Deficiency: A Densitometric, Morphometric

Forsythiae Fructus

Forsythiae Fructus Inhibits Rankl-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation And prevent bone Loss In Ovx-Induced osteoporosis Rat

In traditional oriental medicine , the fruit of Forsythia suspensa has been used as a nutritional supplement to alleviate inflammation and treat gastrointestinal diseases. However, there is no information available on its beneficial effects on bone . We investigated the beneficial effects of F. suspensa water extract (WFS) on osteoclastogenesis differentiation and bone loss. The microarchitecture of trabecular bone was analyzed by micro-computed tomography. Osteoclast differentiation was evaluated based on tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphatase activity , and bone resorption activity was examined on a bone -like mineral surface.

The mechanism of action of WFS was assessed by evaluating the expression and activation of signaling molecules. Phytochemical constituents were identified and quantitated by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. WFS reduced ovariectomy-induced trabecular bone loss and inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis formation and resorption activity . WFS suppressed RANKL-induced expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1, a crucial transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis differentiation by decreasing c-Fos protein levels and suppressing the activation of p38 and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase. We also identified 12 phytochemicals in WFS including lignans, phenylethanoids, and flavonoids.

Collectively, these results suggest that WFS inhibits osteoclastogenesis differentiation and can potentially be used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Gentiana Macrophylla Pall (Gentianaceae)

Gentiana Macrophylla Pall (Gentianaceae) Exerts protective effects Against osteoporosis In Mice

Purpose: To evaluate the anti-osteoporotic effect of G. macrophylla extract in a mice model. Methods: Antioxidant activity was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for radical scavenging, nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) reducing, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays using standard biochemical procedures. The expression of some bone-related genes was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qTR-PCR). Phytochemical analysis was carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Results: The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity as evident from DPPH, NBT and FRAP data, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 275, 262 and 180 µg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activity was concentration-dependent. The results showed that the extract restored bone characteristics by suppressing bone resorption through induction of expressions of several bone -associated genes.

The results from phytochemical analyses showed the presence of loganic acid, swertiamarin, sweroside, gentiopicroside, gentesin and isogentesin. Conclusion: These results indicate that the extract may be beneficial in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Ginkgo Biloba

Evidences Of osteoporosis improvement In Wistar Rats Treated With Ginkgo Biloba : A Histomorphometric Study Of Mandible And Femur

This study was aimed at investigating the anti-osteoporotic effects of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) in glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis. A significant reduction was observed in the percentage of the bone of the osteoporosis group in both the mandible and femur. The EGb group treated with 28 and 56 mg/Kg showed a significant increase in the percentage of trabecular bone (PTB) of the femur. The percentage of the alveolar bone of the mandible (PAB) had a significant increase with all doses of EGb. The treatment with EGb significantly reversed the loss of the PAB of the mandible and of the PTB of the femur.

Ginseng

Aqueous Ginseng Has A preventive Role In Rankl-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation And Estrogen Deficiency-Induced osteoporosis

Greek Thymus Vulgaris

The Ameliorating effect Of The Combined From Greek Thymus Vulgaris And Bee’S Honey On The Hydrocortisone-Induced osteoporosis In Rat bone cells

Many of the functional foods are designed to decrease the risk of chronic diseases like osteoporosis (OP) which is the most common bone disorder affecting millions of people. For the first time, the present study evaluated the effect of the combination between the Greek Thymus vulgaris water extract (TVE) and bee’s honey (BH) against hydrocortisone (HC)-induced OP in vitro. The characterization of TVE, BH, and their combined extract (TV–BH) was examined. In addition, the current work assessed the bone turnover, oxidative stress , and inflammatory markers in bone cells.

The results revealed the presence of considerable amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and flavonols in TVE and BH as well as important minerals and vitamins for the bone health. The TV–BH showed a synergistic (combination index <1) attenuation effect for the HC-induced bone cell damage through significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of the hydroxyapatite, osteocalcin, phosphorous, and collagen contents. In addition, it significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and hydroxyproline level as well as the oxidative and inflammatory stress. Data also observed the more potent anti-osteoporotic effect of the combined extract than the commonly used bisphosphonate drug (alendronate). In conclusion, the administration of TV–BH improved the glucocorticoid-induced bone damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress and as a result, it might be a promising therapeutic option for the OP disorder.

Green Tea

Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Aqueous alleviate s Postmenopausal osteoporosis In Ovariectomized Rats And prevents Rankl-Induced

Green Tomato

Green Tomato prevents bone Loss In Ovariectomized Rats, A Model Of osteoporosis

Although drug therapies are available for postmenopausal osteoporosis , these drugs are not free of side effects and long-term adherence to them are low. A safe and effective nutritional approach to counter postmenopausal osteoporosis is an important research goal. We fed ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats a diet supplemented with 1% or 2% green tomato extract (GTE). After 12 weeks, micro-computed tomography scans revealed that GTE supplementation effectively prevent distal femur bone loss. This prevention was due to improved bone formation and suppressed bone resorption as observed by the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclastogenesis activities. GTE supplementation also improved bone formation through Bmp2-Smad 1/5/8-Runx2 signaling, while bone resorption was regulated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANKL)/osteoprogeterin (OPG) pathway.

These results suggest that GTE supplementation prevents severe postmenopausal bone loss by maintaining the regulation of bone homeostasis in OVX rats. GTE as a diet supplement might be a potential novel alternative for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Hawthorn

The effectiveness of Crataegus orientalis M Bieber. (Hawthorn) Extract Administration in preventing Alveolar bone Loss in Rats with Experimental Periodontitis

The purpose of this animal study was to evaluate the effects of hawthorn (Crataeus orientalis M Bieber.) extract on serum oxidative status and alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. Twenty-seven Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following groups: non- ligated+placebo (saline) (NL, n = 9), ligature only+placebo (saline) (LO, n = 9), and ligature and treated with hawthorn extract in saline (H, n = 9) (100 mg/kg orogastrically, once a day for 11 days). Periodontitis was induced by submerging a 4/0 silk ligature in the sulcus of the mandibular right first molars of rats, and the animals were sacrificed after 11 days. Micro-CT examinations were performed for linear and volumetric parameter assessment of alveolar bone . Periodontal tissues were histopathologically examined to assess the differences among the study groups. Levels of serum total antioxidant status (TAS)/total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were also analyzed. Alveolar bone loss was significantly reduced by hawthorn administration compared to LO group (p<0.05).

The number of inflammatory cells and osteoclasts in the LO group was significantly higher than that of the NL and H groups (p< 0.05). The number of osteoblasts in the LO and H groups was significantly higher than that of the NL group (p<0.05). TOS and OSI levels were significantly reduced in H group compared to LO group (P <0.05) and TAS levels were similar in H and NL group (p< 0.05). Hawthorn extract showed inhibitory effect on periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss by regulating TAS, TOS and OSI levels in periodontal disease in rats when administered systemically.

Humulus Lupulus L.

Humulus Lupulus L. prevents Ovariectomy-Induced osteoporosis In Mice And Regulates Activities Of osteoblasts And Osteoclasts

Isopropanolic

effects Of An Isopropanolic Of Cimicifuga Racemosa On Urinary Crosslinks And Other Parameters Of bone Quality In An Ovariectomized Rat Model Of osteoporosis

A potential bone -sparing effect of Rhizoma actaeae (= cimicifugae) racemosae (black cohosh) was evaluated in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were ovariectomized at 12 weeks of age (body weight, 219-226 g) and placed on a soy-free diet 6 days after surgery. Animals were randomly assigned the following groups: control (n = 10), soy-free diet only; RAL (n = 10), soy-free diet plus raloxifene 3 mg/kg intragastrically; and REM (n = 10), soy-free diet supplemented with an isopropanolic black cohosh extract (Remifemin) with a daily intake of 4500 micro g triterpeneglycosides. Urinary levels of pyridinoline (PYR) and deoxypyridinoline (DPY), specific markers for bone loss, were measured at baseline and at weekly intervals. At the end of the study, the animals were killed and bone loss was determined by volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) measurements and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Mechanical resistance to fracture was also determined. Results demonstrated that an isopropanolic extract of black cohosh significantly diminished the urinary content of PYR and DPY and the morphometric correlates of bone loss associated with ovariectomy in rats.

Reversal of the effects of ovariectomy on bone loss began 2-5 weeks after the start of treatment and continued through at least 7 weeks. Results similar in quality and magnitude were obtained in the group treated with raloxifene, a known selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Because extracts of black cohosh are already recognized as safe and effective in the treatment of certain gynecological disorders, a longer-term clinical trial of this herbal remedy for the treatment of osteoporosis is warranted.

Kudzu

Clinical Observation And Mechanism Study Of The effect Of Dispersible Tablets Of Kudzu Isoflavone On Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Objective To observe the preliminary clinical effect of dispersible tablets of kudzu isoflavone extract on postmenopausal osteoporosis ,and to investigate the molecular mechanism of the treatment of osteoporosis with pharmacology.Methods The randomized control method was used.All patients received a 6-month consecutive oral administration.The clinical test was adopted to preliminarily investigate the clinical effect of the samples on osteoporosis.The ovariectomized rats were used in pharmacodynamical study.Changes in rat serum indicators were observed after a 6-month consecutive oral administration.

Results In clinical observation,the dispersible tablets could improve BMD of the L2-L4 and the femoral neck of patients with osteoporosis obviously.The total effective rate was 82.22%.In pharmacodynamical study,the dispersible tablets could increase the level of rat serum alkaline phosphatase obviously,improve the concentration of serum estradiol(E2),and decrease the concentration of osteocalcin.Conclusion Dispersible tablets of kudzu isoflavone extract have obvious effect on treating osteoporosis

Laminaria japonica Aresch.

Fermented Sea Tangle (Laminaria japonica Aresch) Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Scavenging ROS in RAW 264.7 cells

Sea tangle (Laminaria japonica Aresch), a brown alga, has been used for many years as a functional food ingredient in the Asia-Pacific region. In the present study, we investigated the effects of fermented sea tangle extract (FST) on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-stimulate d osteoclastogenesis differentiation, using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells . FST was found to inhibit the RANKL-stimulated activation of tartrate-resistance acid phosphatase (TRAP) and F-actin ring structure formation. FST also down-regulated the expression of osteoclastogenesis marker genes like TRAP, matrix metalloproteinase-9, cathepsin K and osteoclastogenesis -associated receptor by blocking RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB and expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), a master transcription factor.

In addition, FST significantly abolished RANKL-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its transcriptional targets. Hence, it seems likely that FST may have anti-osteoclastogenesis ogenic potential as a result of its ability to inactivate the NF-κB-mediated NFATc1 signaling pathway and by reducing ROS production through activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Although further studies are needed to inquire its efficacy in vivo, FST appears to have potential use as an adjunctive or as a prophylactic treatment for osteoclastogenesisic bone disease.

Lannea Acida A. Rich

Lannea Acida A. Rich.(Anacardiaceae) Ethanol Exhibits Estrogenic effects And prevents bone Loss In An Ovariectomized Rat Model Of osteoporosis

Phytoestrogens have been shown to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lannea acida is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Cameroon to treat infertility, gynaecological complaints, and rheumatism. These uses prompted us to evaluate estrogenic activity of Lannea acida bark ethanolic extract and its antiosteoporotic potential in ovariectomized Wistar rats. In vitro, the E-screen assay was used to assess the ability of L. acida extract to induce MCF-7 cells proliferation. In vivo, a 3-day uterotrophic assay and a 12-week oral treatment in ovariectomized adult rats were carried out to evaluate the ability of L. acida extract to prevent bone mass loss. L. acida extract induced MCF-7 cell proliferation. In vivo, it significantly increased the uterine wet weight, uterine and vaginal epithelial heights, and mammary glands differentiation. At 200 mg/kg, a long-term treatment with the extract prevented body weight gain (p < 0.05) and loss of bone mass and/or density (p < 0.05) induced by ovariectomy.

Also, a significant (p < 0.001) decrease of alkaline phosphatase activity was observed with 50 mg/kg. L. acida extract improved bone microarchitecture and could restore normal bone mineral ization by increasing the inorganic phosphorus and calcium level in bone. These findings provide evidence that Lannea acida is a potential alternative for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Lepidium Meyenii Walp

effect Of Ethanol Of Lepidium Meyenii Walp. On osteoporosis In Ovariectomized Rat

Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) is a cruciferous plant from the Andes of Peru. The root of Maca is traditionally employed for its supposed properties in aphrodisiacs and improving fertility, it also has been widely used to help alleviate the symptoms of menopause. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of Maca on postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham-operated and ovariectomized groups were fed with equivolume of distilled water, and the remaining ovariectomized groups were orally administrated with ethanol extract of Maca at 0.096 and 0.24 g/kg for 28 weeks. The findings derived from the basis of bone mineral density , biomechanical, biochemical and histopathological parameters indicated that higher dose of ethanol extract of Maca was effective in the prevention of estrogen deficient bone loss.

Loquat

Inhibitory effects of the Leaves of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) on bone mineral density Loss in Ovariectomized Mice and Osteoclast Differentiation

The loquat, Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae), is a small tree native to Japan and China that is widely cultivated for its succulent fruit. Its leaves are used as an ingredient of a tasty tea called “Biwa cha” in Japanese. The anti-osteoporosis effects of the leaves of loquat in vitro and in vivo have been investigated. After 15 days of feeding normal diet or diet supplemented with 5% loquat leaves, the body weight, viscera weights, and bone mineral density (BMD) of both groups of eight ovariectomized (OVX) mice were compared. The result showed that the loss of BMD in loquat-fed mice was significantly prevented in three parts of the body, especially in the trabecular bone of the head (P < 0.05), abdomen (P < 0.01), and lumbar (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. No hypertrophy in the uterus by the loquat leaves diet was observed.

The effect of the extract (447.25 g) prepared from the dried leaves of loquat (2.36 kg) was further studied on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis differentiation and cell viability. The extract suppressed the differentiation of osteoclasts under 50, 125, 250, and 500 μg/mL. Through bioactivity -guided fractionation, ursolic acid (1) was isolated and inhibited osteoclastogenesis differentiation under 4 and 10 μg/mL. It was concluded that loquat leaves possess the potential to suppress ovariectomy-induced bone mineral density deterioration .

lotus seed and leaves

Polysaccharides isolated from lotus leaves (LLEP) exert anti-osteoporotic effects by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis ogenesis

Nelumbo nucifera, more commonly known as the Indian lotus, is an important plant that has been incorporated into traditional herbal remedies along the years. Even today, lotus leaves are considered reservoirs for bioactive compounds that can be used as nutritional supplements to treat various human diseases. However, despite the wide ranging biological activities of lotus polysaccharides, limited information is available regarding the anti-osteoporotic effects of these substances. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of pectinase-assisted extractable polysaccharides from lotus leaves (LLEP) on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and osteoclastogenesis differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. We found that LLEP markedly inhibited receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. It also revoked RANKL-induced activation of osteoclastogenesis ogenic signals such as the expression of key transcription factors (i.e., c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1), resulting in a decrement in osteoclastogenesis -specific marker gene expressions.

Microcomputed tomography and morphometric analysis revealed that a four-week oral administration of LLEP notably decreased trabecular bone loss. Taken together, our results suggest that LLEP can mitigate estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis, which makes it an excellent candidate for combating osteoporosis.

Lycii folium s

effects of Lycii fructus and Lycii folium s on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats

The effects of Lycii fructus and Lycii folium on osteoporosis and serum cholesterol levels were tested in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham group (sham-operated), Control group (OVX, ovariectomized model), LCF group (Ovx+Lycii fructus extract), and LCL group (OVX+Lycium folium extract). After 8 weeks, the OVX ( g), LCF ( g), and LCL ( g) groups showed increased body weight compared with sham group ( g). The levels of serum osteocalcin (OC) also increased in the LCF ( ng/mL) and LCL ( ng/mL) groups compared with the OVX group ( ng/mL). The activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased in the LCF ( U/L) and LCL ( ng/mL) groups compared with the OVX group ( U/L). Stereomicroscopy found that the low bone density that developed in the OVX group was significantly reversed in the LCF and LCL groups after 8 weeks. We also obtained molecular-based in vivo evidence that supports a mechanism of action involving novel estrogen receptor () modulator in the uterus.

We found that expression of ER mRNA in the OVX rat uterus was elevated by Lycium chinense. These results suggest that Lycii fructus and Lycii folium administered to rats during 8 weeks after oophorectomy may partially recover postmenopausal osteoporosis or delay the progression of osteoporotic changes.

Lycii Fructus

effects Of The Herbal-Acupuncture With Lycii Fructus At Ki10 (Eumgok) On osteoporosis In Ovariectomized Ddy Mice

Objective & Methods: The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of herbal-acupuncture with Lycii Fructus (LF-HA) at KI10 (Eumgok) on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) ddy mice. We carried out several experimental items which were known to be related with osteoporosis.

Results: 1. Tibial BMD was significantly increased in the LF-HA group. 2. Tibial Ca level was significantly increased in the LF-HA group. 3. Osteoclast like cell in tibia was significantly decreased in the LF-HA group. 4. Histological change of tibia was improved, the trabecular bone thickness was significantly increased and the growth plate length was significantly decreased in the LF-HA group.

Conclusion: These results suggest that LF-HA at KI10 has therapeutic effects on osteoporosis especially by way of suppressing osteoclastogenesis cells in ovariectomized ddy mice.

Lycii Radicis Cortex

Anti-Osteoporotic effects Of Kukoamine B Isolated From Lycii Radicis Cortex On osteoblast And Osteoclast cells And Ovariectomized osteoporosis Model Mice

Osteoporosis is an abnormal bone remodeling condition characterized by decreased bone density , which leads to high risks of fracture . Previous study has demonstrated that Lycii Radicis Cortex (LRC) extract inhibits bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice by enhancing osteoblast differentiation. A bioactive compound, kukoamine B (KB), was identified from fractionation of an LRC extract as a candidate component responsible for an anti-osteoporotic effect . This study investigated the anti-osteoporotic effects of KB using in vitro and in vivo osteoporosis models. KB treatment significantly increased the osteoblastic differentiation and mineral ized nodule formation of osteoblast ic MC3T3-E1 cells , while it significantly decreased the osteoclastogenesis differentiation of primary-cultured monocytes derived from mouse bone marrow. The effects of KB on osteoblast ic and osteoclastogenesisic differentiations under more physiological conditions were also examined. In the co-culture of MC3T3-E1 cells and monocytes, KB promoted osteoblast differentiation but did not affect osteoclastogenesis differentiation. In vivo experiments revealed that KB significantly inhibited OVX-induced bone mineral density loss and restored the impaired bone structural properties in osteoporosis model mice. These results suggest that KB may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Lycium barbarum

Biological activities and potential health benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L.

Recently, isolation and investigation of novel ingredients with biological activities and health benefit effects from natural resources have attracted a great deal of attention. The fruit of Lycium barbarum L., a well-known Chinese herbal medicine as well as valuable nourishing tonic, has been used historically as antipyretic, anti-inflammation and anti-senile agent for thousands of years. Modern pharmacological experiments have proved that polysaccharide is one of the major ingredients responsible for those biological activities in L. barbarum.

It has been demonstrated that L. barbarum polysaccharides had various important biological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulation, antitumor, neuroprotection, radioprotection, anti-diabetes, hepatoprotection, anti-osteoporosis and antifatigue. The purpose of the present review is to summarize previous and current references regarding biological activities as well as potential health benefits of L. barbarum polysaccharides.

Magnoliae Flos

Extract Of Magnoliae Flos Inhibits Ovariectomy-Induced osteoporosis By Blocking Osteoclastogenesis And Reducing Osteoclast-Mediated bone resorption

Bone homeostasis is maintained by a balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Osteoporosis occurs when osteoclastogenesis activity surpasses osteoblast activity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate osteoclastogenesis differentiation and activity by increasing production of macrophage-colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). In this study, we investigated whether Magnoliae Flos (MF), one of the most commonly used Chinese medicinal herbs for managing rhinitis, sinusitis and headache, could effectively inhibit osteoporosis. In ovariectomized (OVX) mice compared to sham mice, the body weight increased and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b, calcium, and osteocalcin were significantly elevated.

However, orally administrated MF extract substantially inhibited the increased body weight and serum levels of bone turnover markers, without any evidence of tissue toxicity. MF extract treatment significantly reversed the morphometric parameters of ovariectomy-induced bone loss, including trabecular bone volume, thickness, number, separation, and bone density, to almost the same levels of the sham mice. Furthermore, MF extract reduced the RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis differentiation and bone resorption by inhibiting the activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsin K in mouse bone marrow macrophages. MF extract appeared to increase ALP activity in murine osteoblastic cells. Taken together, MF extract may be a beneficial supplement for the blockade of osteoporosis progression, particularly for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Marine Algae

Marine Algae Attenuated osteoporosis In Ovx Mice, Enhanced osteogenesis On Human mesenchymal stem cells And promoted Opg Expression

osteoporosis is an aging disease that weakens bones and increases risks of sudden and unexpected fractures.  Effects of Marine Algae Extract (MAE) on bone formation and resorption remain unknown. We investigated whether MAE could enhance anti-osteoporosis and induce bone formation by using ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model and cultured human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs ). With calcium content and other mineral elements, MAE attenuated osteoporosis by increasing secretions of osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in serum in OVX mice and resulted in the increasing level of the ratio of OPG to RANKL (P < .05, n = 3–5). MAE treatment 800 mg/kg also can reduce the gain of body weight in OVX mice about 10%.

In vitro, MAE enhanced human MSCs osteogenic differentiation and inhibited adipogenesis via upregulation of transcriptional level of OPG (Day 4, P < .05, n = 3; Day 7, P < .001, n = 3). In conclusion, MAE has potential to prevent osteoporosis in vivo and in vitro.

Melons

protective effects of Melons on bone strength , mineral ization, and Metabolism in Rats with Ovariectomy-Induced osteoporosis

A polyphenolic extract from melon (Cucumis melo L.), as a potential source of natural antioxidants, has been reported to have a positive effect on osteoblast activity . In this study, the protective effects of heat-treated melon extract (ECO-A) on bone strength , mineralization, and metabolism were examined in osteoporotic rat models. osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomy (OVX) in female rats and then maintained for 8 weeks, along with the ingestion of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, OVXP) or ECO-A (OVXE) for an additional 4 weeks. At a pre-determined timepoint, bone strengths, as well as bone mineral contents (BMC) and the density (BMD) of femurs and/or lumbar spines extracted from each animal, were measured by a mechanical test and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Moreover, several biochemical markers for bone turnover were analyzed by respective colorimetric assay kits in addition to clinical analyses.

The maximum load and stiffness of femurs from the OVXE group were found to be significantly higher than the other groups. Furthermore, the OVXE group showed significantly higher BMC, BMD, and bone volume than the OVX and OVXP groups, which were comparable to the non-OVX (sham) group. The levels of bone formation and resorption markers in the OVXE group were similar to the sham group, but significantly different from other groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that ECO-A can play potentially positive role s in the protection of bone loss in rats with OVX-induced osteoporosis.

Milk Thistle

Antiosteoclastogenesisic activity Of Milk Thistle After Ovariectomy To Suppress Estrogen Deficiency-Induced osteoporosis

Bone integrity abnormality and imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts are known to result in metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Silymarin-rich milk thistle extract (MTE) and its component silibinin enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts but reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity of osteoclasts. The osteoprotective effects of MTE were comparable to those of estrogenic isoflavone. Low-dose combination of MTE and isoflavone had a pharmacological synergy that may be useful for osteogenic activity . This study attempted to reveal the suppressive effects of MTE on bone loss. C57BL/6 female mice were ovariectomized (OVX) as a model for postmenopausal osteopenia and orally administered 10 mg/kg MTE or silibinin for 8 weeks.

The sham-operated mice served as estrogen controls. The treatment of ovariectomized mice with nontoxic MTE and silibinin improved femoral bone mineral density and serum receptor activator of nuclear factor- κB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio, an index of osteoclastogenesis ogenic stimulus. In addition, the administration of MTE or silibinin inhibited femoral bone loss induced by ovariectomy and suppressed femoral TRAP activity and cathepsin K induction responsible for osteoclastogenesis ogenesis and bone resorption. Collectively, oral dosage of MTE containing silibinin in the preclinical setting is effective in preventing estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss.

Monascus

effects Of Ethanol Of Monascus On osteoporosis In Ovariectomized Rats

This experiment established the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis and examined the effect of the oral administration of different dosages of dioscorea, red mold dioscorea (RMD), and soy isoflavones on bone mineral density (BMD). Three months after osteoporosis had been induced and 4 weeks after feeding had begun, the tibia and femur BMD of OVX rats administered RMD showed significant increases compared with that of all other groups of OVX rats. Closer examination using microcomputed tomography also revealed that the RMD-administered rats had denser trabecular bone volume and a higher trabecular number compared to all other rat groups.

Reconstructed 3D imaging indicated increases in cancellous bone mineral content, cancellous bone mineral density, and cortical bone mineral content of the proximal tibia in OVX rats. These findings indicate that administration of monacolin K and phytoestrogen diosgenin could prevent bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency.

Morinda Citrifolia L. Leaf

Morinda Citrifolia L. Leaf Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia And osteoporosis In An In Vivo Experimental Model Of Menopause to

We aimed to determine the protective effects against cerebral ischemia and osteoporosis of Morinda citrifolia extract in experimental menopause. The neuroprotective effect was assessed by giving M. citrifolia leaf extract at doses of 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg BW to the bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) rats for 7 days. Then, they were occluded in the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 90 minutes. The neurological score, brain infarction volume, oxidative stress status, and ERK1/2 and eNOS activities were assessed 24 hours later. M. citrifolia improved neurological score, brain infarction, and brain oxidative stress status in the cortex of OVX rats plus the MCAO. No changes in ERK 1/2 signal pathway and NOS expression were observed in this area. Our data suggested that the neuroprotective effect of the extract might occur partly via the improvement of oxidative stress status in the cortex.

The antiosteoporotic effect in OVX rats was also assessed after an 84-day intervention of M. citrifolia. The serum levels of calcium, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase and osteoblast density in the tibia were increased, but the density of osteoclastogenesis was decreased in OVX rats which received the extract. Therefore, the current data suggested that the extract possessed antiosteoporotic effect by increasing bone formation but decreasing bone resorption.

Morinda officinalis

protective effect of polysaccharides from morinda officinalis on bone loss in ovariectomized rats

In order to examine the effect of polysaccharides from morinda officinalis (MOP) on bone quality of osteoporosis rats. The osteoporosis in rats was induced by ovariectomy, and MOP (100 or 300 mg/kg) was orally administrated once daily. The animals were assessed 30 days after the operation for bone mineral density , serum cytokines level and mineral element concentration. MOP administration in rats resulted in an increase in bone mineral density and mineral element concentration, a decrease in serum cytokines level, which indicated that MOP administration may play an important role in the development of osteoporosis.

mulberry

effect of the mixture of mulberry leaf powder and KGM flour on promoting calcium absorption and bone mineral density in vivo

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn

Polysaccharides isolated from lotus leaves (LLEP) exert anti-osteoporotic effects by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis ogenesis

Nelumbo nucifera, more commonly known as the Indian lotus, is an important plant that has been incorporated into traditional herbal remedies along the years. Even today, lotus leaves are considered reservoirs for bioactive compounds that can be used as nutritional supplements to treat various human diseases.

However, despite the wide ranging biological activities of lotus polysaccharides, limited information is available regarding the anti-osteoporotic effects of these substances. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of pectinase-assisted extractable polysaccharides from lotus leaves (LLEP) on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and osteoclastogenesis differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. We found that LLEP markedly inhibited receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. It also revoked RANKL-induced activation of osteoclastogenesis ogenic signals such as the expression of key transcription factors (i.e., c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1), resulting in a decrement in osteoclastogenesis -specific marker gene expressions.

Microcomputed tomography and morphometric analysis revealed that a four-week oral administration of LLEP notably decreased trabecular bone loss. Taken together, our results suggest that LLEP can mitigate estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis, which makes it an excellent candidate for combating osteoporosis.

Notopterygium Incisum Ting Ex Ht Chang

Anti-osteoporosis effect Of Notopterygium Incisum Ting Ex Ht Chang In Rats

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T. Chang extract (NICE) on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats.

Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a normal group (control) and five ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups: OVX with vehicle (OVX), OVX with positive control drug alendronate sodium tablets (1.8 mg/kg/week), and OVX with varying NICE doses (45, 90, or 180 mg/kg/day). After rats were subjected to ovariectomy for 4 weeks, alendronate or NICE were administered orally daily for 16 weeks. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the L4 vertebrae and right femurs of all rats was estimated. The serum hormones estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC) and telopeptides of collagen type I (CTx) levels of rats were detrmined.

Results: The results show that NICE dose-dependently inhibited bone mineral density (BMD) reduction of L4 vertebrae and femurs (p < 0.05).Compared with OVX group, serum E2, FSH and LH levels was significantly increased in osteoporosis rats (p < 0.01), but serum ALP, CTx, and OC concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.05). On the other hand, bone trabeculae in the three NICE groups and nilestriol group were all wider, while the space and connections increased.

Conclusion: These findings indicate that NICE mitigates OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats, and hence can potentially be developed for the management of osteoporosis.

Olive Oil

Impact Of A Functionalized Olive Oil On The Uterus And The bone In A Model Of Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Oryza Sativa L. Japonica