PLUSH ‘BEAUTY BLEND’ (Skin Restoration & Anti Wrinkle)

Introducing

PLUSH

‘BEAUTY BLEND’

Youthful Skin Restoration Formula

The Ultimate Anti Wrinkle Agent

180+ Ingredients

200:1 Concentration

Directions: Megadose 1 tsp for 2-4 weeks a day in fresh squeezed grapefruit juice to allow it to build up in system. Maintenance dose after is 1/4-1/2 tsp a day.

INGREDIENTS & SCIENCE

acacetin

Safflower Seed Oil and Its Active Compound Acacetin Inhibit UV B –induced skin photoaging

ultraviolet (UV ) is one of the major factors harmful to skin health. irradiation with ultraviolet accelerates the decline of skin function, causing the skin to have deep wrinkles, dryness, decreased procollagen production, and degradation of collagen. Novel materials are needed to prevent the aging of the skin by blocking the effects of UV . Safflower seed oil (Charthamus tinctorius L., SSO) contains significantly high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and phytochemicals. SSO has been traditionally used in China, Japan, and Korea to improve skin and hair. Our objective in this study was to determine the effect of SSO and its active compound acacetin on UV B –induced skin photoaging in HaCaT cells and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). SSO inhibited UV B –induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP -1) at both protein and mRNA levels in HaCaT cells and HDF. MMP -1 is known to play important roles in collagen degradation and wrinkle formation.

Acacetin, a type of flavonoid, is present in SSO. Similar to SSO, acacetin also inhibited UV B –induced MMP -1 protein and mRNA levels in HaCaT cells and HDF. MMP -1 mRNA is primarily regulated by the mitogen –activated kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Acacetin regulated the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and c-jun, but did not inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, p38 and AKT. Taken together, these results indicate that SSO and its active compound acacetin can prevent UV B –induced MMP -1 expression, which leads to skin photoaging, and may therefore have therapeutic potential as an anti-wrinkle agent to improve skin health.

Acanthopanax senticosus 

anti-wrinkle Activity of Acanthopanax senticosus Extract in ultraviolet B (UV B )-induced photoaging

This study was performed to investigate anti-wrinkle effects of Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) on ultraviolet B (UV B )-induced photoaging with wrinkle formation. AS extract showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (3 $\mu g/mL$ as $I{C}_{50}$) and collagenase inhibition (1.52 mg/mL as $I{C}_{50}$) than those of ascorbic acid (50 $\mu g/mL$ and 2.17 mg/mL, respectively). Cell proliferation and type I pN collagen synthesis were increased by 11.4% and 96.4%, respectively, compared with non treatment control. In vivo, SKH-1 hairless mice were administrated AS 400 mg/kg for 10 weeks with UV B irradiation three times a week. After 10 weeks, a visual assessment and replica assay were performed on each mouse. According to visual assessment of close-up photos and skin replica, oral administration of A. senticosus affected on inhibition of wrinkle formation caused by UV B irradiation on the skin of mice as compared to the vehicle treated control mice.

These results indicated that A. senticosus could protect skin wrinkle formation caused by collagen synthesis of fibroblast cells and photo-irradiation of UV B in hairless mice.

Agastache rugosa 

Effect of anti-skin wrinkle and Antioxidant of Agastache rugosa Kentz through Fermentation Process of the lactic acid

This study was to investigate anti-skin wrinkle effect of Agastache rugosa Kentz extracts by extraction processes. In the comparison of the effect of the solvent extraction, the extracts by 70% ethanol (EE) showed better biological activities that those by hot water. Therefore, further fermented Agastache rugosa was applied to 70% ethanol extraction process (FEE). FEE showed higher DPPH scavenging activity of 62.98% than EE’s 62.71% at $1.0mg/m\ell$, but there was no significant. Elastase inhibition was measured 23.0% from FEE at $1.0mg/m\ell$. Cytotoxicity showed the highest 16.26% from FEE, this value is safe in the cell experiment. collagen production showed $113.1ng/m\ell$ from FEE, on the other hand EE was measured $77.4ng/m\ell$ in adding $1.0mg/m\ell$. MMP -1 production was observed $1398pg/m\ell$ from FEE and EE was measured $1632pg/m\ell$.

These results were found the highest Antioxidant and anti-wrinkle effect. As a result, it was also confirmed that anti-skin wrinkle activities of the Agastache rugosa Kentz extract was correlated with anti-oxidant activities.

Albizia lebbeck

Antiwrinkle herbal drugs

The largest part of human body is skin, which is also the outermost organ; it acts as a first line of defense of our body. After a certain period of time there is a gradual loss of skin elasticity and collagen fibres that we called aging . There are various signs of aging and one of them is skin wrinkling . When aging starts a fold or crease formed in the skin which is known as wrinkles or rhytide. wrinkles formation occurs due to weakening or loss of body mass or long time contact with water. collagen and elastin are primary structural components of our skin and it is essential to stop the breakdown of collagen to prevent ageing and wrinkles formation. There are different factors which enhance wrinkling and are sun damage, aging , smoking, lack of hydration , unnatural facial expressions, genetics and various other factors.

There are so many herbs available for treatment of wrinkles such as Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia), Sirish (Albizia lebbeck), Aloe vera, Cucumber (Curcumis sativum), Haberlea rhodopensis, Ginger (Zingiber officinalis), Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Honey etc. The present review article is a compilation of herbs used for treatment of skin wrinkles with all the necessary information regarding mechanism of action, availability etc.

Allium cepa 

Antibacterial, Antioxidative and antiaging effects of Allium cepa Peel Extracts

In this study, the antibacterial, Antioxidative and inhibitory effects of Allium cepa peel extracts on tyrosinase and elastase were investigated. MIC values of the ethyl acetate fraction of Allium cepa peel on especially, S. aureus among the skin resident flora (Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus; Propionibacterium acnes, P. acnes; Pityrosporum ovale, P. ovale; Escherichia coli, E. coli) were 0.06%. The aglycone fraction showed more excellent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH) scavenging activity (FSC50=5.05μg/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities (OSC50) of the ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction in the luminol-dependent Fe3+−EDTA/H2O2 system were 0.05 and 0.03μg/mL, respectively. The cellular protective effect of the aglycone fraction on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes exhibited more prominent (τ50, 480 min at 25μg/mL).

The inhibitory effects (IC50) of the ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction on tyrosinase were 9.16 and 8.68μg/mL, the inhibitory effect (IC50) of the aglycone fraction on elastase was 14.12μg/mL The transepidermal water loss of the cream containing 0.1% ethyl acetate fraction was decreased from 8.3g/m2h in control to 6.8g/m2h in the subjects applied with cream containing the ethyl acetate fraction.

These results indicate that extract/fractions of Allium cepa peel can function as Antioxidant in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging 1O2 and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS, and possibly as antiaging agent . Allium cepa peel extract could be used as a new cosmeceutical for whitening and anti-wrinkle products.

Aloe vera

Dietary Aloe Vera Supplementation improves Facial wrinkles and Elasticity and It Increases the Type I procollagen Gene Expression in human skin in vivo

aloin

Polyphenols: A Remedy for skin wrinkles

Emblica officinalis

effects of amla extract and collagen peptide on UV B–induced photoaging in hairless mice

Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) is a rich dietary source of vitamin C, minerals and amino acids, and also contains a wide variety of phenolic compounds. Amla has also been used as a principal constituent of many preparations of Ayurved, the Indian system of traditional medicine. Gelatin hydrolysate, also known as collagen peptide as a functional ingredient, is obtained from animal hide or fish scales. Ingestion of gelatin or collagen peptide affects various functions of the body, including bone, the achilles tendon, and skin.

However, there are few data on the effects of amla extract and collagen peptide on photoaging in vivo. In the present study, therefore, we administered amla extract and/or collagen peptide to hairless mice that were repeatedly exposed of UV B irradiation, and examined the resulting effects on photoaging.

Amla extract and collagen peptide suppressed the formation of 8-OHdG-positive cells and epidermal hyperplasia, and controlled skin hydration, thus reducing skin wrinkle formation in the mice. collagen peptide, but not amla extract, also enhanced the production of collagen. We demonstrated that amla extract and collagen peptide exerted an additive effect in ameliorating skin dehydration and wrinkle formation, suggesting that they were able to attenuate photoaging effectively in UV B -irradiated hairless mice.

Andrographolide sodium bisulfate 

Andrographolide Sodium Bisulfate Prevents UV–induced skin photoaging through Inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation

Andrographolide sodium bisulfate (ASB), a water-soluble form made from andrographolide through sulfonating reaction, is an Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug; however, the antiphotoaging effect of ASB has still not been revealed. oxidative stress and inflammation are known to be responsible for ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induced skin damage and consequently premature aging. In this study, we aimed at examining the effect of ASB on UV–induced skin photoaging of mice by physiological and histological analysis of skin and examination of skin Antioxidant enzymes and immunity analyses.

Results showed that topical administration of ASB suppressed the UV–induced skin thickness, elasticity, wrinkles, and water content, while ASB, especially at dose of 3.6 mg/mouse, increased the skin collagen content by about 53.17%, decreased the epidermal thickness by about 41.38%, and prevented the UV–induced disruption of collagen fibers and elastic fibers. Furthermore, ASB decreased MDA level by about 40.21% and upregulated the activities of SOD and CAT and downregulated the production of IL-1β, IL-6 , IL-10, and TNF-α in UV -irradiated mice. Our study confirmed the protective effect of ASB against UV–induced photoaging and initially indicated that this effect can be attributed to its Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo, suggesting that ASB may be a potential antiphotoaging agent.

Angelica sinensis

Anti-Photo aging effects of Angelica acutiloba Root Ethanol Extract in human dermal fibroblasts

The effects that ultraviolet rays elicit on collagen synthesis and degradation are the most common causes of wrinkle formation and photo-aging in skin. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Angelica acutiloba root ethanol extract (AAEE) to promote collagen synthesis and inhibit collagen degradation in human dermal fibroblasts . By examining total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, electron donating ability, radical scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase-like activity, we found that AAEE exhibited fairly good Antioxidant activity. Treatment with AAEE significantly increased type I procollagen production by cultured fibroblasts , as well as reduced ultraviolet –induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP -1) expression and MMP-2 activity in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In addition, AAEE significantly increased TIMP-1 mRNA expression (p < 0.05), although without an associated dose-dependent increase in TIMP-1 protein expression. In summary, we suggest that AAEE may be a potentially effective agent for the prevention or alleviation of skin–wrinkle formation induced by ultraviolet rays.

purple SWEET potato

The anthocyanin extracts from purple-fleshed sweet potato exhibited Anti-Photo aging effects on ultraviolent B-irradiated BALB/c-nu mouse skin

This study investigated the effect of anthocyanin extracts from purple-fleshed sweet potato (PSP-AE) on ultraviolet B (UV B)-induced skin photoaging in BALB/c-nu mice. UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis showed six compounds were identified from PSP-AE. Administration of PSP-AE ameliorated the UV B-irradiated macroscopic and histopathological lesions of the skin via suppressing epidermal hyperplasia and collagen degradation, while improving the content of skin moisture and hydroxyproline.

Additionally, PSP-AE inhibited the UV B–induced oxidative stress and increased the Antioxidant enzyme activities. Results showed PSP-AE inhibited the UV B -irradiated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed PSP-AE remarkably decreased the protein levels of phosphorylated c-Jun-Nterminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38. Likewise, UV B induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B and the expression of matrix metalloprotein ase 1 were diminished by pretreatment of PSP-AE. Therefore, PSP-AE had the potential to attenuate the UV B-irradiated skin oxidative stress and inflammatory response.

Areca nut procyanidins

Areca nut procyanidins prevent ultraviolet light B-induced photoaging via suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloprotein ases in mouse skin

Chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV ) light induces photoaging in human skin. Our previous results have shown that areca nut procyanidins (ANPs) have Antioxidant capacity and possess potential anti-inflammatory effects . Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of ANPs on UV B –induced photoaging. In the present study, dorsal skin of CD-1 mice was exposed to UV B at a minimal erythema dose (130 mJ/cm²) throughout a 3-week period. The effects of ANPs and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenolic constituent of green tea, on UV B–induced photoaging were compared.

The results show that oral administration of ANP prevented UV B–induced photoaging, indicated by epidermal thickness and collagen disorientation, and inhibited UV B–induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloprotein ases (MMPs ), such as MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP1. The protective potential of ANP on UV B –induced photodamage was comparable to that of EGCG. These data suggest that ANP could be useful as a dietary supplement to attenuate solar UV B–induced premature skin aging.

Argan

The effect of dietary and/or cosmetic argan oil on postmenopausal skin elasticity

Argireline

The anti-wrinkle Efficacy of Argireline, a Synthetic Hexapeptide, in Chinese Subjects

Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus

Antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus extract

In this study, the Antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects of extracts from Aruncus diocius var. kamtschaticus (ADV) were investigated. According to the results, the ethanol extract has better Antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects than the water extract. The amounts of total polyphenol and flavonoid compounds in the ethanol extract were 122 and 36 mg/g, respectively, while those in the water extract were 87 and 26 mg/g. The Antioxidant activities of the ethanol and water extracts were 395 and 4,682 $\mu g/mL$ as the $R{C}_{50}$ values for the DPPH radical scavenging activity, and 227 and 366 $\mu g/mL$ for the $ABT{S}^{+}$ radical scavenging activity, respectively. The reducing power of the ethanol extract (1.58 at 2 mg/mL) was higher than that of the water extract (0.88 at 2 mg/mL). The astringent activities of the ethanol and water extracts were 91.27 and 16.35% at 10 mg/mL, respectively.

Furthermore, the ADV ethanol extract treatment of the fibroblast cell after UV irradiation resulted in increased cell viability (10% at 100 $\mu g/mL$) and collagen biosynthesis (33% at 100 $\mu g/mL$), with a lowering in the MMP -1 expression level (16.8 % at 100 $\mu g/mL$). These results demonstrate that AVD provides a remarkable and significant tensor and anti-wrinkling effect on the skin, which could be of a great use in anti-aging skin care products.

asiaticoside

Asiaticoside Supports collagen Production for Firmer skin

This chapter begins with the description of the chemical and pharmacological properties of asiaticoside. Asiaticoside, a saponin component that has been isolated from C. asiatica, induces type I collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblast cells. C. asiatica contains triterpenoids, essential oils, amino acids, and other compounds, such as vellarin. The terpenoids include asiaticoside, centelloside, madecassoside, brahmoside, brahminoside, thankuniside, and centellose, and asiatic, brahmic, centellic, and madecassic acids. Asiaticoside produces no side effects such as localized erythema or any kind of discomfort. Following this, the antibiotic character of asiaticoside, anti-herpes simplex virus activities of asiaticoside, wound-healing activity of asiaticoside, anxiolytic properties of asiaticoside, and the anti-wrinkle activity of asiaticoside are described.

Asiaticoside induced the phosphorylation of both Smad2 and Smad3. In addition, the asiaticoside-induced binding of Smad3 and Smad4 has also been detected. It is also demonstrated that treatment with asiaticoside induces the synthesis of type I collagen, and the mechanisms underlying its action may be mediated via a TGFβ receptor I kinase (TβRI kinase )-independent Smad activation pathway in cultured human dermal fibroblast cells. It is concluded that asiaticoside can induce the synthesis of type I collagen and that the mechanisms underlying its action are mediated via a TβRI kinase-independent Smad activation pathway.

Astaxanthin

Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin deterioration

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with potent Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin on skin deterioration, we confirmed its role in epidermal-dermal interactions in vitro. Astaxanthin treatment suppressed ultraviolet B (UV B)-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion in keratinocytes, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 secretion by fibroblasts cultured in UV B-irradiated keratinocyte medium.

To verify these findings, we conducted a 16-week clinical study with 65 healthy female participants. Participants were orally administered either a 6 mg or 12 mg dose of astaxanthin or a placebo. wrinkle parameters and skin moisture content significantly worsened in the placebo group after 16 weeks. However, significant changes did not occur in the astaxanthin groups. Interleukin-1α levels in the stratum corneum significantly increased in the placebo and low-dose groups but not in the high-dose group between weeks 0 and 16.

This study was performed in Japan from August to December, when changing environmental factors, such as UV and dryness, exacerbate skin deterioration. In conclusion, our study suggests that long-term prophylactic astaxanthin supplementation may inhibit age-related skin deterioration and maintain skin conditions associated with environmentally induced damage via its anti-inflammatory effect.

Astragalus membranaceus root

Inhibitory effect of Astragalus membranaceus root on matrix metalloproteinase-1 collagenase expression and procollagen destruction in ultraviolet B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts by suppressing nuclear factor kappa-B activity

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.

Formulation and in vitro evaluation of the topical antiageing preparation of the fruit of Benincasa hispida

ageing is the phase of gradual decline of body efficiency and metabolic activities after reaching a maturity stage. Free radicals cause oxidative alterations in collagen, elastin material and changes in membrane characteristics and induce polymerization reactions. Use of topical Antioxidant s can overcome some of these effects and retard actinic ageing . Herbal products are popular due to their minimum risk of side-effects with maximum efficacy. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antiageing potential of Benincasa hispida fruit extract as not many scientific studies have been carried out to explore its utility as skin renewal enhancer and as an Antioxidant.

After removing the outer layer and the seeds, the fruit pulp was dried. The dried fruit pulp was extracted successively with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by Soxhlation for 2 days. Methanol was recovered under vacuum and a dry extract was obtained (yield 4.2% w/w), which was stored in a desiccator. Suitable topical cream base for effective carriage of fruit extract was developed and its in vitro evaluation for skin renewal activity was tested by application to the stratum corneum of human cadaver skin and by dansyl chloride fluorescence method.

The results show that the cream prepared from Benincasa fruit extract may prove as an antiageing preparation and can be used for retarding the symptoms of ageing.

beta-carotene

anti-wrinkle Activity of β-carotene Extracted & Purified from Recombinant Escherichia coli

This paper described the extraction/purification of $\beta$-carotene from recombinant E.coli and evaluation of anti-wrinkle activity of purified $\beta$-carotene. No significant differences in extraction yields were observed when hexane or isobutyl acetate was used. However, extraction from wet-cell cake resulted in 2-fold higher amount of $\beta$-carotene than that from dry cells. Disruption of 5 g-wet cells by ultrasonic homogenizer, acetone dehydration, extraction with isobutyl acetate resulted in 36 mg of $\beta$-carotene corresponding to 61.2% of recovery.

The formation and separation of $\beta$-carotene crystal improved the purity. 633 mg of $\beta$-carotene crystal with 93% purity was obtained from 223 g/L of wet-cell cake harvested from 2.5-L fed-batch culture broth. The cultures of normal human primary fibroblast were performed to investigate the effect of $\beta$-carotene on cytotoxicity as MTT assay and anti-wrinkle activity as collagen synthesis assays. $1.7\mu M$ of $\beta$-carotene was found to be optimal concentration at which 1.4-fold higher amount of collagen was synthesized than that in absence of $\beta$-carotene. This indicates that highly purified $\beta$-carotene can be obtained from recombinant E.coli by applying simple method with less toxic solvent and can be used in functional cosmetic s as anti-wrinkle agent.

Betaine

Orally administered betaine reduces photodamage caused by UV B irradiation through the regulation of matrix metalloprotein ase-9 activity in hairless mice

Betaine is widely distributed in plants, microorganisms, in several types of food and in medical herbs, including Lycium chinense. The administration of 100 mg betaine/kg body weight/day is an effective strategy for preventing ultraviolet irradiation‑induced skin damage. The present study aimed to determine the preventive effects of betaine on ultraviolet B (UV B) irradiation‑induced skin damage in hairless mice. The mice were divided into three groups: Control (n=5), UV B‑treated vehicle (n=5) and UV B‑treated betaine (n=5) groups. The level of irradiation was progressively increased between 60 mJ/cm2 per exposure at week 1 (one minimal erythematous dose = 60 mJ/cm2) and 90 mJ/cm2 per exposure at week 7.

The formation of wrinkles significantly increased following UV B exposure in the UV B‑treated vehicle group. However, treatment with betaine suppressed UV B‑induced wrinkle formation, as determined by the mean length, mean depth, number, epidermal thickness and collagen damage. Furthermore, oral administration of betaine also inhibited the UV B‑induced expression of mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK), and matrix metalloprotein ase‑9 (MMP‑9).

These findings suggested that betaine inhibits UV B‑induced skin damage by suppressing increased expression of MMP‑9 through the inhibition of MEK and ERK.

Bletilla striata

anti-aging effect of polysaccharide from Bletilla striata on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

blueberry（anthocyanIN)）

Inhibitory Activity of Blueberries on UV B–induced oxidative stress and Matrix Metalloprotein ase Expression in human skin fibroblasts

Intermediate-wavelength solar radiation, also known as ultraviolet B (UV B: 290-320 nm) radiation, may cause premature aging and oxidative damage-dependent skin cancer in humans. UV B–induced formation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) often a consequence of excessive exposure to these rays could activate matrix metalloprotein ases (MMPs ) such as MMP-1 and MMP-3. These enzymes break down type I collagen in human fibroblasts.

In this study, we assessed the Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of ethyl acetate extract of blueberry (EEB). An antioxidant test in blueberries evaluated ROS production using CCD-986sk cells and DPPH assay. In order to evaluate the anti-wrinkle efficacy of blueberries, the MMP-1 production and type 1 procollagen synthesis evaluated and the expression of MMP 1, 3 were tested through Western blot and RT- PCR. EEB exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reduced the production of UV B–induced ROS. Also, EEB inhibited UV B–induced processes associated with photoaging and skin cancer, such as reduction in procollagen production and increase in MMP-1 production. More precisely, EEB (50 μg/ml) mark-edly suppressed mRNA and protein levels of MMP -1 and -3. The anti-aging effects are attributable to the Antioxidant activity of EEB. These findings indicate that EEB has a protective effect against UV B–induced aging in human fibroblast cells by regulating the levels of type-1 procollagen, MMP-1, and MMP-3.

Boesenbergia pandurata

oral intake of Boesenbergia pandurata extract improves skin hydration , gloss , and wrinkling: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study

Bouea macrophylla

The Anti-Photo aging and moisturizing effects of Bouea macrophylla extract in UV B-irradiated hairless mice

Ultraviolet (UV) light, a main cause of photoaging, leads to collapse of skin structure, resulting in wrinkle formation and dehydration. The present study assessed the Anti-Photo aging and moisturizing effects of Bouea macrophylla extract (BRE). UV B-irradiated hairless mice were orally administered with BME (300 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. BME ameliorated wrinkle formation, skin thickening, and inelasticity. BME upregulated COL1A1, COL3A1, COL4A1, and COL7A1 mRNA levels through activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway, thereby recovering the content of collagen reduced by UV B.

Further, BME suppressed UV B–induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP )-3 and MMP -13 expression and inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity by mediating the mitogen–activated protein kinase (MAPKs)/activator protein-1 (AP-1). BME improved moisture content by stimulating the expression of cornified envelope proteins and filaggrin-processing enzymes. Overall, the results show that BME prevents photoaging and promotes moisturization in UV B-irradiated hairless mice, suggesting its potential as a nutraceutical candidate for Anti-Photo aging and moisturizing effects.

Brassica juncea L. Czern.

Antioxidant Activity, Whitening and anti-wrinkle effects of Leaf and Seed Extracts of Brassica juncea L. Czern

Purpose: This study is to evaluate biological activity of leaf and seed extracts of Brassica juncea L and examine their utility value as cosmetic ingredients.

Methods: Total polyphenol, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and inhibition activities of tyrosinase and elastase were measured to evaluate biological activity of leaf and seed extracts of Brassica juncea L. Czern.(EtOH). In addition, to investigate the Antioxidant effect and enzyme inhibition activities in relation to concentrations, correlation of different concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL of each extract were comparatively analyzed.

Results: The highest total polyphenol contents of leaf and seed extracts of Brassica juncea L (50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) were 15.03 and 27.72 mg TAE/g, respectively, while the total flavonoid contents were 58.84 and 126.75 mg QE/g, respectively. The DPPH scavenging effect was confirmed as 65.26% in leaf extracts and 83.17% in seed extracts, while the ABTS radical scavenging effect was confirmed as 47.06% in leaf extracts and 60.57% in seed extracts. As a result of evaluation of biological activity analysis on Antioxidant effect, the activity in seed was higher than the activity in leaf, and a positive correlation was indicated as highest activities were shown in the concentration of 200 mg/mL for both leaf and seed. The highest inhibition activities of tyrosinase were 22.33% and 36.58%, respectively, while the inhibition activities of elastase were 33.45% and 40.21%, respectively. In leaf extracts, the inhibition activities of tyrosinase and elastase increased as the concentration increased, while in seed extract, the inhibition activities of elastase increased as the concentration increased, but the inhibition activities decreased when the concentration of the extract reached above a certain level.

Conclusion: The results of the study confirmed leaf and seed extracts of Brassica juncea L. Czern. have excellent Antioxidant effect and inhibition effect on activities of tyrosinase and elastase, and their utility value as cosmetic ingredients would be high.

Breviscapin

Protective Effect of oral Breviscapin on UV–induced skin photoaging in Sprague-Dawley

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms of breviscapin against skin photoaging, and provide laboratory data for treatment of photoaging diseases.

Methods: Healthy Sprague-Dawley rat were divided into six groups randomly and gavaged respectively. They were negative control (GroupA), model (GroupB), model+VitE 30mg/kg(GroupC), model+low-breviscapin 35mg/kg(GroupD), model+medium-Breviscapin 70mg/kg (GroupE), model+high breviscapin 140mg/kg(GroupF). The Sprague-Dawley rat were irradiated to stimulate skin photoageing by ultraviolet irradiation (UV A and UV B ), as well as by visual inspection,and the immunohistochemical expression profiles of NF-κB and PCNA in the skin of rat skin were examined by S-P staining.

Results: GroupE and GroupF significantly prevented wrinkle formation in part of photoaging-characteristics including skin erythema, desquamating, wrinkling and those photoaging characteristics were lighten by comparing with model group. The expression of NF-κB and PCNA was significantly lower in GroupD, GroupE and GroupF than GroupB. There was little difference of expression of NF-κB, PCNA between GroupB and GroupD, also between groupE and Group F, but there was no statistical difference(P0.05).

Conclusion: Significant correlation was found between the high expression of NF-κB, PCNA and the skin photoaging. We thought that Breviscapine might play the role of Anti-Photo aging by decreasing the expression of the PCNA,inhibiting the proliferation of epidermal cell,and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB,and then down regulating the composition of mediators of inflammation.

Calendula officinalis L.

Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging

Skin aging involves degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in both the epidermal and dermal layers, it leaves visible signs on the surface of skin and the physical properties of the skin are modified. Chrono-logical aging is due to passage of time, whereas premature aging occurred due to some environmental factors on skin produces visible signs such as irregular dryness, dark/light pigmentation, sallowness, severe atrophy, telangiectases, premalignant lesions, laxity, leathery appearance and deep wrinkling.

There are several synthetic skincare cosmetic s existing in the market to treat premature aging and the most common adverse reactions of those include allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, phototoxic and photo-allergic reactions. Recent trends in anti-aging research projected the use of natu-ral products derived from ancient era after scientific validation. Ample varieties of phytomolecules such as aloin, ginsenoside, curcumin, epicatechin, asiaticoside, ziyuglycoside I, magnolol, gallic acid, hydrox-ychavicol, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, etc. scavenges free radicals from skin cells, prevent trans-epidermal water loss, include a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher contribute to protect skin from wrinkles, leading to glowing and healthy younger skin.

Present era of treating aging skin has become technologically more invasive; but herbal products including botanicals are still relevant and combining them with molecular techniques outlined throughout this review will help to maximize the results and maintain the desired anti-skin aging benefits.

Camphor 

Camphor Induces Proliferative and Anti-senescence Activities in human Primary dermal fibroblasts and Inhibits UV–induced wrinkle formation in Mouse skin

Camphor, a bicyclic monoterpene, is one of the major constituents of essential oils from various herbs such as rosemary, lavender, and sage. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of camphor as a botanical ingredient in cosmetics. Camphor induced the proliferation of human primary dermal fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner via the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Camphor attenuated the elevation of senescence associated with β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. Elastase activity decreased, while the total amount of collagen increased, in a dose- and time-dependent manner in human primary dermal fibroblasts treated with camphor.

Camphor induced the expression of collagen IA, collagen IIIA, collagen IVA, and elastin in human primary dermal fibroblasts. In addition, posttreatment with 26 and 52 mM camphor for 2 weeks led to a significant reduction in the expression of MMP 1 but increases in the expression of collagen IA, IIIA, and elastin in mouse skin exposed to UV for 4 weeks. These posttreatments also reduced the depths of the epidermis and subcutaneous fat layer in UV-exposed mouse skin.

Taken together, these findings suggest camphor to be a potent wound healing and Antiwrinkle agent with considerable potential for use in cosmeceuticals.

carcinine

Treatment of skin aging and photoaging with Innovative oral Dosage Forms of Non-Hydrolized Carnosine and Carcinine

Aging is a multifactorial process resulting in several functional and esthetic changes in the skin. Advances in research have yielded a tremendous amount of information on the molecular pathways involved in both intrinsic aging (natural ) and extrin-sic aging (including photoaging). Some of the characteristic features of aging skin, such as wrinkling, loss of elasticity, and atrophy, can largely be attributed to dermal changes. The amount of collagen in the skin decreases, while the cross linking increases, and the solubility of collagen is reduced. The role of fibroblasts in aging tissue has been most extensively studied in mammalian skin. The total number of fibroblasts decreases, and their metabolism shows characteristic alterations.The dermis is maintained in large part by fibroblasts, which secrete dermal collagens, elastin, and other extracellular matrix components. When the skin is wounded, fibroblasts secrete proteases to degrade the wounded matrix, and then synthesize new matrix. The fibroblasts also secrete growth factors to stimulate the keratinocytes to proliferate and close the wound and cytokines to attract macrophages to engulf and degrade debris.

Stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) occurs after many different sublethal stresses including a number of oxidation factors, such as H2O2, hyperoxia, or organic and lipid hydroperoxides. Fibroblast cells in replicative senescence share common features with cells in SIPS: morphology, senescence -associated beta-galactosidase ac-tivity, cell cycle regulation, gene expression and telomere shortening. Most human cells lack sufficient telomerase to maintain telomeres, hence these genetic elements shorten with time and stress, contributing to aging and disease. We systematically examine the evidence supporting the use of dosage forms of non-hydrolized carnosine or carcinine in oral formulations for skin beautification purposes and provide a summary of the biomarkers of intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging, including photoaging.  Senescence phenotype of human diploid fibroblasts is related with the exhaustion of their proliferative potential.

This work suggests that different cell types, such as human skin fibroblasts , may use specific cellular treatment strategies with imidazole-containing dipeptides to halt the accelerated senescence of the fibroblast cells in response to telomere attrition and thus prevent skin aging through the number of biologically viable and safe metabolic pathways. The published data demon-strate that telomerase is expressed in the epidermis in situ independent of age.

The reason for the sustained telomere length or expression of telomerase activity in the epidermis is associated not only with an increased turnover of keratinocytes, but also occurs due to the fact that the formation of a well structured epidermis strictly depends on a tight balance between pro–liferation and differentiation. oral dosage forms of non-hydrolized carnosine or carcinine induce cellular responses in human skin fibroblasts through the telomere-mediated pathway and redox signaling, supporting the view that carnosine or related imidazole-containing dipeptide based compound-induced hormetic stimulation of cellular Antioxidant defenses can be a use–ful approach toward anti-aging intervention to the skin.

carnosic acid

Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene from rosemary, prevents UV–induced expression of matrix metalloprotein ases in human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces photoageing through the up-regulation of matrix metalloprotein ases (MMPs ) and subsequent breakdown of extracellular matrices. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation play central roles in UV–induced MMP expression through initiating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)–mediated AP-1 signalling. We aimed to explore the effects of carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic diterpene from rosemary, on UV–induced MMP expression in human skin cells. Molecular mechanism underlying the effects of CA was also examined in the aspect of MMP expression, ERK /AP-1 pathway, ROS generation and EGFR activation.

Human dermal fibroblast cell line (Hs68), primary normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) were employed, and antiphotoageing effects of CA were assessed by Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme assays. CA significantly inhibited UV A- and UV B –induced expression of MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 in a concentration-dependent manner in Hs68 cells. UV B–induced ERK activation and the formation of transcription factor, AP-1, were significantly suppressed by CA. Among the upstream events of MMP expression, UV B–induced ROS generation was attenuated by CA, while EGFR activation was not affected. Confirming the antiphotoageing effects of CA through the suppression of UV–induced ROS generation, UV B-enhanced GADD45 expression, a marker for oxidative DNA damages was significantly reduced by CA.

Inhibitory effects of CA on UV B–induced MMP expression could be also seen in HDFs and HEKs. Collectively, our study demonstrates that CA inhibits the UV-enhanced MMPs in human skin cells through the inhibition of ROS and the suppression of ERK/AP-1 activation.

Carthamus tinctorius L.

anti-wrinkle Effect of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seed Extract

Phytoestrogens derived from plants and foods, which are diphenolic compounds with structural similarities to natural and synthetic estrogens, have been shown to estrogenic and antiestrogenic actions. Particularly, recent study revealed that phenolic compounds in safflower seed, such as serotonin derivatives, lignans and flavonoids, could be acted as phytoestrogens. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extract (SID C.SE), therefore, are receiving a renewed interest as potential therapeutic source against skin wrinkles induced by estrogen deficiency.

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-wrinkle effect of SID C.SE on normal human fibroblasts through the expression of type I procollagen and UV A-induced MMP-1 in vitro. The SID C.SE increased the type I procollagen expression, comparable to trans-retinol and reduced UV A-induced MMP-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. The clinical study indicated that cream group treated with $0.1\%$ SID C.SE significantly reduced a skin wrinkles, as compared with a control (non-treated cream group) (p<0.05).

These results suggest that the safflower seed extract may be useful as potential source of anti-wrinkle cosmetics.

catechin

Tannase-converted green tea catechins and their anti-wrinkle activity in humans

chlorogenic acid

Potential effect of compounds isolated from Coffea arabica against UV-B induced skin damage by protecting fibroblast cells

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has adverse effects on extracellular matrix (ECM) protein s, leading to formation of wrinkles a hallmark of premature skin aging. The adverse effects of UV radiation are associated with induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression and degradation of collagen and elastin.

The present study investigated anti-wrinkle effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA), pyrocatechol (PC) and 3,4,5-tricaffeoyl quinic acid (TCQ), isolated from beans of Coffea arabica, against UV -B stimulated mouse fibroblast cells (CCRF) by measuring expression levels of MMP -1, 3, 9, and type-I procollagen. The three compounds were isolated and purified from coffee grounds using column chromatography and structural examination was evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis.

Among the three isolated compounds, CGA effectively suppressed the expression of the MMP-1, 3, and 9 and increased synthesis of type-I procollagen as compared UV-B-stimulated CCRF cells. In addition, CGA dose-dependently inhibited intracellular Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in CCRF cells stimulated by UV radiation. Moreover, CGA displayed a good sun protection factor (SPF) and in vitro DNA damage protection together with inhibition of enzyme xanthine oxidase. The enzyme inhibitory kinetic behavior of CGA was determined by Lineweaver-Burk plot, displayed a mixed type enzyme inhibition with 260.3 ± 4.5 μM, Ki value. The results indicate that CGA has potential to be used as a preventive agent against premature skin aging induced by UV radiation.

Chyawanprash

Chyawanprash, a formulation of traditional Ayurvedic medicine, shows a protective effect on skin photoaging in hairless mice

Methods: To examine the effect of Chyawanprash on skin photoaging, hairless mice were administered with Chyawanprash in drinking water for 3 weeks, and then repeatedly exposed to ultraviolet light B (UV B ) irradiation (225 or 450 mJ/cm²) to induce skin photoaging. To further examine the function of Chyawanprash, its effects were examined in cells cultured in vitro. Chyawanprash was added in culture medium, and examined for the effect on the growth of human keratinocytes, and for the ability to eliminate ROS which generated by paraquat (50 μmol/L) in HeLa cells.

Results: UV B irradiation caused symptoms such as rough skin, erythema, and edema on the skin in hairless mice, but administration of Chyawanprash relieved these symptoms. Further, Chyawanprash significantly suppressed epidermal thickening, a typical marker of skin photoaging, in mice. We then analyzed the effect of Chyawanprash in human cells in culture, and found that Chyawanprash enhanced the growth of human keratinocytes, and efficiently eliminated ROS, which are causally involved in skin photoaging, in HeLa cells.

Citrus reticulata Blanco Peel

Evaluation of skin anti-aging Potential of Citrus reticulata Blanco Peel

Objective: To study the anti-aging potential of alcoholic extracts of C. reticulata Blanco peel using in vitro Antioxidant and anti-enzyme assays.

Materials and Methods: Plant extracts were obtained by Soxhlation (CR HAE- Hot Alcoholic Extract of Citrus reticulata) and maceration method (CR CAE- Cold Alcoholic Extract of Citrus reticulata). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was performed. Further, in vitro Antioxidant , anti-enzyme, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed.

Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of CR HAE were found to be higher than CR CAE. EC₅₀ value of CR HAE and CR CAE for 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, Superoxide anion, and 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays were 250.33 ± 40.16 μg/ml and 254.73 ± 15.78 μg/ml, 221.27 ± 11.25 μg/ml and 354.20 ± 23.79 μg/ml, and 59.16 ± 2.17 μg/ml and 59.12 ± 6.21 μg/ml, respectively. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity values for CR HAE and CR CAE were found to be 1243 and 1063 μmoles 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetra methylchromane-2-carboxylic acid equivalent/g of substance, respectively. anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities were evaluated for both CR HAE and CR CAE. EC₅₀ values of CR HAE and CR CAE for anti-collagenase and anti-elastase were 329.33 ± 6.38 μg/ml, 466.93 ± 8.04 μg/ml and 3.22 ± 0.24 mg/ml, 5.09 ± 0.30 mg/ml, respectively. CR HAE exhibited stronger anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activity than CR CAE. GC-MS analysis of CR HAE was carried out because CR HAE exhibited higher Antioxidant and anti-enzyme potential than CR CAE.

Citrus sinensis

Molecular mechanisms of skin photoaging and plant inhibitors

Skin ageing is a complex multifactorial process occurring in all living beings. It generally comprises two independent and distinct processes, i.e.,intrinsic, age-dependent or chronological aging and premature aging, or photoaging which is the result of undue exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiations. Photoaging can be prevented or the effects of photoaging can be reduced by the use of certain anti-aging and anti-wrinkle agents. The extracellular matrix (ECM) which forms the outermost part of skin comprises fibroblasts and proteins such as collagen and elastin. Degradation of ECM is directly linked to skin aging and is responsible for the increase in activity of certain enzymes such as collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase (HYAL) that are involved in skin aging. With aging there is decrease in the levels of elastin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid which leads to loss of strength and flexibility of skin and appear as wrinkles on the skin.

Further, the increase in the activity of collagenase, elastase, and HYAL is triggered by the high levels of Reactive oxygen species produced when the skin is exposed to excessive UV radiations leading to skin aging. Today, in the age of modern science and advanced technology, although many techniques such as laser rejuvenation, plastic surgery, and lots of synthetic products such as sunscreen lotions, creams are available yet, there is a place for natural, herbal anti-aging cosmetics. Various botanical extracts have the power to reduce the appearance of skin aging and enhance the beauty of the skin. Medicinal plants have several phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, carotenoids, and terpenoids which possess Antioxidant properties and can be used in treating the signs of aging. Some plants contain phenolic compounds which have free-radical scavenging property and can suppress aging . Some plants or their extracts possess several other constituents that may have the capability of inhibiting various enzyme such as HYAL, elastase, and matrix metalloprotein ases enzyme that play a major role in skin aging. Some of them may possess the free radical scavenging or Antioxidant property to fight against the signs of aging.

This review focuses on the compilation of medicinal plants and natural compounds as anti-aging and anti-wrinkling agents along with their chemical constituents based on their possible molecular mechanism of action. The present review will facilitate the scientists working in this area for the development of new anti-aging and anti-wrinkle formulations with better efficiency and safety.

Citrus unshiu peel

Dietary immature Citrus unshiu alleviates UV B–induced photoaging by suppressing degradation of basement membrane in hairless mice

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces physiological and morphological skin damage, resulting in skin dryness, wrinkle formation, and loss of elasticity. The basement membrane (BM) has been shown to play crucial roles in binding epidermis to dermis tightly, regulating cell differentiation and proliferation, and signaling protein production. Dietary flavonoids have been revealed to improve the damage caused by UV exposure. Immature Citrus unshiu is known to contain high concentrations of flavonoids such as hesperidin and narirutin. In this study, the effects of immature Citrus unshiu powder (ICP) on photoaged skin were demonstrated using UV B irradiated hairless mice. oral administration of ICP improved loss of skin hydration and increase of transepidermal water loss.

The histological analyses of hairless mice dorsal skin revealed that oral administration of ICP improved UV B–induced overgrowth of epidermal cell, suppressed epidermal cell mortality and BM destruction. Therefore, the administration of ICP could improve photoaging by protecting the tissues around BM.

cocoa pod

Phenolic composition, Antioxidant, anti-wrinkles and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of cocoa pod extract

Coenzyme Q10

Optimization of nutraceutical coenzyme Q10 nanoemulsion with improved skin permeability and anti-wrinkle efficiency

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an insoluble, poorly permeable Antioxidant with great biological value which acts as anti-aging and anti-wrinkle agent. To improve its permeability through topical application, the current study aimed at formulating oil/water (o/w) nanoemulsion (NE) as an efficient vehicle for delivering (CoQ10) through the skin barriers. The solubility of (CoQ10) was tested for various oils, surfactants (S), and co-surfactants (CoS). The NE region was determined by constructing pseudoternary phase diagrams. NE formulae containing 1, 2, and 3% w/w drug have been subjected to thermodynamic stability test. The formulae that passed thermodynamic stability tests were characterized by physical properties as pH, viscosity, refractive index, droplet size, zeta-potential, TEM, electroconductivity, in vitro release, and ex vivo permeation.

The formula ‘F2’ containing 10% w/w isopropyl myristate (oil phase), 60% w/w of Tween 80: Transcutol HP mixture (S/CoS_mix) at ratio 2:1, 30% w/w water and 2% w/w drug was evaluated for its anti-wrinkle efficiency using an animal model. The ‘F2’ formula showed 11.76 ± 1.1 nm droplet size, 1.4260 ± 0.0016 refractive index, 0.228 PDI, −14.7 ± 1.23 mv zeta potential, 7.06 ± 0.051 pH, 199.05 ± 0.35 cp viscosity, and the highest percentage of drug release in the selected dissolution media. About 47.21% of the drug was released in phosphate buffer 7.4 containing 5% w/v Labrasol and 5% w/v isopropyl alcohol through 24 h.

It also showed the highest drug flux (J_ss = 3.164 µg/cm²/h), enhancement ratio (E_r = 8.32), and permeability coefficient (K_p = 22.14 × 10⁻⁴ cm²/h). CoQ10 NE reduced the skin wrinkles and gave the skin smooth appearance. Our investigation suggests the potential use of NE as a vehicle for enhancing solubility and permeability of CoQ10 and thus improving its anti-wrinkle efficiency.

coix seed

Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives(CRD): An Observational study

Functional food research encompasses several types of study designs, including observational studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs). To clarify the functions of Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives (CRD), we observed 7 refractory skin diseases: case1 Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris, case2 atopic dermatitis, case3 hand eczema, case4 contact dermatitis, case5 wrinkles of a face, case6 acne vulgaris and case7 lentigo senilis(senile pigment freckle). Although CRD intake seemed to be effective in all cases, further studies are needed to define the optimal dose and duration.

Coriander leaf

Coriander Leaf Extract Exerts Antioxidant Activity and Protects Against UV B–induced photoaging of skin by Regulation of procollagen Type I and MMP-1 Expression

ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes photodamage to the skin, which, in turn, leads to depletion of the dermal extracellular matrix and chronic alterations in skin structure. Skin wrinkles are associated with collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) activity. Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander leaf, cilantro; CS) has been used as a herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, liver disease, and cancer. In this study, we examined whether CS ethanol extract (CSE) has protective effects against UV B–induced skin photoaging in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) in vitro and in the skin of hairless mice in vivo. The main component of CSE, linolenic acid, was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy.

We measured the cellular levels of procollagen type I and MMP-1 using ELISA in NHDF cells after UV B irradiation . NHDF cells that were treated with CSE after UV B irradiation exhibited higher procollagen type I production and lower levels of MMP-1 than untreated cells. We found that the activity of transcription factor activator protein -1 (AP-1) was also inhibited by CSE treatment. We measured the epidermal thickness, dermal collagen fiber density, and procollagen type I and MMP-1 levels in photo-aged mouse skin in vivo using histological staining and western blot analysis. Our results showed that CSE-treated mice had thinner epidermal layers and denser dermal collagen fibers than untreated mice.

On a molecular level, it was further confirmed that CSE-treated mice had lower MMP-1 levels and higher procollagen type I levels than untreated mice. Our results support the potential of C. sativum L. to prevent skin photoaging.

Corni fructus

Red Ginseng Root Extract Mixed with Torilus Fructus and Corni Fructus improves Facial wrinkles and Increases Type I procollagen Synthesis in human skin: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Red ginseng contains many bioactive constituents, including various ginsenosides that are believed to have Antioxidant , immunostimulatory, and anti-aging activities. Yet, no controlled human study has explored its effects on photoaged skin. This study determined whether long-term intake of a red ginseng extract-containing Torilus fructus and Corni fructus mixture reduces facial wrinkles and increases collagen synthesis in human skin. Healthy female volunteers over 40 years of age were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either red ginseng extract-containing herbal mixture at 3 g/day or placebo for 24 weeks. Facial wrinkles, elasticity, epidermal water content, erythema, and pigmentation were measured objectively.

Facial skin samples were taken before and after treatment, and real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses were undertaken for expression of type I procollagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and fibrillin-1, which are wrinkle-related biochemical markers. A total of 82 subjects completed the study. Facial wrinkles were significantly improved, type I procollagen gene and protein expression was increased, MMP -9 gene induction was prevented, and fibrillin-1 fiber length was elongated only in the treatment group. No changes were seen in the facial elasticity, epidermal water content, facial erythema and pigmentation, and epidermal thickness in either group.

Thus a red ginseng extract-containing Torilus fructus and Corni fructus mixture improves facial wrinkles, a clinical sign of photoaging, and this improvement is associated with biochemical and histological evidence of increased collagen synthesis in the dermis. These results substantiate the alleged beneficial effects of red ginseng on photoaging and support its use as an effective “beauty food.”

coumestrol

Flt3 is a target of coumestrol in protecting against UV B –induced skin photoaging

While skin aging is a naturally occurring process by senescence, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation accelerates wrinkle formation and sagging of skin. UV induces skin aging by degrading collagen via activating matrix metalloprotein ases (MMPs ). In this study, we show that coumestrol, a metabolite of the soybean isoflavone daidzein, has a preventive effect on skin photoaging in three-dimensional human skin equivalent model. Coumestrol inhibited UV B–induced MMP-1 expression and activity. Whole human kinase profiling assay identified FLT3 kinase as a novel target protein of coumestrol in UV B–induced signaling pathway in skin.

Coumestrol suppresses FLT3 kinase activity, and subsequently, Ras/MEK /ERK and Akt/p70 ribosomal S6 kinase pathway. This suppresses AP-1 activity and in turn, diminishes MMP-1 gene transcription. Using X-ray crystallography, the binding of coumestrol to FLT3 was defined and implied ATP-competitive inhibition. Residues Lys644 and Phe830 showed local changes to accommodate coumestrol in the ATP-binding pocket. 4-APIA, a pharmacological inhibitor of FLT3, inhibited MMP-1 expression and induced signal transduction changes similar to coumestrol. Taken together, coumestrol inhibits UV B –induced MMP -1 expression by suppressing FLT3 kinase activity.

These findings suggest that coumestrol is a novel dietary compound with potential application in preventing and improving UV B -associated skin aging .

Cucumis sativus L.

Cucumis sativus fruit-potential Antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, and anti-elastase agent

The aim of this study was to screen the Antioxidant , anti-hyaluronidase, and anti-elastase activity of the lyophilized juice of Cucumis sativus fruit (CSLJ). The CSLJ was subjected to DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assay in reference to butylated hydroxytoluene. The hyaluronidase and elastase inhibitory assay was performed in reference to oleanolic acid. Furthermore, the activities have been rationalized with HPLC analysis of the CSLJ with standard reference compound of ascorbic acid. The CSLJ exhibited DPPH-free radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity, IC₅₀ at a concentration of 14.73 ± 1.42 and 35.29 ± 1.30 μg/mL, respectively.

The CSLJ also showed strong anti-hyaluronidase (^c P < 0.001) and anti-elastase (^c P < 0.001) activity, IC₅₀ at a concentration of 20.98 ± 1.78 and 6.14 ± 1.74 μg/mL, respectively. The HPLC ‘chromatogram’ of standard and CSLJ showed specific peak at retention time 2.905 and 3.066 min, respectively. Content of ascorbic acid was calculated with respect to the standard compound and it was found to be 3.5 ± 0.23% w/w. CSLJ is the rich source of ascorbic acid and this study thereby rationalizes the use of C. sativus as potential anti-wrinkle agent in cosmetic products.

Cudrania tricuspidata root

Cudrania tricuspidata Root Extract as Whitening and Antiwrinkle Cosmetic agent

Water extracts of root, leaf, branch and fruit of Cudrania tricuspidata were tested to use as natural Antiwrinkle and whitening cosmetic ingredient. Root extract indicated 86.5 mg/g polyphenol concentration and 55.5 mg/g flavonoid concentration. From MTT test, root, branch and fruit extract did not show cell toxicity up to $1,000\mu g/mL$, however, leaf extract displayed significant cell toxicity in concentrations higher than $200\mu g/mL$.

Cudrania tricuspidata root extracts displayed excellent 81% tyrosinase inhibition (whitening effect), 58% elastase inhibition (Antiwrinkle effect) at $500\mu g/mL$ and showed minor UV B absorbance. When solution and lotion formulation were made including Cudrania tricuspidata root extract, they are stable at ${25}^{\circ }C$ for 21 days, but showed significant deviation in viscosity and particle size at ${47}^{\circ }C$. From the study, Cudrania tricuspidata root extract demonstrated good potential for natural whitening and Antiwrinkle cosmetic agent.

curculigoside

Potential Role of natural Compounds Against skin aging

skin aging is an inevitable biological phenomenon of human life. Advancing age brings changes to all components of the integumentary system with consequent signs on the skin. Skin aging is mainly due to intrinsic (chronologic) and extrinsic aging (photo-aging ). Photo-aging is a consequence of exposure to ultraviolet radiations. Despite variable economic conditions, the skin care market based on natural products continues to see strong growth. In this context, the research of natural ly occurring anti-aging agents is greatly expanding and in recent years numerous plant-derived products have been investigated. This review article focuses on highlighting recent advances in current knowledge on anti-aging natural products grouped and presented according to their family origin. Plants from 35 families were reviewed. A variety of phytomolecules, derived in particular from polyphenols, triterpenes and sterols classes, demonstrated a promising activity.

Among them carnosic acid, curculigoside, curcumin, glycyrrhizic acid, mangiferin, mirkoin, asiaticoside, rosmarinic acid, tectorigenin, tyrosol etc., able to inhibit tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, elastase, and collagenase, to scavenge free radicals from skin cells, to prevent trans-epidermal water loss, and to contribute to protect skin from wrinkles, were largely investigated and herein discussed. Extracts and pure compounds from Fabaceae, Asperaceae and Zingiberaceae families have shown particular interest and appear most promising in the development of anti-aging products.

curcumin

skin regenerative potentials of curcumin

Curcumin, an active constituent of the spice turmeric, is well known for its chemopreventive properties and is found to be beneficial in treating various disorders including skin diseases. Curcumin protects skin by quenching free radicals and reducing inflammation through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B. Curcumin also affects other signaling pathways including transforming growth factor-β and mitogen–activated protein kinase pathway. Curcumin also modulates the phase II detoxification enzymes which are crucial in detoxification reactions and for protection against oxidative stress. In the present review, the biological mechanisms of the chemopreventive potential of curcumin in various skin diseases like psoriasis, vitiligo, and melanoma is discussed.

The application of curcumin in skin regeneration and wound healing is also elucidated. We also explored the recent innovations and advances involved in the development of transdermal delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin, particularly in the skin. Recent clinical trials pertaining to the use of curumin in skin diseases establishes its benefits and also the need for additional clinical trials in other diseases are discussed.

Cyclopia intermedia

anti-wrinkle effects of fermented and non-fermented Cyclopia intermedia in hairless mice

Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L.

Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B

Aging of skin is characterized by skin wrinkling, laxity, and pigmentation induced by several environmental stress factors. Histological changes during the photoaging of skin include hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes causing skin wrinkles and pigmentation. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB ) is one of the representative transcription factors active in conjunction with inflammation. NF-κB is activated by stimulation such as ultraviolet rays and inflammatory cytokines and induces the expression of various genes such as those of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1).

We screened several plant extracts for their possible inhibitory effect on the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. One of them, an extract from Cynara scolymus L., showed a greatest effect on the suppression of NF-κB transactivation. As a result, we found that cynaropicrin, which is a sesquiterpene lactone, inhibited the NF-κB-mediated transactivation of bFGF and MMP -1. Furthermore, it was confirmed that in an in vivo mouse model cynaropicrin prevented skin photoaging processes leading to the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes. These findings taken together indicate that cynaropicrin is an effective antiphotoaging agent that acts by inhibiting NF-κB-mediated transactivation.

daidzein

The Daidzein Metabolite, Trihydroxyisoflavone, Is a Novel Inhibitor of PKCα in suppressing Solar UV–induced matrix metalloproteinase

Soy isoflavone is an attractive source of functional cosmetic materials with anti-wrinkle, whitening and skin hydration effects. After consumption, the majority of soy isoflavones are converted to their metabolites in the human gastrointestinal tract. To understand the physiological impact of soy isoflavone on the human body, it is necessary to evaluate and address the biological function of its metabolites. In this study, we investigated the effect of 6,7,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone (6,7,4′-THIF), a major metabolite of daidzein, against solar UV (sUV )-induced matrix metalloprotein ases (MMPs) in normal human dermal fibroblasts. MMPs play a critical role in the degradation of collagen in skin, thereby accelerating the aging process of skin.

The mitogen–activated protein /extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen–activated protein kinase (MKK)3/6/p38 and MKK4/c-Jun N-terminal kinase s (JNK) signaling pathways are known to modulate MMP -1 function, and their activation by sUV was significantly reduced by 6,7,4′-THIF pretreatment. Our results also indicated that the enzyme activity of protein kinase C (PKC)α, an upstream regulator of MKKs signaling, is suppressed by 6,7,4′-THIF using the in vitro kinase assay. Furthermore, the direct interaction between 6,7,4′-THIF and endogenous PKCα was confirmed using the pull-down assay.

Not only sUV –induced MMP -1 expression, but also sUV –induced signaling pathway activation were decreased in PKCα knockdown cells. Overall, we elucidated the inhibitory effect of 6,7,4′-THIF on sUV–induced MMPs and suggest PKCα as its direct molecular target.

DHEA

Effect of DHEA on skin aging in Postmenopausal Women

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.

Therapeutic effects of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus with High Antioxidative Activity Against UV –induced photoaging of NHDF Cells and Nude Mice

To investigate the therapeutic effects of methanol extracts of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (MED) against UV–induced photoaging, we assessed for alterations in the Antioxidant activity, anti-apoptotic effects , ECM modulation, skin appearances, and anti-inflammatory response in normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and nude mice orally treated with MED. High levels of tannin content and high free radical scavenging activity to DPPH were determined in MED, while seven active components, namely, gallic acid, bergenin, ellagic acid, ε-viniferin, asiatic acid, oleanolic acid, and 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, were identified using LC–MS analyses. UV–induced alterations in the NO concentration, SOD activity, and Nrf2 expression were remarkably recovered in MED-treated NHDF cells.

Moreover, the decreased number of apoptotic cells and G2/M phase arrest were observed in the UV + MED-treated groups. Similar recoveries were detected for β-galactosidase, MMP -2/9 expression, and intracellular elastase activity. Furthermore, MED treatment induced suppression of the COX-2-induced iNOS mediated pathway, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and inflammasome activation in UV -radiated NHDF cells. The Anti-Photo aging effects observed in NHDF cells were subsequently evaluated and validated in UV + MED-treated nude mice through skin phenotype s and histopathological structure analyses. Taken together, these results indicate that MED exerts therapeutic effects against UV–induced photoaging and has the potential for future development as a treatment for photoaging.

Ecklonia cava

Skin Elasticity and Sea Polyphenols

Skin elasticity is a hallmark of young and healthy skin. However, it declines over time and allows wrinkle formation and slackness of the skin. Topical applications of sea polyphenols extracted from Ecklonia cava have long been claimed to remarkably improve skin elasticity in numerous anecdotal trials. This review attempts to understand the scientific mechanisms underlying such effect by analyzing the reported study results on sea polyphenols pertaining to the factors that affect skin elasticity.

ellagic acid

Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV -B irradiation

Ellagic acid, a polyphenol compound present in berries and pomegranate, has received attention as an agent that may have potential bioactivities preventing chronic diseases. This study examined photoprotective effects of ellagic acid on collagen breakdown and inflammatory responses in UV (ultraviolet)-B irradiated human skin cells and hairless mice. Ellagic acid attenuated the UV-B-induced toxicity of HaCaT keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts. Non-toxic ellagic acid markedly prevented collagen degradation by blocking matrix metalloprotein ase production in UV-B-exposed fibroblasts.  Anti-wrinkle activity of ellagic acid was further investigated in hairless mice exposed to UV-B, in which it attenuated UV-B-triggered skin wrinkle formation and epidermal thickening.

Topical application of 10 μmol/l ellagic acid diminished production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, and blocked infiltration of inflammatory macrophages in the integuments of SKH-1 hairless mice exposed to UV-B for 8 weeks. In addition, this compound mitigated inflammatory intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in UV-B-irradiated keratinocytes and photoaged mouse epidermis. These results demonstrate that ellagic acid prevented collagen destruction and inflammatory responses caused by UV-B.

Therefore, dietary and pharmacological interventions with berries rich in ellagic acid may be promising treatment strategies interrupting skin wrinkle and inflammation associated with chronic UV exposure leading to photoageing.

emblica fruits (Phyllanthus emblica)

EMBLICA EXTRACT INDUCES TYPE I PRO-collagen SYNTHESIS AND INHIBITS COLLAGENASE ACTIVITY IN MOUSE fibroblasts

Decrease of type I collagen generation as well as the increase of its degradation via matrix metalloprotein ases (MMPs e.g. gelatinases and collagenases) are considered as a major cause of skin aging. A potent natural Antioxidant exblica extract from emblica fruits (Phyllanthus emblica) was herein evaluated for collagen promoting activity in mouse fibroblasts. We demonstrated that the level of intracellular type I pro-collagen increased following emblica extract treatment in concentration-dependent manner. Emblica extract at the concentration of 100 µg/mL exhibited the maximum effect on type I pro-collagen; approximately 7 fold-induction versus non-treated control determined by Western blot analysis.

Moreover, our result indicated that emblica extract affected the MMPs function. Percentage of collagenase inhibition exceeded forty at the concentration of 100 µg/mL of emblica extract. Taken together, emblica extract has a promising anti-aging effect attributed to its positive effect on type I collagen formation as well as the protection against collagen degradation.

Emodin

Emodin induces collagen type I synthesis in Hs27 human dermal fibroblasts

Fibrillar collagen and elastic fibers are the main components of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), which confers mechanical strength and resilience to the skin. In particular, type I collagen produced by fibroblasts is the most abundant collagen that determines the general strength of the ECM, thereby contributing to the prevesntion of the skin‑aging process. Although the natural anthraquinone derivative emodin (1,3,8‑trihydroxy‑6‑methylanthraquinone) exerts numerous beneficial effects, including antiviral, anticancer, anti‑inflammatory and wound‑healing effects in diverse cells, the effect of emodin on collagen expression or skin aging is not fully understood.

The present study demonstrated that exposure to emodin increased type I collagen synthesis in a concentration‑ and time‑dependent manner in Hs27 human dermal fibroblasts. Subsequent experiments showed that emodin strongly increased collagen type I levels without altering cell proliferation or cellular matrix metalloproteinase‑1 (MMP‑1) expression. Additionally, it was determined that increased phosphorylation of 5′ AMP‑activated protein kinase, following emodin treatment, was responsible for increased type I collagen synthesis. These findings clearly indicate that emodin plays an important role in collagen type I synthesis in dermal fibroblasts, thereby making it a potential drug candidate for treating skin aging and wrinkles.

epicatechin

oral Supplementation with Cocoa Extract Reduces UV B–induced wrinkles in Hairless Mouse skin

Cacao beans contain various bioactive phytochemicals that could modify the pathogeneses of certain diseases. Here, we report that oral administration of cacao powder (CP) attenuates UV B–induced skin wrinkling by the regulation of genes involved in dermal matrix production and maintenance. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 788 genes are down- or upregulated in the CP supplemented group, compared with the UV B-irradiated mouse skin controls.

Among the differentially expressed genes, cathepsin G and serpin B6c play important roles in UV B–induced skin wrinkle formation. Gene regulatory network analysis also identified several candidate regulators responsible for the protective effects of CP supplementation against UV B–induced skin damage. CP also elicited Antiwrinkle effects via inhibition of UV B –induced matrix metalloproteinases-1 expression in both the human skin equivalent model and human dermal fibroblasts.

Inhibition of UV B–induced activator protein-1 via CP supplementation is likely to affect the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1. CP supplementation also downregulates the expression of cathepsin G in human dermal fibroblasts. 5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone, a major in vivo metabolite of CP, showed effects similar to CP supplementation. These results suggest that cacao extract may offer a protective effect against photoaging by inhibiting the breakdown of dermal matrix, which leads to an overall reduction in wrinkle formation.

fermented blackberry (Rubus fruticosus B

Fermentation of Blackberry with L. plantarum JBMI F5 Enhance the protection Effect on UV B-Mediated photoaging in human Foreskin Fibroblast and Hairless Mice through Regulation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling

Chronic and extensive exposure of ultraviolet (UV )-irradiation causes human skin sunburn, inflammation, or photoaging, which is associated with downregulated collagen synthesis.

This study investigated the effects of fermented blackberry (Rubus fruticosus B., FBB) by Lactobacillus plantarum JBMI F5 (LP) on UV B –induced photoaging in human foreskin fibroblast (Hs68) as well as in SKH-1 hairless mice. FBB pretreatment inhibited UV B-mediated type-1 procollagen degradation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP )-1 and MMP-2 protein expression, and suppressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB ) activation as well as mitogen–activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in Hs68.

In addition, FBB administration diminished the wrinkle formation in dorsal skin and epidermal thickening in UV B-irradiated hairless mice. Moreover, UV B–induced Type-1 procollagen reduction and Antioxidant enzyme inactivation were reversed by FBB administration.

These results suggest that FBB may have antiphotoaging effects on UV B–induced wrinkle formation by maintaining the extracellular matrix density in the dermis, which occurs via regulation of Reactive oxygen species and related MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Therefore, FBB can be a potential candidate for protecting skin aging against UV irradiation.

ferulic acid

Whitening and anti-wrinkle activities of ferulic acid isolated from Tetragonia tetragonioides in B16F10 melanoma and CCD-986sk fibroblast cells

Ferulic acid isolated from Tetragonia tetragonioides was tested for its whitening effect on the B16F10 mouse melanoma cell line and its anti-wrinkle activity on the CCD-986sk human dermal fibroblast cell line. Ferulic acid, one of the primary phenolic compounds that can be isolated from T. tetragonioides, has been reported to show potential as a functional food, for its whitening effect and anti-wrinkle activity.

To measure its whitening and anti-wrinkle activities, cells were treated with ferulic acid isolated from T. tetragonioides at concentrations between 5 and 20 μM. Ferulic acid showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 20 μM. Ferulic acid inhibited melanin synthesis, tyrosinase expression, and microphthalmia transcription factor expression in B16F10 cells stimulated with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone.

Ferulic acid induced procollagen synthesis, hyaluronic acid synthesis, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase synthesis, and inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP )-1 and MMP-9 expression in CCD-986sk cells stimulated with UV -B. On the basis of these results, we conclude that ferulic acid isolated from T. tetragonioides shows potential for use as a functional food, with whitening and anti-wrinkle activities.

fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata)

oral administration of fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata) extract reduces ultraviolet b-induced skin aging in hairless mice

Fingerroot [Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr.], belonging to Zingiberaceae, is an edible tropical medicinal plant that has been traditionally used to treat various diseases. However, the effect of its oral intake on skin has not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate Anti-Photo aging effects of the ethanol extract of fingerroot in a hairless mouse model. Compared with the untreated UV B control group, mice that received fingerroot extract (BPE) showed significantly reduced wrinkle formation, skin thickening, and transepidermal water loss in dorsal skin irradiated with UV B.

Moreover, BPE significantly prevented UV B–induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP )-3 and -13 expressions and also MMP -2 and -9 activities. These results strongly suggest that oral administration of BPE confers in vivo Anti-Photo aging effects in hairless mice. Thus, fingerroot may have potential as an oral photoprotective agent to prevent skin photoaging following UV exposure.

Fisetin

beneficial role and function of fisetin in skin health via regulation of the CCN2/TGF-β signaling pathway

Skin is composed of multiple layers, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Although several biological activities of fisetin have been reported, beneficial effects and the functions of fisetin in skin remain unclear. B16F10 melanoma cells, human skin fibroblasts, and 3T3-L1 cells were used to examine the beneficial effects of fisetin in skin health. α-MSH- and IBMX-induced melanosis in B16F10 melanoma cells was inhibited by fisetin treatment, which also enhanced mRNA expression levels of skin fibril-related genes via the CCN2/TGF-β signaling pathway. Decreased intracellular lipid accumulation via down-regulation of transcriptional factors through activation of the CCN2/TGF-β signaling pathway was observed.

A novel function of fisetin in skin health via down-regulation of melanosis and adipogenesis, and up-regulation of skin fibril-related genes was observed. Evidence for development of nutri-cosmetics for skin health is presented.

fish collagen hydrolysates

SPECIFIC natural BIOACTIVE TYPE 1 collagen PEPTIDES oral INTAKE REVERSE skin aging SIGNS IN MATURE WOMEN

Objective: To assess the anti-aging potential of three type I fish collagen hydrolysates (CH1=Naticol® BPMG, CH2=Naticol® HPMG, CH3=Naticol® 1000MG) on skin aging signs for three different body sites of mature women.

Design: Double-blind, randomized and Placebo-controlled clinical study. Setting: Centre of Clinical Pharmacology Applied to Dermatology (CPCAD, Nice). Participants: Sixty women aged 46-69 years having skin aging signs on the face. Intervention: Participants were randomized to receive a once daily 5g dose of one of the CHs or Placebo for 8 weeks. Measurements: skin biomechanics, skin hydration and visual assessment of the crow’s-feet wrinkles were evaluated after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Subject satisfaction questionnaire and Investigator global efficacy appreciation (IGEA) were also used.

Results: skin biomechanics indicated a significant improvement of skin firmness for the three CHs compared to Placebo, in particular for CH2. An increase of overall skin elasticity for CH3 (p = 0.017) and CH2 (p = 0.044) on the abdomen was also observed. This was corroborated by the significant decrease of the crow’s-feet wrinkle score at week 8 for both CH3 and CH2 (p=0.023 and p=0.014, respectively). Concerning the self-questionnaire, overall the number of positive responses was significantly higher for CH2 compared to Placebo and other CHs. For the IGEA, the number of favorable answers was greater for CH2 than for the Placebo group (80% vs. 36%, p= 0.025). A positive influence of CH treatments could be observed for skin hydration but failed to reach statistical significance.

Conclusion: The tested type I fish collagen hydrolysates have beneficial effects on skin quality. In particular, CH2 demonstrated the greatest range of these effects including improvement of skin biomechanics, decrease of wrinkles, good subject satisfaction and no related adverse events.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill

Dietary Foeniculum vulgare Mill extract attenuated UV B irradiation–induced skin photoaging by activating of Nrf2 and inhibiting MAPK pathways

Background: Foeniculum vulgare Mill (FV) has long been prescribed in traditional medicine due to its Antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties. However, little research has been done on the use of FV to alleviate changes in UV B–induced photoaging.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the photoprotective effects and mechanism of FV in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: The Anti-Photo aging effect of FV was assessed in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in vitro. The secretion of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) , lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), GSH, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), procollagen type I, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were measured by kits. Additionally, the level of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), p-ERK and p38 were evaluated by western blotting. In vivo, H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining were employed. The expression of MMP-1, procollagen type I, TGF-β1 and elastin were measured by western blot.

Results: FV significantly increased the production of collagen, elastin and TGF-β1 levels, while blocked matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production in UV B irradiation induced hairless mice, which were consistent with the result in NHDFs. Furthermore, FV dose-dependently decreased the production of ROS and LDH by promoting the nuclear amount of Nrf2 and enhancing the expression of cytoprotective Antioxidant s such as GSH. FV also significantly quenched UV B –induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38 in NHDFs.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that FV is a potential botanical agent for the treatment of skin damage induced by UV irradiation.

French maritime pine bark extract 

oral administration of French maritime pine bark extract improves clinical symptoms in photoaged facial skin

fucoidan

Anti-Photo aging effects of Low Molecular-Weight Fucoidan on ultraviolet B-Irradiated Mice

Ultraviolet (UV) B exposure induces DNA damage and production of Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes skin photoaging through signaling pathways of inflammation and modulation of extracellular matrix remodeling proteins, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). As low molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) has potential Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, we examined the protective effects of LMF against UV B–induced photoaging.

A UV B-irradiated mouse model was topically treated with myricetin or LMF at 2.0, 1.0 and 0.2 mg/cm² (LMF2.0, LMF1.0 and LMF0.2, respectively) once a day for 15 weeks. wrinkle formation, inflammation, oxidative stress, MMP expression, and apoptosis in the treated regions were compared with those in a distilled water-treated photoaging model (UV B control). LMF treatments, particularly LMF2.0 and LMF1.0, significantly inhibited the wrinkle formation, skin edema, and neutrophil recruitment into the photo-damaged lesions, compared with those in the UV B control. While LMF decreased interleukin (IL)-1β release, it increased IL-10. The LMF treatment inhibited the oxidative stresses (malondialdehyde and superoxide anion) and enhanced endogenous Antioxidant s (glutathione). Additionally, LMF reduced the mRNA expression of MMP-1, 9, and 13.

The histopathological analyses revealed the Anti-Photo aging effects of LMF exerted via its Antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and MMP-9-inhibiting effects. These suggest that LMF can be used as a skin-protective remedy for photoaging.

fucoxanthin

Protective Effect of Fucoxanthin against UV B–induced skin photoaging in Hairless Mice

Fucoxanthin, a major carotenoid in brown algae, has various beneficial effects.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of topical fucoxanthin on UV B–induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. The dorsal skins were treated topically with a 0.001% fucoxanthin solution 2 h each time before UV B irradiation (5 times a week) for 10 weeks. The formation of wrinkles in UV B -irradiated skin treated with vehicle alone significantly increased, as compared with the non-irradiated control. Treatment with fucoxanthin tended to suppress UV B–induced wrinkle formation, but there was no significant difference between wrinkle formation in the control group and the fucoxanthin treatment group. However, topical treatment with fucoxanthin significantly lessened UV B–induced epidermal hypertrophy, VEGF, and MMP-13 expression in the epidermis and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the skin.

These results indicate that topical treatment with fucoxanthin prevents skin photoaging in UV B -irradiated hairless mice, possibly via Antioxidant and antiangiogenic effects.

Galla chinensis

effects of Galla chinensis extracts on UV B-irradiated MMP-1 production in hairless mice

Galla chinensis (GAC) is a natural traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used in folk medicine. Although GAC compounds (mainly gallic acid and methyl gallate) possess strong antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, and Antioxidant activities, there is no report regarding topical or oral administration of GAC compounds on UV B irradiation–induced photoaging in hairless mice (SKH: HR-1). In the present study, we examined cell viability, intracellular Reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6 ) in skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes induced by UV B in vitro.

We also studied skin damage by measuring skin thickness, elasticity, wrinkling and levels of protein MMP-1, elastin , procollagen type I, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in hairless mouse skin chronically irradiated by UV B in vivo. GAC treatment significantly prevented skin photoaging by reducing the levels of ROS, MMP-1, and IL-6 and promoting production of elastin, procollagen type I, and TGF-β1. According to the results of H&E staining and Masson’s trichrome staining, GAC reduced skin thickness and wrinkle formation while it increased skin elasticity.

The effects of GAC on UV B–induced skin photoaging may be due to suppressed MMP-1 expression. These findings could be referenced for the development of new agents that target UV B–induced photoaging.

gallic acid

Gallic acid showed EC50 of 1.85μg/mL after 30min of reaction, compared to EC50 of 41.08μg/mL for ascorbic acid, used as the reference compound

Gallic acid is a well-known natural Antioxidant that is basically a secondary polyphenolic metabolite. Gallic acid is a very important common Antioxidant tea formulation, known as an Ayurvedic herb. Apart from its phytochemical role, gallic acid is also used in tanning, ink dyes, and the manufacture of paper. The antihyperlipidemic action of gallic acid in high-fat diet induced mice revealed a decrease in triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Also, cardioprotective action in isoprenaline induced cardiotoxicity and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats revealed a protective effect of gallic acid with respect to several biochemical and histopathological parameters.

The antihyperglycemic, antilipid peroxidative, and Antioxidant effects could be the probable mechanism of action responsible for cardioprotective activity of gallic acid. In an acute oral toxicity study, at 5000 mg/kg p.o. signs of lethal toxicity were not observed. And in a subacute toxicity study, 1000 mg/kg p.o. was found to be non-toxic, indicating the safety of gallic acid.

Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides protect fibroblasts against UV B –induced photoaging

Ganoderma lucidum has featured in traditional Chinese medicine for >1,000 years. Ganoderma polysaccharides (GL-PS), a major active ingredient in Ganoderma, confer immune regulation, antitumor effects and significant Antioxidant effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of GL‑PS‑associated inhibition of ultraviolet B (UV B )‑induced photoaging in human fibroblasts in vitro. Primary human skin fibroblasts were cultured, and a fibroblast photoaging model was built through exposure to UV B. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay.

Aged cells were stained using a senescence‑associated β-galactosidase staining (SA‑β‑gal) kit. ELISA kits were used to analyze matrix metalloproteinase (MMP ) ‑1 and C‑telopeptides of Type I collagen (CICP) protein levels in cellular supernatant. ROS levels were quantified by flow cytometry. Cells exposed to UV B had decreased cell viability, increased aged cells, decreased CICP protein expression, increased MMP‑1 protein expression, and increased cellular ROS levels compared with non‑exposed cells. However, cells exposed to UV B and treated with 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml GL‑PS demonstrated increased cell viability, decreased aged cells, increased CICP protein expression, decreased MMP‑1 protein expression, and decreased cellular ROS levels compared with UV B exposed/GL‑PS untreated cells.

These results demonstrate that GL‑PS protects fibroblasts against photoaging by eliminating UV B‑induced ROS. This finding indicates GL‑PS treatment may serve as a novel strategy for antiphotoaging.

Garlic

Garlic Supplementation Ameliorates UV–induced photoaging in Hairless Mice by Regulating Antioxidative Activity and MMPs Expression

UV exposure is associated with oxidative stress and is the primary factor in skin photoaging. UV–induced Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause the up-regulation of metalloproteinase (MMPs ) and the degradation of dermal collagen and elastic fibers. Garlic and its components have been reported to exert Antioxidative effects.

The present study investigated the protective effect of garlic on UV–induced photoaging and MMPs regulation in hairless mice. Garlic was supplemented in the diet, and Skh-1 hairless mice were exposed to UV irradiation five days/week for eight weeks. Mice were divided into four groups; Non-UV, UV-irradiated control, UV +1% garlic powder diet group, and UV +2% garlic powder diet group. Chronic UV irradiation induced rough wrinkling of the skin with hypERK eratosis, and administration of garlic diminished the coarse wrinkle formation.

UV–induced dorsal skin and epidermal thickness were also ameliorated by garlic supplementation. ROS generation, skin and serum malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased by UV exposure and were ameliorated by garlic administration although the effects were not dose-dependent. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in skin tissues were markedly reduced by UV irradiation and garlic treatment increased these enzyme activities. UV–induced MMP-1 and MMP-2 protein levels were suppressed by garlic administration. Furthermore, garlic supplementation prevented the UV–induced increase of MMP-1 mRNA expression and the UV–induced decrease of procollagen mRNA expression.

These results suggest that garlic may be effective for preventing skin photoaging accelerated by UV irradiation through the Antioxidative system and MMP regulation.

Gelidium amansii

Preventive effect of fermented Gelidium amansii and Cirsium japonicum extract mixture against UV B–induced skin photoaging in hairless mice

Chronic ultraviolet (UV ) light causes skin photoaging, characterized by fine and coarse wrinkle formation and dryness. In this study, the effect of fermented Gelidium amansii and Cirsium japonicum extract mixture (FGCM) with lactic acid bacteria on UV B–induced photoaging was evaluated in human dermal fibroblasts and SKH-1 hairless mice. In vitro, FGCM increased type I procollagen levels and suppressed UV B–induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression more effectively than G. amansii and C. japonicum extract mixture (GCM).

In vivo, oral administration of FGCM significantly inhibited UV B–induced the number and total depth of wrinkles in the dorsal skin of mice. FGCM suppressed UV B–induced epidermal thickening, and attenuated UV B–induced MMP-13 expression and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in dermal tissue. Furthermore, FGCM increased skin hydration and blocked transepidermal water loss in the dorsal skin of mice compared with the UV B-irradiated group. These data indicate that FGCM exerts potent Anti-Photo aging activities by improving wrinkle formation and dryness.

genistein

Dietary Management of skin Health: The Role of Genistein

In women, aging and declining estrogen levels are associated with several cutaneous changes, many of which can be reversed or improved by estrogen supplementation.

Two estrogen receptors—α and β—have been cloned and found in various tissue types. Epidermal thinning, declining dermal collagen content, diminished skin moisture, decreased laxity, and impaired wound healing have been reported in postmenopausal women. Experimental and clinical studies in postmenopausal conditions indicate that estrogen deprivation is associated with dryness, atrophy, fine wrinkling , and poor wound healing. The isoflavone genistein binds to estrogen receptor β and has been reported to improve skin changes. This review article will focus on the effects of genistein on skin health.

Ginsenoside 

The Ginsenoside Derivative 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Inhibits Solar ultraviolet Light-induced Matrix metalloproteinase-1 Expression

Ginsenosides are major pharmacologically active compounds present in ginseng (Panax ginseng). Among the ginsenosides, 20-O–β–D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (GPPD) and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) have previously been reported to exhibit anti-wrinkle effects . In this study, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD), an aglycone derivative of the Rb1 metabolite was investigated for its anti-wrinkle benefit and compared to GPPD and Rb1.

The anti-wrinkle effect of 20(S)-PPD during solar UV light was investigated using a human skin equivalent model and human keratinocytes. 20(S)-PPD attenuated solar UV–induced matrix metalloprotein ase (MMP )-1 expression to a greater extent than GPPD and Rb1. 20(S)-PPD treatment modulated MMP-1 mRNA expression and the transcriptional activity of activator protein (AP)-1, a major transcription factor of MMP-1. Two upstream signaling pathways for AP-1, the MEK 1/2-ERK 1/2-p90^RSK and MEK 3/6-p38 pathways, were also suppressed. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of 20(S)-PPD for further development as a preventative agent for sunlight-induced skin wrinkle.

The skin protective effects of compound K, a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng

Background: Compound K (CK) is a ginsenoside, a metabolite of Panax ginseng. There is interest both in increasing skin health and antiaging using natural skin care products. In this study, we explored the possibility of using CK as a cosmetic ingredient.

Methods: To assess the antiaging effect of CK, RT-PCR was performed, and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and type I collagen were measured under UV B irradiation conditions. The skin hydrating effect of CK was tested by RT-PCR, and its regulation was explored through immunoblotting. Melanin content, melanin secretion, and tyrosinase activity assays were performed.

Results: CK treatment reduced the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in UV B irradiated NIH3T3 cells and recovered type I collagen expression level. Expression of skin hydrating factors—filaggrin, transglutaminase, and hyaluronic acid synthases-1 and -2—were augmented by CK and were modulated through the inhibitor of κBα, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway. In the melanogenic response, CK did not regulate tyrosinase activity and melanin secretion, but increased melanin content in B16F10 cells was observed.

Conclusion: Our data showed that CK has antiaging and hydrating effects. We suggest that CK could be used in cosmetic products to protect the skin from UV B rays and increase skin moisture level.

Glehnia littoralis leaf

Hot water extract of Glehnia littoralis leaf showed skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle properties

glutathione

Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects

glycyrrhizic acid

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin glycoside alleviates ultraviolet-B irradiation–induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin glycoside from the roots and rhizomes of licorice is used in traditional and modern medicine for the treatment of numerous medical conditions including skin diseases and beauty care product. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GA against ultraviolet B (UV B ) irradiation–induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and its possible mechanism of action. HDFs were subjected to photoaging by sub-toxic dose of UV B (10 mj/cm2) irradiation. Cell viability, matrix metalloprotein ase 1 (MMP 1), pro-collagen 1, cellular and nuclear morphology, cell cycle, intracellular Reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase 3 and hyaluronidase inhibition assays were performed.

Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of NF-kappa B (NF-κB ) and cytochrome-C protein s. GA treatment significantly inhibited photoaging. It achieved this by reducing ROS, NF-κB, cytochrome c, caspase 3 levels and inhibiting hyaluronidase enzyme. The main mechanism seems to be, most likely by blocking MMP 1 activation by modulating NF-κB signaling. These findings may be useful for development of natural and safe photoprotective agents against UV B irradiation.

Grapefruit Peel

In Vitro anti-wrinkle and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Grapefruit Peel and Strawberry Extracts

The research aims to analyse the Antioxidant , anti-tyrosinase and anti-wrinkle activities from grapefruit (Citrus Maxima L) and strawberry extracts. Samples were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol and ethyl acetate, subsequently. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching (BCB) were used to measure the Antioxidant activity. The effect of anti-wrinkle was determined by testing the inhibition of elastase and collagenase enzyme, while anti-tyrosinase activity was analysed using mushroom tyrosinase enzyme. The results showed that strawberry extracts in ethanolic (SE) and ethyl acetate (SEA) have Antioxidant activity in FRAP (EC₅₀ = 404.39 ± 3.27 µg / mL and 1978.65 ± 37.25 µg/mL) and BCB (IC₅₀ = 292.30 ± 4.69 µg/mL and 671.11 ± 6.74 µg/mL).

Whereas the grapefruit peel extracts both in ethanolic (GPE) and ethyl acetate (GPEA) have Antioxidant activity in FRAP (EC₅₀ 219.47 ± 71.96 µg / ml and 309.44 ± 95.76 µg/ml) and BCB (EC₅₀ 245.19 ± 162.47 µg/ml and 567.54 ± 95.31 µg/ml). As positive standards for FRAP Antioxidant analysis were quercetin and vitamin C which has IC₅₀ respectively 18.97 ± 4.50 µg/mL and 24.47 ± 1.44 µg/mL. While in BCB analysis, Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) used as positive standard (IC₅₀ 38.68 ± 5.70 µg/mL). The samples of SE, SEA, GPE and GPEA showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity which the IC₅₀ values were respectively 492.68 ± 1.43; 2658 ± 48.08; 3312.5 ± 222.74; 2985.17 ± 122.80 µg/ml. Kojic acid (IC50 111.52 ± 0.42 µg/ml) is used as positive standard in this study.

In addition, SE, SEA, GPE and GPEA were able to inhibit elastase and collagenase enzymes, although their activities were still lower than the positive standard used in this study. Elastastinal in concentration 50 µg/mL giving elastase inhibition about 71.71 ± 0.81 µg/mL, while vitamin C in the same concentration showed collagenase inhibition about 66.79 ± 1.23 µg/mL. It can be concluded that the extract of strawberry and grapefruit peel has Antioxidant , anti-tyrosinase and anti-wrinkle activity through inhibition of elastase and collagenase enzymes; thus, they can be used as antiaging cosmetic ingredients.

grapeseed

Vitamin C, Grape Seed Extract and Citrus Bioflavonoids Protect the skin against Photoaging:

The skin is a major protective organ of the body. It is constantly exposed to the environment and is very resilient. But exposure to ultraviolet (UV ) rays from the sun results in the production of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent inflammatory response s that can overwhelm the innate protective mechanisms of the skin. This results in damage and premature aging . Strategies to mitigate this premature photoaging might include avoidance of sunlight. However, some sunlight exposure is beneficial to health. One notable example of this is the production of vitamin D. A more practical approach to preventing adverse effects of UV light in the skin is Antioxidant supplementation. Dietary Antioxidants may help control ROS propagation following UV light exposure.

To further evaluate the utility of Antioxidants in protecting the skin, in vitro, in vivo and human studies of three well known dietary Antioxidants are reviewed and discussed. The data clearly demonstrate that vitamin C, grape seed extract and citrus bioflavonoids have the potential to reduce the damaging effects of excess sun exposure via Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating mechanisms. As such, regular ingestion of dietary Antioxidants appears to be a useful strategy for protecting the skin against photoaging.

Hawthorn berry

Hawthorn Polyphenol Extract Inhibits UV B–induced skin photoaging by Regulating MMP Expression and Type I procollagen Production in Mice

ultraviolet (UV ) B radiation can cause skin aging by increasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP ) production and collagen degradation, leading to the formation of wrinkles. This study investigated whether hawthorn polyphenol extract (HPE) protects against UV B –induced skin photoaging using HaCaT human keratinocytes, normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), and mice. Analysis of the phenol composition of HPE by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that chlorogenic acid (13.5%), procyanidin B2 (19.2%), and epicatechin (18.8%) collectively accounted for 51.4% of total phenol content and represent the active ingredient s of hawthorn fruit.

A cell viability assay revealed that HPE treatment promoted cell proliferation in HaCaT cells and HDFs. On the other hand, MMP-1 and type I procollagen production was decreased and increased, respectively, in UV B-exposed cells treated with HPE as compared with those without treatment, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin and Weigert staining of dermal tissue specimens from mice demonstrated that HPE also reversed UV B –induced epidermal thickening and dermal damage.

The increase in production of Reactive oxygen species and decrease in Antioxidant enzyme activity as well as the increase in nuclear factor-κB activation and mitogen–activated protein kinase phosphorylation induced by UV B irradiation were reversed by HPE (100 or 300 mg/kg body weight), which also suppressed MMP expression and stimulated the production of type I procollagen in the dorsal skin of UV B -irradiated mice.

These results suggest that HPE is a natural product that can prevent UV B radiation-induced skin photoaging.

Heated radish extract

The Processed Radish Extract Melanogenesis in humans and Induces Anti-Photo aging effects in ultraviolet B-induced Hairless Mouse Model

The radish skin and radish greens are an edible part of the radish. But they are removed before eating the radish and used as a byproduct or an animal feed material because of their tough and rough texture. Melanin is a pigment that gives colour to our skin. But increased production of melanin can turn into benign or malignant tumours. These days due to global warming, the amount of Ultra violet (UV B ) rays has been extensively increased with sunlight. Due to this, a phenomenon called exogenous photo aging is widely observed for all skin colour and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‘s) that serves as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins mainly collagen is increased, causing depletion in collagen and resulting in early wrinkles formation. Therefore in our study we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the melanogenesis inhibition by Heated radish extract (HRE) in vitro and we used HRM-2 hair less mice exposed to artificial UV B for checking the efficacy of Heated radish extract in vivo.

Furthermore, we prepared a 3% Heated radish extract (HRE) cream and checked its effects on human skin. Our results have clearly demonstrated that Heated radish extract (HRE) have potently suppressed the tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells. It had also reduced the expression of components involved in melanin production pathway both transcriptionally and transitionally.

In in vivo studies, HRE had potently suppressed the expression of MMP‘s and reduced the wrinkle formation and inhibited collagen degradation. Moreover, on human skin, ginseng cream increased the resilience, skin moisture and enhanced the skin tone. Therefore in light of these findings, we conclude that HRE is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

hesperidin

The flavonoid hesperidin exerts Anti-Photo aging effect by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP )-9 expression via mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling pathways

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Dietary enzyme-treated Hibiscus syriacus L. protects skin against chronic UV B–induced photoaging via enhancement of skin hydration and collagen synthesis

Exposure of skin to UV B radiation is associated with skin thickening, erythema, deep wrinkles, and marked losses of elasticity, resilience, and hydration. To find effective anti-aging materials, scientists have studied not only natural nutritional sources, but also biotransformed metabolites. Although Hibiscus syriacus L., the national flower of Korea has been used extensively throughout history, it has not yet been examined for possible anti-aging effects.

In this study, skin anti-aging effects of H. syriacus L. water extract (HSL) and enzyme-treated H. syriacus L. extract (ETH) were investigated in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in vitro and in hairless mice in vivo. In UV B-irradiated NHDFs, higher level of type I procollagen and lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), mitogen –activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expression were identified after treatment with HSL and ETH. In photoaged hairless mice, skin thickening and the density of collagen fibers and filaggrin improved after oral administration of HSL and ETH. ETH 1% significantly inhibited melanin content, erythema index (EI), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum (SC) hydration, and wrinkle formation. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were more abundant in ETH than in HSL.

Taken together, both HSL and ETH protect skin from UV B–induced premature photoaging, and enzymatic biotransformed products like ETH have potential for use as valuable functional foods.

Hyaluronic Acid

oral hyaluronan relieves wrinkles: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study over a 12-week period

Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. Leaves

oral Intake of Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. Leaves Extract improves wrinkles, hydration , Elasticity, Texture, and Roughness in human skin: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Previously, we reported that the hot water extract of Hydrangea serrata leaves (WHS) and its active component, hydrangenol, possess in vitro and in vivo effects on skin wrinkles and moisturization. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to clinically evaluate the effect of WHS on human skin. Participants (n = 151) were randomly assigned to receive either WHS 300 mg, WHS 600 mg, or placebo, once daily for 12 weeks. skin wrinkle, hydration , elasticity, texture, and roughness parameters were assessed at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo, skin wrinkles were significantly reduced in both WHS groups after 8 and 12 weeks.

In both WHS groups, five parameters (R1–R5) of skin wrinkles significantly improved and skin hydration was significantly enhanced when compared to the placebo group after 12 weeks. Compared with the placebo, three parameters of skin elasticity, including overall elasticity (R2), net elasticity (R5), and ratio of elastic recovery to total deformation (R7), improved after 12 weeks of oral WHS (600 mg) administration. Changes in skin texture and roughness were significantly reduced in both WHS groups. No WHS-related adverse reactions were reported. Hence, WHS could be used as a health supplement for skin anti-aging.

hydrolyzed marine collagen (Vinh Wellness Collagen, VWC)

A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study to evaluate the efficacy of a freshwater marine collagen on skin wrinkles and elasticity

hyperoside

Collagenase inhibition by water-pepper (Polygonum hydropiper L.) sprout extract

Introduction: Collagenase plays an important role in the degradation of dermal matrix protein s leading to wrinkle formation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the inhibitory effect of water-pepper (Polygonum hydropiper L.) sprout extract on the activity of collagenase and to identify the inhibitory compounds.

Methods: Collagenase inhibitory activity was measured by spectrophotometric assay. Activity-guided fractionation was performed using liquid-liquid extraction of water and n-butanol and Diaion HP-20 column chromatography, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fraction collection.

Results: A methanolic extract of water-pepper sprout inhibited collagenase activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 156.7 μg/mL. Collagenase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 23.5 μg/mL) was found in 50% methanol eluate from the HP-20 column chromatography of the n-butanol soluble fraction. The active compound (IC50 = 1.9 μg/mL) in the eluate was isolated by HPLC and identified as quercetin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoside) from comparing retention time, UV -Vis absorption, and mass spectra with those of the standard. Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that hyperoside was an uncompetitive inhibitor against collagenase. Hyperoside was also the most abundant flavonoid present in the methanolic extract.

Conclusion: These results suggest that water-pepper sprouts could be beneficial as a natural source of collagenase inhibitor which might be used for the treatment of skin aging.

isoquercitrin

Isolated isoquercitrin from Green ball apple peel inhibits photoaging in CCD-986Sk fibroblasts cells via modulation of the MMPs signaling

K2 (mk4 mk7)

K₂: The Anti-Aging Nutrient

In population studies, Japanese women appear to have fewer wrinkles and more supple skin than women of the same age living in North America.5 Some people attribute this youthful skin to Asian genetics, but even when compared to women from Shanghai and Bangkok, Japanese women appear to show the least visible signs of aging. Interestingly, the women from these three Asian groups share many similar diet and lifestyle factors, with one exception – the Japanese women have a much higher consumption of natto.

Kaempferia parviflora

The protective effect of Kaempferia parviflora extract on UV B –induced skin photoaging in hairless mice

Korean red ginseng, Torilis fructus and Corni fructus

Mechanisms of Korean red ginseng and herb extracts(KTNG0345) for anti-wrinkle activity

UV irradiation causes skin–aging involving coarse wrinkles, thickening, dyspigmentation, and rough skin surface. These phenomena in complex skin tissue is controlled with receptor of cell surface growth factor and cytokine receptors. The activation of receptors induces multiple downstream signaling pathways including expression of MMPs (matrix metalloprotei ases).

This study was aimed to elucidate the mechanism for anti-wrinkle activity of Korean red ginseng, Torilis fructus and Corni fructus mixture (KTNG0345). In this animal study, we have investigated decreasing effects of Korean red ginseng mixture on MMP -3 synthesis through diminishing $TNF-\alpha$ signaling that express MMP-1, -3, and -9. c-Jun and c-fos as a component of transcription factor AP-1 (activator protein-1) were analyzed the expression level using real time PCR and western blotting. c-Jun was decreased dose dependent manner both gene and protein level where as cfos was not changed. In upstream, JNK and PAK was not changed, but p38 was decreased in down stream. MMP -3, final product in this pathway was significantly decreased in dose dependent manner.

These results suggest that Korean red ginseng mixture have a anti-wrinkle activity through $TNF-\alpha$ mediated MMPs expression pathway.

KTNG0345 prepared from red ginseng extracts

oral Administration of KTNG0345 Prepared from Red Ginseng Extracts Reduces UV B –induced skin wrinkle formation in Hairless Mice

Chronic ultraviolet (UV ) exposure is the major cause of photoaging that causes skin wrinkling, roughness, dryness, laxity, and pigmentation. Recently, increasing efforts are being made to understand the relationship between foods and skin health. Ginsenosides are present in ginseng (Ginseng Radix Rubra) extract, and are known to have biomedical properties, such as, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

In this study, we investigated whether KTNG0345 prepared from red ginseng extracts delivered orally reduces skin wrinkling and ultraviolet B (UV B)-induced wrinkle formation in hairless mouse skin. KTNG0345 was administrated orally to the mice (5 times a week) during the period of UV B –irradiation (3 times a week) for 8 weeks at three different doses of 300 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg (w/v). UV doses were increased weekly by 1 MED (1MED = 75 $mJ/c{m}^2)$ up to 4 MED and then maintained at this level. After the 8-week administration period, it was found that orally administered KTNG0345 significantly inhibited UV B –induced wrinkle formation in a dose-dependent manner. Increases in skin thickness caused by UV B were prevented by KTNG0345. Moreover, it also significantly inhibited matrix metalloproteinases (MMP ) -13 and MMP -9 expressional inductions by UV B . In addition, KTNG0345 was observed to prevent UV B –induced water loss of epidermis in hairless mouse skin.

Our results demonstrate that orally administered KTNG0345 has anti-wrinkling effects in hairless mouse skin, and suggest that dietary red ginseng and herbal mixture may be considered a functional beauty food for preventing UV B –induced skin wrinkles.

L-Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic Acid in skin Health

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin and a recognized Antioxidant drug that is used topically in dermatology to treat and prevent the changes associated with photoaging, as well as for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Ascorbic acid has neutralizing properties of free radicals, being able to interact with superoxide, hydroxyl and free oxygen ions, preventing the inflammatory processes, carcinogens, and other processes that accelerate photoaging in the skin.

Current research focuses on the search for stable compounds of ascorbic acid and new alternatives for administration in the dermis. Unlike plants and most animals, human s do not have the ability to synthesize our own ascorbic acid due to the deficiency of the enzyme L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, which catalyzes the passage terminal in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis. To deal with this situation, human s obtain this vitamin from the diet and/or vitamin supplements, thus preventing the development of diseases and achieving general well-being. Ascorbic acid is involved in important metabolic functions and is vital for the growth and maintenance of healthy bones, teeth, gums, ligaments, and blood vessels. Ascorbic acid is a very unstable vitamin and is easily oxidized in aqueous solutions and cosmetic formulations. Ascorbic acid is extensively used as an ingredient in anti-aging cosmetic products, as sodium ascorbate or ascorbyl palmitate.

This review discusses and describes the potential roles for ascorbic acid in skin health and their clinical applications (Antioxidative, photoprotective, anti-aging, and anti-pigmentary effects) of topical ascorbic acid on the skin and main mechanisms of action. Considering the instability and difficulty in administering ascorbic acid, we also discuss the importance of several factors involved in the formulation and stabilization of their topical preparations in this review.

Lavandula angustifolia Mill.

Anti-aging Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Extract Fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus DK1 Isolated from Diospyros kaki Fruit in UV B -Irradiated human skin fibroblasts and Analysis of Principal Components

The effects of Lavandula angustifolia extract fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus DK1 on UV B-mediated MMP-1 expression and collagen decrease in human skin fibroblasts were determined, and the conversion of its components was also analyzed. Fermentation was performed at varying L. angustifolia extract and MRS medium concentrations, and optimal fermentation conditions were selected. L. angustifolia extracts showed decreased cytotoxicity after fermentation in the fibroblasts.

UV B-irradiated fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extract showed MMP-1 expression 8.2-14.0% lower than that in UV B -irradiated fibroblasts treated with non-fermented extract. This was observed even at fermented extract concentrations lower than those of non-fermented extracts. fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extract showed 20% less reduction in collagen production upon UV B irradiation than those treated with non-fermented extracts. UV B-irradiated fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extracts showed 50% higher inhibition of ROS generation than those treated with non-fermented extract.

Luteolin and apigenin glycosides of L. angustifolia were converted during fermentation, and identified using RP-HPLC and LC/ESI-MS. Therefore, the effects of L. angustifolia extract on MMP-1 expression and collagen decrease in UV B -irradiated human skin fibroblasts were increased through fermentation by P. pentosaceus.

lingonberry and amla fruit

oral intake of lingonberry and amla fruit extract improves skin conditions in healthy female subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

In this study, we examined the effect of ingestion of lingonberry and amla fruit extract (LAE) on several human skin conditions. To conduct a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we randomly divided 99 healthy female subjects into three groups; the first group received a drink containing 25 mg of lingonberry extract and 30 mg of amla fruit extract; the second group received a drink containing double the volume of extracts received by the first group; and the third group received a placebo drink. Each participant drank 50 mL of their assigned drink once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was skin elasticity, and the secondary endpoints included skin thickness, stratum corneum water content, and degree of wrinkles around the eyes.

After 12 weeks of LAE drink intake, skin elasticity showed significant, dose-dependent improvements (P < 0.01). skin thickness, stratum corneum water content, and the degree of wrinkles also significantly improved (P < 0.001) in a dose-dependent manner. The improvements in skin elasticity and thickness, as well as in the stratum corneum water content and the degree of wrinkles, observed upon oral intake of LAE indicate that LAE may be considered a candidate anti-aging agent for preventing skin weakening.

Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.

effects of phenolic constituents of Luffa cylindrica on UV B-damaged mouse skin and on dome formation by MDCK I cells

We showed that Luffa cylindrica extract prevented transepidermal water loss in UV B -irradiated hairless mice. Phenolic constituents were detected in L. cylindrica by high-performance liquid chromatography, and 12 phenylpropanoids were isolated and confirmed by NMR and negative-ion mode mass spectroscopy. 4-O-caffeoyl-glucose, 6-O-caffeoyl-glucose, 4-O–p-coumaroyl-glucose, 6-O–p-coumaroyl-glucose, 4-O-feruloyl-glucose, 6-O-feruloyl-glucose, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were isolated from L. cylindrica for the first time. The L. cylindrica extract and phenylpropanoids were found to promote the dome formation by Madin–Darby canine kidney I epithelial cells, with p-coumaric acid being the most effective.

Furthermore, p-coumaric acid upregulated the expression of aquaporin-3 (AQP3) mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These results suggested that L. cylindrica extract enhances the water permeability of the skin, owing to the AQP3 expression induced by p-coumaric acid. Therefore, L. cylindrica extract might contribute to the treatment of diseases such as dry syndrome, which cause the tissue’s inability to retain moisture.

lutein and zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi)

Overall skin tone and skin-lightening-improving effects with oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Lycium polysaccharides

Dermatologic Uses and effects of Lycium Barbarum

Lycium barbarum (LB) is one of the most intriguing medicinal plants in China. The beauty of its berries combined with the amount of beneficial effects assigned to it would logically make it a strong candidate for skin use, yet relatively few scientific publications address such application. Here, we will review the skin-related effects of oral and topical preparations of LB, based on the published scientific literature and work done in our own laboratory. We will also discuss the obstacles and opportunities for LB in today’s dermatological field.

Lycopene

oral Photoprotection: Effective agents and Potential Candidates

Electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet , visible, and infrared ranges produces biologic effects in humans. Where some of these effects are beneficial, others are harmful to the skin, particularly those stemming from ultraviolet radiation (UV R). Pharmacological photoprotection can be topical or systemic. Systemic photoprotection is often administered orally, complementing topical protection. New and classic oral agents (e.g., essential micronutrients as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, carotenoids) are endowed with photoprotective and anti-photocarcinogenic properties. These substances bear the potential to increase systemic protection against the effects of electromagnetic radiation in the UV, visible, and infrared ranges.

Protective mechanisms vary and include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects . As such, they provide protection against UV R and prevent photo-induced carcinogenesis and aging . In this review, we present state of the art approaches regarding the photoprotective effects of vitamins and vitamin derivatives, dietary botanical, and non-botanical agents. A growing body of data supports the beneficial effects of oral photoprotection on the health of the skin.

More studies will likely confirm and expand the positive impact of oral dietary botanicals as complementary measures for photoprotection.

magnolol

Magnolol reduces UV B–induced photodamage by regulating matrix metalloproteinase activity

In this study, we evaluated the Anti-Photo aging activity of magnolol in UV-irradiated hairless mice, and hypothesized that magnolol would prevent photoaging in these animals. The inhibitory effect of magnolol on wrinkle formation was determined by analyzing the skin replica, histologically examining the epidermal thickness, and identifying damage to the collagen fibers. The protective effects of magnolol on UV B–induced skin photoaging were examined by determining the level of MMPs and mitogen –activated protein kinase s (MAPKs).

Exposure to UV B radiation significantly increased skin thickness and wrinkle grade, but magnolol treatment significantly reduced the average length and depth of wrinkles, and this was correlated with the inhibition of collagen fiber loss. The magnolol-treated group had remarkably decreased activity levels of MMP -1, -9, and -13 compared to the corresponding levels in the vehicle-treated UV B-irradiated group. These results indicate that magnolol prevents skin photoaging in UV B -irradiated hairless mice.

Malus pumila cv. Fuji

effects of Unripe Apple polyphenols on theExpression of Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and Type-1 procollagen in ultraviolet Irradiated human skin fibroblasts

Bioassay-guided isolation of an aqueous ethanolic extractfrom the unripe fruits of Malus pumila cv. Fuji using matrixmetalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) inhibition and type-1 procollageninducing assays led to isolation of eight phenolic compounds,reynoutrin (1), quercitrin (2), isoquercitrin (3), phloridzin (4),phloretin-2′-O-xyloglucoside (5), 5-O–p-courmaroylquinic acid(6), chlorogenic acid methyl ester (7), and chlorogenic acid (8).The structures were established on the basis of nuclear magneticresonance and mass spectroscopic data interpretations.

All isolateswere evaluated for their inhibitory effects on MMP-1, andcompounds 1, 2,and 6 exhibited potent inhibitory effects onMMP-1 with IC50 values of 1.3±0.1, 1.4±0.1, and 3.2±0.6μM,respectively. When evaluated for their effects on type I procollagensynthesis on human fibroblast cells, compounds 1 and 3 wererespectively found to display potent activity for induction of type-1 procollagen by 78.5 and 78.6% at the tested concentration of12.5 M.

mangiferin

inhibition of UV B–induced wrinkle formation and MMP -9 expression by mangiferin isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides

Chronic exposure of human skin to solar ultraviolet (UV ) radiation causes photoaging. natural ly occurring phytochemicals are known to have Anti-Photo aging effects . The present study examined the effect of mangiferin isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides on wrinkle formation, skin thickness, and changes in collagen fibers in hairless mice. The in vitro effects and possible mechanism of mangiferin on UV B irradiation were determined in human keratinocyte (HEKa) cells.

In vitro results showed that mangiferin reduced UV B–induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP )-9 protein expression and enzyme activity and subsequent attenuation of UV B–induced phosphorylation of mitogen–activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK ) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK ). In the in vivo studies, mangiferin inhibited UV B–induced mean length and mean depth of skin wrinkle based on skin replica, epidermal thickening, and damage to collagen fiber.

Taken together, these results indicate that mangiferin exerts Anti-Photo aging activity in UV B-irradiated hairless mice by regulating MMP-9 expression through inhibition of MEK and ERK.

mannitol

Hyaluronic acid plus mannitol treatment for improved skin hydration and elasticity

marigold (Calendula officinalis.)

Antioxidant and skin Anti-aging effects of Marigold Methanol Extract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of marigold methanol extract (MGME) in human dermal fibroblasts . Total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents in MGME were 74.8 mg TAE (tannic acid equivalent)/g and 85.6 mg RE (rutin equivalent)/g, respectively. MGME (500 μg/mL) increased 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical-scavenging , and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like Antioxidant activities by 36.5, 54.7, and 14.8%, respectively, compared with the control. At 1,000 μg/mL, these activities increased by 63.7, 70.6, and 20.6%, respectively.

MGME (100 μg/mL) significantly increased the synthesis of type 1 procollagen by 83.7% compared with control treatment. It also significantly decreased Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP -2) activity and MMP -1 mRNA expression by 36.5% and 69.5%, respectively; however, it significantly increased laminin-5 mRNA expression by 181.2%. These findings suggest that MGME could protect human skin against photo-aging by attenuating oxidative damage, suppressing MMP expression and/or activity as well as by stimulating collagen synthesis.

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)

Beauty from within: oral administration of a sulfur-containing supplement methylsulfonylmethane improves signs of skin ageing

Background: Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is an organosulfur compound with known benefits for joint health, sports nutrition, immune function, and anti‐aging formulations and is gaining popularity as a nutritional supplement for the support of hair, skin and nails.

Methods: The study was conducted in two steps; in Part I (pilot study) a panel of 20 participants ingested either 3 g a day of MSM or placebo capsules for 16 weeks. Visual and subject self assessment of wrinkles and skin texture as the predominant sign of ageing was observed. In Part II (dose-response study), 63 participants ingested either 1 g or 3 g per day of MSM for 16 weeks. Expert clinical grading, instrumental measurements and consumer perception was used to evaluate skin conditions like lines and wrinkles. Additionally, instrumentational analysis was conducted using corneometer and cutometer for investigation of skin hydration, firmness and elasticity.

Results: Part I of the study clearly indicates that oral ingestion of MSM (3 g/d) reduces signs of ageing like facial wrinkles (p < 0.05) and skin roughness (p < 0.05) as compared to placebo. Detailed analysis in Part II instrumentation assessments showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement from baseline in the severity of facial wrinkles, as well as improved skin firmness, elasticity and hydration with MSM. Some of these parameters exhibited a good dose-response indicating that the higher (3 g/d) of the supplement was more effective than the lower dose of 1 g/d, but generally the lower dose of 1 g/d appeared to be sufficiently effective in reducing the facial signs of ageing.

Conclusion: This study indicated that MSM is effective in reducing visual signs of skin ageing even at a low dose of 1 g/d.

myricetin

Myricetin suppresses UV B–induced wrinkle formation and MMP-9 expression by inhibiting Raf

Chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV ) light causes skin photoaging. Many studies have shown that natural ly occurring phytochemicals have Anti-Photo aging effects , but their direct target molecule(s) and mechanism(s) remain unclear. We found that myricetin, a major flavonoid in berries and red wine, inhibited wrinkle formation in mouse skin induced by chronic UV B irradiation (0.18 J/cm², 3 days/week for 15 weeks). Myricetin treatment reduced UV B–induced epidermal thickening of mouse skin and also suppressed UV B–induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein expression and enzyme activity. Myricetin appeared to exert its anti-aging effects by suppressing UV B–induced Raf kinase activity and subsequent attenuation of UV B –induced phosphorylation of MEK and ERK in mouse skin.

In vitro and in vivo pull-down assays revealed that myricetin bound with Raf in an ATP-noncompetitive manner. Overall, these results indicate that myricetin exerts potent Anti-Photo aging activity by regulating MMP -9 expression through the suppression of Raf kinase activity.

naringenin

Naringenin targets ERK 2 and suppresses UV B–induced photoaging

A number of natural phytochemicals have Anti-Photo aging properties that appear to be mediated through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP -1) expression, but their direct target molecule(s) and mechanism(s) remain unclear. We investigated the effect of naringenin, a major flavonoid found in citrus, on UV B –induced MMP -1 expression and identified its direct target. The HaCaT human skin keratinocyte cell line and 3-dimensional (3-D) human skin equivalent cultures were treated or not treated with naringenin for 1 hr before exposure to UV B.

The mechanism and target(s) of naringenin were analysed by kinase assay and multiplex molecular assays. Dorsal skins of hairless mice were exposed to UV B 3 times per week, with a dose of irradiation that was increased weekly by 1 minimal erythema dose (MED; 45 mJ/cm²) to 4 MED over 15 weeks. wrinkle formation, water loss and water content were then assessed. Naringenin suppressed UV B –induced MMP -1 expression and AP-1 activity, and strongly suppressed UV B–induced phosphorylation of Fos-related antigen (FRA)-1 at Ser265. Importantly, UV B irradiation –induced FRA1 protein stability was reduced by treatment with naringenin, as well as with a mitogen–activated protein kinase (MEK ) inhibitor. Naringenin significantly suppressed UV B–induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK 2) activity and subsequently attenuated UV B –induced phosphorylation of p90^RSK by competitively binding with ATP.

Constitutively active MEK (CA-MEK ) increased FRA1 phosphorylation and expression and also induced MMP -1 expression, whereas dominant-negative ERK 2 (DN-ERK 2) had opposite effects. U0126, a MEK inhibitor, also decreased FRA1 phosphorylation and expression as well as MMP -1 expression. The photoaging data obtained from mice clearly demonstrated that naringenin significantly inhibited UV B–induced wrinkle formation, trans-epidermal water loss and MMP -13 expression. Naringenin exerts potent Anti-Photo aging effects by suppressing ERK 2 activity and decreasing FRA1 stability, followed by down-regulation of AP-1 transactivation and MMP-1 expression.

Nelumbo Nucifero

Nelumbo nucifera extracts as whitening and anti-wrinkle cosmetic agent

Water extract from Nelumbo nucifera was tested for possible functional cosmetic agent. Whitening effect was measured by tyrosinase inhibition assay and DOPA-oxidase inhibition assay, and anti-wrinkle effect was checked by elastase inhibition assay. DOPA-oxidase inhibition effect (whitening effect) of Nelumbo nucifera’s leaf, seed and flower extract was 59%, 57% and 50%, respectively. Nelumbo nucifera’s leaf, seed and flower extract showed 56%, 49%, and 54% elastase inhibition (anti-wrinkle effect) at 200 μg/ml, while adenosine indicated 26% inhibition.

Water cream including Nelumbo nucifera’s root, leaf, flower, stem extract did not cause significant skin irritation. Water cream including 4% Nelumbo nucifera extract was stable for 30 days under various temperature conditions. From the study, Nelumbo nucifera’s leaf, flower and seed extracts showed strong possibility for whitening and anti-wrinkle functional cosmetic agent.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Seeds

Study of the Anti-Photo aging Effect of Noni (Morinda citrifolia)

During the aging process, morphological changes in the human skin appear most noticeably in areas of frequent exposure to ultraviolet (UV ) light from the sun, such as the face and hands. Chronic UV exposure induces photoaging, characterized by pigmented spots and wrinkles in the skin. Gradual destruction of the ozonosphere has raised photoaging risk. This has led to rapid growth of the Anti-Photo aging cosmetic market, especially among women with young and fair skin. Sunscreen agents are a first choice for protection against photoaging. However, a certain amount of UV irradiation penetrates skin dermis, and adverse effect may occur with use of these agents.

Because of this, a current trend is the development of safer cosmetic ingredient s that effectively inhibit the UV signaling pathways leading to photoaging.

Ocotea paranapiacabensis

Advanced Glycation End Product inhibition by Alkaloids from Ocotea paranapiacabensis for the prevention of skin aging

A bioassay-guided study aiming at identifying inhibitors of the glycation process on the leaves of Ocotea paranapiacabensis afforded four benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (1–4), with 1 and 2 identified as new natural s products, while 3 and 4 were previously described in the literature, with 3 being identified as magnocurarine. Purification was performed by column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including UV, NMR, and HRMS.

The process of skin aging has been recently associated with advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and strategies inhibiting their formation have been addressed by pharmaceutical companies for the development of novel antiaging compounds. Alkaloids 1–4 were evaluated for their potential to inhibit AGE formation and showed inhibition of 62.9%, 83.3%, 26.1%, and 98.2% (150 μM), respectively.

The antiaging potential of compounds 1 and 4 were evaluated with a reconstructed human skin model in vitro, and results showed a decrease in dermis contraction (8.7% and 4.2% respectively for 1 and 4) when compared to the glycated control (57.4%). Additionally, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and toxicity properties were predicted using in silico methods, and the results were considered significantly promising for alkaloids 1 and 4 to continue the development of these alkaloids with skincare properties.

Oenothera biennis

In Vitro anti-wrinkle and skin–moisturizing effects of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Sprout and Identification of Its Active Components

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Oenothera biennis sprout extract (OBS-E) on skin-function improvement in an in vitro system and to identify its pharmaceutically active components. OBS-E showed Antioxidant ability in radical scavenging and reducing power assays, significantly inhibited matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -2, and increased the production of type I collagen, indicating its anti-wrinkle activity.

Furthermore, OBS-E significantly increased the level of hyaluronic acid (HA) and the expression of moisturizing genes, such as hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS2) and aquaporin 3 (AQP3), indicating it is effective in enhancing skin hydration.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses showed that OBS-E contained high levels of polyphenolic acids, such as gallic acid and ellagic acid, in addition to flavonoid glycosides, such as luteolin 7-glucuronide and quercetin 3-glucuronide. Our results suggest that these major phytochemicals are likely to play crucial roles in the expression of Antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and moisturizing activities of OBS-E.

Oligonol

effects of Oligonol Supplementation on the Appearance of skin Photo–aging, wrinkles, Hyperpigmrntation and Lentigines

Research has documented the oligomerized flavonoid Oligonol’s positive effects on oxidative stress prevention , signal transduction, blood circulation and metabolic syndrome. This may result in skin improvement due to changes in endothelial function and cytokine profiles. We conducted a three month clinical pilot study in the United States to evaluate the effects of the oral supplementation of Oligonol on the appearance of skin photo-aging, wrinkling, hyperpigmentation and lentigines.

The outcome (n=eleven), confirmed known positive effects and the discovery of other possible effects: Six subjects showed improvement in CRP levels, a marker for in vivo inflammation, IL-6 and other cytokines. Cross-polarized DermLite^® photographs showed a decrease in fine lines on eight subjects.

Deeper wrinkles were lessened in two subjects. There was a consistent overall lightening and brightening of complexion, less redness and blotchiness, fading of freckles and brown pigmented blotches. Optical profilometry on skin molds supported subjective and observer noted improvement of fine lines in two cases. Three subjects noted that their hair felt thicker, believed they had more hair and noted new hair growth along their hairline. Positive results were noted on participants’ final questionnaire on overall health including mental functioning.

Origanum majorana L.

Chemical Compositions and anti-skin–ageing Activities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from Tropical and Mediterranean Region

Origanum vulgare L. has been used as a culinary ingredient worldwide. This study revealed the cosmeceutical potential of O. vulgare essential oil as a skin–ageing retardant. The O. vulgare essential oil from a highland area of a tropical country (HO), obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated and compared to a commercial oil from the Mediterranean region (CO). Their chemical compositions were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activities were investigated by ferric reducing Antioxidant power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, and ferric thiocyanate assay. Anti-skin–ageing activities were determined by means of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibition.

Carvacrol was the major component in both oils, but a higher amount was detected in HO (79.5%) than CO (64.6%). HO possessed comparable radical scavenging activity to CO (IC₅₀ = 1.8 ± 0.8 mg/mL) but significantly higher lipid peroxidation inhibition (38.0 ± 0.8%). Carvacrol was remarked as the major compound responsible for the reducing power of both oils. Interestingly, HO possessed significant superior anti-skin–ageing activity than ascorbic acid (P < 0.01), with inhibition against collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase of 92.0 ± 9.7%, 53.1 ± 13.3%, and 16.7 ± 0.3%, at the concentration of 67, 25, and 4 µg/mL, respectively.

Since HO possessed comparable anti-hyaluronidase activity to CO and superior anti-collagenase and anti-elastase (P < 0.01), HO was suggested to be used as a natural skin–ageing retardant in a cosmetic industry.

Oryzanol

skin anti-aging Assays of Proanthocyanidin Rich Red Rice Extract, Oryzanol and Other Phenolic Compounds

Red rice is a variety of rice that has more nutritious than white or brown rice. It is also a good source of many potent anti-aging phytochemicals. However, the compounds in red rice extract that exhibit skin anti-aging properties have not been investigated. In this study, the main bioactive compounds in red rice extract (RRE) including proanthocyanidin, catechin, hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and oryzanol were studied in order to determine their anti-skin aging properties.

The effects on skin degradation were assessed by inhibitory enzymatic activity against collagenase and matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (MMP -2). The production levels of collagen and hyaluronic acid obtained from human skin fibroblasts were determined by ELISA. Anti-melanogenesis activity of the bioactive compounds were investigated in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. The activity of collagenase and MMP -2 was strongly inhibited by proanthocyanidin and catechin, while hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and oryzanol had no effect.

Moreover, proanthocyanindin and catechin significantly induced collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis in human fibroblast cells. Proanthocyanidin and oryzanol reduced the melanin content in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. Proanthocyanidin, but not oryzanol, significantly decreased cellular tyrosinase activity. However, the bioactive compounds obtained from red rice extract had no effect on mushroom tyrosinase activity. In addition, proanthocynidin and catechin, exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, whereas oryzanol slightly inhibited this action. Taken together, these results suggest that proanthocyanidin, catechin, and oryzanol are the bioactive compounds in red rice that exhibit the greatest levels of anti-skin aging properties.

Paeonia lactiflora Pall.

skin wrinkle Improvement Effect of Paeoniae radix and processed Paeoniae radix Through inhibition of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)

Objectives: collagen decrease of skin appears through various path ways. One of causes may be the Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) that combine formation of glucose and protein. The aim of this study was to explore the prevent wrinkle formation of Paeoniae radix (PR) and heated Paeoniae radix (HPR) via AGEs path way.

Methods: AGEs formation inhibitory activities of PR and HPR measured using bovine serum albumin, glucose, and fructose. To evaluate the protective effects of PR and HPR in diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ) and methyl glyoxal (MGO), SD rat were distributed into four groups. Normal rats (Nor), AGEs-induced rats (Con), AGEs-induced rats treated with 100 mg/kg PR(PR), AGEs-induced rats treated with 100 mg/kg HPR (HPR). To induce AGEs, streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally and after 3 days administrated 100mM methyl glyoxal for 3 weeks.

Results: The oral administration of HPR inhibited AGEs in skin tissues compared with PR. The increased Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the serum were diminished by HPR treatment. The analyses of kidney and skin tissues protein s indicated that HPR treatment effectively reduced AGEs related protein levels as compared to that by PR treatment. Also, HPR decreased anti-oxidant related protein levels in skin tissues such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, it inhibited the reduction of COL1A2 by decreasing MMP-1.

Conclusion: Based on these results, it was suggested that PR and HPR could have Improving effects on wrinkle formation. These evidences provide useful information for the development wrinkle formation treated agent.

PANAX GINSENG

Hormesis-Based Anti-Aging Products: A Case Study of a Novel Cosmetic

Application of hormesis in aging research and interventions is becoming increasingly attractive and successful. The reason for this is the realization that mild stress-induced activation of one or more stress response (SR) pathways, and its consequent stimulation of repair mechanisms, is effective in reducing the age-related accumulation of molecular damage. For example, repeated heat stress-induced synthesis of heat shock proteins has been shown to have a variety of anti-aging effects on growth and other cellular and biochemical characteristics of normal human skin fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells undergoing aging in vitro.

Therefore, searching for potential hormetins – conditions and compounds eliciting SR-mediated hormesis – is drawing attention of not only the researchers but also the industry involved in developing healthcare products, including nutriceuticals, functional foods and cosmeceuticals. Here we present the example of a skin care cosmetic as one of the first successful product developments incorporating the ideas of hormesis. This was based on the studies to analyse the molecular effects of active ingredients extracted from the roots of the Chinese herb Sanchi (Panax notoginseng) on gene expression at the level of mRNAs and proteins in human skin cells.

The results showed that the ginsenosides extracted from Sanchi induced the transcription of stress genes and increased the synthesis of stress proteins, especially the heat shock protein HSP1A1 or Hsp70, in normal human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, this extract also has significant positive effects against facial wrinkles and other symptoms of facial skin aging as tested clinically, which may be due to its hormetic mode of action by stress-induced synthesis of chaperones involved in protein repair and removal of abnormal proteins. Acceptance of such a hormesis-based product by the wider public could be instrumental in the social recognition of the concept of hormesis as the beneficial effects of mild stress of choice, and will encourage the development of novel health care products with physical, nutritional and mental hormetins.

peach flower extract

Topical or oral treatment of peach flower extract attenuates UV –induced epidermal thickening, matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in hairless mice skin

MATERIALS/METHODS: Hairless mice were treated with PET or a mixture of PEA and PBT either topically or orally along with UV irradiation. Histological changes and biochemical alterations of mouse skin were examined. Major phenolic compounds in PPF extract were analyzed using an ACQUITY UPLC system.

RESULTS: The overall effects of topical and oral treatments with PPF extract on the UV–induced skin responses exhibited similar patterns. In both experiments, the mixture of PEA and PBT significantly inhibited the UV –induced skin and epidermal thickening, while PET inhibited only the UV–induced epidermal thickening. Treatment of PET or the mixture of PEA and PBT significantly inhibited the UV–induced MMP -13 expression, but not typeⅠ collagen expression. Topical treatment of the mixture of PEA and PBT with UV irradiation significantly elevated catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) activities in the skin compared to those in the UV irradiated control group, while oral treatment of the mixture of PEA and PBT or PET elevated only catalase and SOD activities, but not GPx. Thirteen phytochemical compounds including 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, cimicifugic acid E and B, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol glycoside derivatives were identified in the PPF extract.

Pearl powder

The Health benefits of Pearl Powder: Superfood From the Sea

In nearly every ancient civilization, the benefits of pearl powder were well known. Their use in China of both as a medicine and as a cosmetic , dates back at least to 320 AD where it was sought by emperors and empresses alike. As proclaimed in the medical books of the Ming dynasty, it was used to stimulate new skin growth and healing, release toxins, and remove sun damage and age spots. In India, the powder was also used in Ayurvedic medicine where it was known to increase general strength and health and was frequently an ingredient of love potions.

In medieval Europe, the powder was widely perceived to have therapeutic qualities as well. Seventeenth-century German and English works claimed its effectiveness in a wide range of physical and mental conditions, and famed scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon recommended it as a means of prolonging life.

Moving into the 21st century, a slew of researchers from universities around the world have picked up where ancient cultures have left off, putting pearl powder to the test in a number of human and animal studies—and what they have found is not only impressive but proves that it more than lives up to the hype.

Perillafrutescens

Perilla frutescens Extracts Enhance DNA Repair Response in UV B Damaged HaCaT Cells

Physiological processes in skin are associated with exposure to UV light and are essential for skin maintenance and regeneration. Here, we investigated whether the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla frutescens (Perilla), a well-known Asian herb, affect DNA damage response and repair in skin and keratinocytes exposed to Untraviolet B (UV B ) light. First, we examined the protective effects of Perilla leaf extracts in UV B damaged mouse skin in vivo.

Second, we cultured calluses using plant tissue culture technology, from Perilla leaf explant and then examined the effects of the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla on UV B exposed keratinocytes. HaCaT cells treated with leaf and callus Perilla extracts exhibited Antioxidant activities, smaller DNA fragment tails, and enhanced colony formation after UV B exposure. Interestingly, keratinocytes treated with the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla showed G1/S cell cycle arrest, reduced protein levels of cyclin D1, Cyclin Dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), and γH₂AX, and enhanced levels of phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (pCHK1) following UV B exposure.

These observations suggest that the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla are candidate nutraceuticals for the prevention of keratinocyte aging.

persimmon leaf (Diospyros kaki folium)

inhibition of Enzyme Activities and the Antiwrinkle Effect of Polyphenol Isolated from the Persimmon Leaf (Diospyros kaki folium) on human skin

Background: Many studies have been conducted to find a natural material that has high biologic functions for human skin without any side effects. Persimmon leaf has a substantial amount of tannins in different forms; therefore, it was selected as a target material.

Objective: The biosynthesis rate of the collagen was also investigated to clarify the beneficial functions for the human skin.

Methods: Persimmon leaves were obtained, extracted with 80% ethanol, and isolated into PFs I, II, and III after column chromatography using a Sephadex LH-20 column followed by thin-layer chromatography.

Results: The xanthine oxidase inhibition effect of both PFs II and III was over 40% at a 100 ppm concentration. PF II, containing higher flavonoid s levels, had a significantly higher tyrosinase inhibition than that of PF III. Collagenase inhibition was 16.3 and 8.1% for PF III and PF II, respectively, at 100 ppm. On the other hand, elastase inhibition activity was significantly higher in PF II than PF III. collagen biosynthesis rates of PF III were over 25% from a 1 to 10 ppm concentration. Consequently, PFs isolated from the persimmon leaf can be used as natural materials or additives for human skin owing to their beneficial biologic functions, including the Antiwrinkle effect and the inhibition of skin problems, for food or cosmetic compositions.

Phlorizin

P003 : Phlorizin, an active ingredient of eleutherococcus senticosus, increases proliferative activity of keratinocytes with increased expression of type iv collagen and inhibition of MiR135b

Background: E. senticosus extract (ESE) has been used as an antiaging agent in the skin although it has several systemic beneficial effects.

Objectives: The effects of E. senticosus extract (ESE) and its active ingredient phlorizin (PZ) were investigated. Methods: Cultured normal human keratinocytes and skin equivalents are used to test the effects of PZ whether they affect proliferative activity of keratinocytes and how they regulate these effects.

Results: The epidermis became slightly thickened on addition of 0.002% ESE. The staining intensity of p63 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is increased, and integrin メ6 was up-regulated. Analysis of ESE by HPLC and NMR spectroscopy confirmed that PZ is the main ingredient. SE models were treated with PZ and the staining intensity of p63 and PCNA is also increased. Expression of integrin メ6, integrin モ1, and type IV collagen was also increased. Next, levels of miR135b and mRNA levels of integrin メ6, integrin モ1, and type IV collagen were examined in cultured normal human keratinocytes. Levels of mRNA for type IV collagen were increased and levels of miR135b were down-regulated.

Conclusion: PZ can affect the proliferative potential of epidermal cells in part by microenvironment changes via miR135b down-regulation and following increased expression of type IV collagen.

phloroglucinol

Phloroglucinol Reduces photodamage in Hairless Mice via Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity Through MAPK Pathway

We investigated the photoprotective activity of phloroglucinol on ultraviolet B (UV B )-induced deleterious effects in hairless mice in vivo. To assess the photoprotective effect of phloroglucinol, phloroglucinol-treated HR-1 hairless male mice were exposed to UV B irradiation . The inhibitory activity of phloroglucinol on wrinkle formation was determined by analysis of skin replicas, epidermal thickness based on histological examination and collagen damage.

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP -9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotein ase (TIMP) mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR. UV B induced transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β, IL-6 ) and IL-8 (IL-8). The protective effects of phloroglucinol on UV B–induced skin photoaging were examined by measuring protein levels of MMPs and mitogen –activated protein (MAP) kinases.

The results of these experiments suggest that phloroglucinol has a significant beneficial effect on the barrier function of the skin. In hairless mice, signs of photoaging and photodamage , including coarse wrinkle formation, epidermal thickness and elastic fiber degeneration, were reduced in severity by phloroglucinol application. The phloroglucinol-treated group showed remarkably decreased mRNA levels of MMP-1, MMP-9 and inflammatory cytokines in comparison with those of the UV B–induced group. Oral administration of phloroglucinol attenuated phosphorylation of MAP kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38.

Phosphatidylserine Derived from Soy Lecithin

Investigation o f Anti-w rinkle Effect of a Phosphatidylserine Derived from Soy Lecithin in Hairless Mice

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a membrane phospholipid that plays the roles in modulation of membrane fluidity and improvement of brain function. In our previous work, we revealed that PS accelerated the recovery rate of trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) following barrier disruption. In this study, oral administration of PS was carried out to investigate the anti-wrinkle effect of soy-derived phosphatidylserine (PS) on the skin of UV -irradiated hairless mice (200mg/kg/day, 50mg/kg/day, 20mg/kg/day for 10 weeks respectively). On the measurement of water content in the mice skin, the soy PS diet was shown to increase the water content in the skin compared with UV irradiated control group.

The skin thickness of UV -irradiated hairless mice was reduced in PS treatment group. In the aspect of anti-wrinkle activity, the skin wrinkle was significantly reduced in soy PS-fed mice group compared with UV -irradiated mice group.

phytoene

skin Carotenoids in Public Health and Nutricosmetics: The Emerging Roles and Applications of the UV Radiation-Absorbing Colourless Carotenoids Phytoene and Phytofluene

In this work, the importance of dietary carotenoids in skin health and appearance is comprehensively reviewed and discussed. References are made to their applications in health-promoting and nutricosmetic products and the important public health implications that can be derived. Attention is focused on the colourless UV radiation (UV R)-absorbing dietary carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene, which are attracting increased interest in food science and technology, nutrition, health and cosmetics. These compounds are major dietary carotenoids, readily bioavailable, and have been shown to be involved in several health-promoting actions, as pinpointed in recent reviews.

The growing evidence that these unique UV R-absorbing carotenoids with distinctive structures, properties (light absorption, susceptibility to oxidation, rigidity, tendency to aggregation, or even fluorescence, in the case of phytofluene) and activities can be beneficial in these contexts is highlighted. Additionally, the recommendation that the levels of these carotenoids are considered in properly assessing skin carotenoid status is made.

phytofluene

The photoprotective effects of a food supplement tomato powder rich in phytoene and phytofluene, the colorless carotenoids, a preliminary study

Background: Currently, protection against the damaging effects of UV radiation is most commonly accomplished by use of a topical sunscreen. This protection is effective but localized.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine if a food supplement comprised of a tomato powder rich in Phytoene and Phytofluene, the colorless carotenoids, could improve the natural protection of the skin against the sun, and bring other beauty and health benefits to the skin. Phytoene and Phytofluene absorb in the UV range; they also have Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Method: A group of 22 healthy female volunteers were given an oral supplement corresponding to an equivalent of 5 mg of Phytoene and Phytofluene a day for 12 weeks. Minimum Erythemal Dose (MED) was measured on the back of the volunteers after 6 and 12 weeks.

Results: Results show an average increase of 10% of the MED in all panelists; in 2/3 of the panelists, an increase of 20% was observed after 12 weeks. Erythema after exposure to 1.25 MED was also measured, showing no increase in skin color. skin quality was reportedly improved in 55-95% of the volunteers (clinical and subjective assessment).

Conclusions: Our study, while limited in the number of panelists, shows that daily intake of these carotenoids protects the skin from UV radiation by increasing the MED and the skin’s natural resistance to UV induced erythema.

pine bark extract Proanthocyanidins

oral administration of French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol®) improves clinical symptoms in photoaged facial skin

pineapple extract

oral administration of pineapple glucosylceramide improves defectiveepidermal barrier function by restoring diminished level of TGF-β in the skin

It was reported that oral administration of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) from plants 23 ameliorates skin barrier function. GlcCer is a type of glycosphingolipid that exists 24 widely as a component of the cell membrane. However, the mechanism of improvement 25 by dietary GlcCer is not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to 26 investigate the mechanism of GlcCer in the improvement of skin barrier function. 27 Five-week-old male Hos:HR-1 mice were divided into three groups fed on standard diet, 28 unsaturated fatty acids-deficient (HR-AD) diet, and HR-AD diet supplemented with 29 0.1% P-GlcCer diet. skin barrier function was evaluated by transepidermal water loss 30 (TEWL) value and wrinkle formation.

The effect of transforming growth factor-β 31 (TGF–β) on skin barrier function and collagen content in skin was examined using 32 exogenous TGF–β and its neutralizing antibody. TEWL value and wrinkle formation 33 were decreased by oral administration of pineapple (P)-GlcCer. Not only the TGF–β34 contents in serum and skin but also hydroxyproline content reduced by the HR-AD diet 35 were restored by P-GlcCer administration. Exogenous TGF–β ameliorated both skin 36 barrier function and collagen contents.

However, the improvement of skin barrier 37 function by P-GlcCer was cancelled and collagen content in skin was also decreased by 38 TGF–β antibody injection. Recovery of TGF–β content by P-GlcCer contributed to the production of collagen in skin, resulting in improved skin barrier function.

polysaccharide derived from blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.)

Orally Administered Polysaccharide Derived from Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.) improves skin hydration in ultraviolet -Irradiated Hairless Mice