Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) (from the Ancient Greek αὐτόφαγος autóphagos, meaning "self-devouring"[1] and κύτος kýtos, meaning "hollow"[2]) is the natural, regulated mechanism of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components.[3] It allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components.[4][5] Three forms of autophagy are commonly described: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). In macroautophagy, expendable cytoplasmic constituents are targeted and isolated from the rest of the cell within a double-membraned vesicle known as an autophagosome,[6][7] which, in time, fuses with an available lysosome, bringing its specialty process of waste management and disposal; and eventually the contents of the vesicle (now called an autolysosome) are degraded and recycled. In disease, autophagy has been seen as an adaptive response to stress, promoting survival of the cell; but in other cases it appears to promote cell death and morbidity. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels. The name "autophagy" was in existence and frequently used from the middle of the 19th century[8]. In its present usage, the term autophagy was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963 based on his discovery of the functions of lysosome.[3] The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s allowed researchers to deduce the mechanisms of autophagy,[9][10][11][12][13] which eventually led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.[14] 1000 Scientific Studies all about Autophagy: Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion Autophagy: process and function Methods in Mammalian Autophagy Research Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism Autophagy and Metabolism Autophagy: Renovation of Cells and Tissues Autophagy as a Regulated Pathway of Cellular Degradation Autophagy in immunity and inflammation Autophagy and Aging Autophagy and the Integrated Stress Response mTOR regulation of Autophagy Regulation Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of Autophagy Role of Autophagy in cancer Bcl-2 Antiapoptotic Proteins Inhibit Beclin 1-Dependent Autophagy Induction of Autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1 Autophagy in Health and Disease: A Double-Edged Sword Methods for monitoring Autophagy AMPK and mTOR regulate Autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1 LC3 and Autophagy The role of Autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and Autophagy Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict? TFEB Links Autophagy to Lysosomal Biogenesis Development by Self-Digestion: Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Functions of Autophagy Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms A protein conjugation system essential for Autophagy Self-eating and self-killing: crosstalk between Autophagy and apoptosis Autophagy: molecular machinery for self-eating Suppression of basal Autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice Autophagy in Human Health and Disease Loss of Autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their Autophagy Potential therapeutic applications of Autophagy Apoptosis, Autophagy, and more Autophagy Suppresses Tumorigenesis through Elimination of p62 Mammalian Autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation LC3 conjugation system in mammalian Autophagy Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Triggers Autophagy Autophagy and cancer The Beclin 1 network regulates Autophagy and apoptosis Escape of Intracellular Shigella from Autophagy Impaired Degradation of Mutant α-Synuclein by Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity Impairment
16 EASY STEPS OF HOW YOUR BODY TURNS FAT INTO WATER AND AIR 1. Homeostasis : Think of your body as a well-oiled machine that's always trying to keep everything balanced. This balance is called homeostasis. 2. Signal Reception : When something changes in your body, like when you start exercising or haven't eaten in a while, your body sends a signal that it needs more energy. 3. Signal Interpretation : This signal goes to your brain, which acts like a control center, figuring out what needs to be done. 4. Hormone Regulation : Your brain then sends out orders to your body to start making certain hormones. 5. Gland Stimulation : These orders go to specific factories in your body called glands, telling them to start making these hormones. 6. Hormone Production : The glands start making the hormones. 7. Hormone Release and Transport : Once the hormones are made, they're sent out into your bloodstream, like trucks delivering a package. 8. Hormone Binding : These hormones are like keys that fit into specific locks, called receptors, on the surface of cells. 9. Activation of Adenylate Cyclase : When the hormone keys fit into the cell locks, it starts a reaction inside the cell. 10. Production of cAMP : This reaction changes a molecule called ATP into another molecule called cAMP. 11. Activation of PKA : This cAMP molecule then activates a worker inside the cell called Protein Kinase A (PKA). [Interstellar Blend ™ PURGE enters here activating PKA] 12. Lipolysis : PKA then gets to work breaking down fat in the cell into smaller parts. 13. Beta-Oxidation : These smaller parts, called fatty acids, are then sent to the cell's power plants, called mitochondria. 14. Citric Acid Cycle : Inside the mitochondria, the fatty acids are broken down even more, releasing carbon dioxide and transferring energy to other molecules. 15. Electron Transport Chain : This energy is then used to make ATP, the body's energy currency, and water. 16. Excretion : Finally, the carbon dioxide is breathed out when you exhale, and the water is removed from your body when you sweat or go to the bathroom. Boom! In a nutshell, when your body needs more energy, it sends out signals to start a process that breaks down fat in your cells, turns it into energy and water, and releases carbon dioxide that you breathe out. Here are potential issues that could occur at each step of the process: 1. Homeostasis : Disruptions in homeostasis due to illness, injury, or environmental changes can affect the body's ability to maintain balance. 2. Signal Reception : If the body fails to detect changes that require a hormonal response, it may not send the necessary signals for hormone production. 3. Signal Interpretation : Misinterpretation of signals by the brain could lead to inappropriate hormonal responses. 4. Hormone Regulation : Disruptions in the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone production can lead to hormonal imbalances. 5. Gland Stimulation : If the gland is
A combined chitosan/nano-size hydroxyapatite system for the controlled release of icariin A comparative study of mechanical strain, icariin and combination stimulations on improving osteoinductive potential via NF-kappaB activation in osteoblast … A natural flavonoid glucoside icariin inhibits Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis A natural flavonoid glucoside, icariin, regulates Th17 and alleviates rheumatoid arthritis in a murine model A new bone repair scaffold combined with chitosan/hydroxyapatite and sustained releasing icariin A novel antagonistic role of natural compound icariin on neurotoxicity of amyloid β peptide A novel approach to utilize icariin as icariin-derived ecm on small intestinal submucosa scaffold for bone repair A novel icariin type flavonoid from Epimedium pseudowushanense A sensitive and specific indirect competitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of icariin A simultaneous determination of ferulic acid and icariin in the Li'ankang tablet by HPLC A study on PLGA sustained release icariin/titanium dioxide nanotube composite coating A Traditional Chinese Medicine–icariin-Enhances the Effectiveness of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 AB045. Therapeutic potential of icariin in combination with PDE5 inhibitor on penile atrophy and erectile dysfunction in a rat model of post-prostatectomy AB117. Efficacy and mechanism of combination therapy using icariin and daily sildenafil citrate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in a rat model of bilateral … Absorption and metabolism of icariin in different osteoporosis rat models Absorption and metabolism of icariin in the in situ singlepass perfused rat intestinal model Absorption and utilisation of epimedin C and icariin from Epimedii herba, and the regulatory mechanism via the BMP2/Runx2 signalling pathway Absorption kinetics of icariin solid lipid nanoparticles in rat's intestines Absorption mechanism of icariin across Caco-2 monolayer model Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the activity of icariin against human lung adenocarcinoma cells Activation of Nrf2 signaling by icariin protects against 6‐OHDA‐induced neurotoxicity Adsorption and Purification of Total Flavonoids and icariin on Herba Epimedii. by Macroprous Resin [J] Advances in neuroharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of icariin Advances in study on icariin extraction, separation, and its anti-tumor mechanism. Amelioration of icariin for the epididymis impairment induced by streptozocin (STZ) in rats An Experimental Study of Effects of icariin on Increasing Smad4 mRNA Level in Osteoblast Cells of OVX Rats An experimental study on the use of icariin for improving thickness of thin endometrium An inhibitor of cathepsin K, icariin suppresses cartilage and bone degradation in mice of collagen-induced arthritis An open-label pilot study of icariin for co-morbid bipolar and alcohol use disorder An outline for the pharmacological effect of icariin in the nervous system Analysis of biliary excretion of icariin in rats Analysis of genes expression profiles of icariin in treating osteoporosis of ovariectomized rats Analysis of icariin and epimedin C in cigarette and its smoke particulate matter by LC/ESI/MS. Analysis of the osteogenetic effects exerted on mesenchymal stem cell strain C3H10T1/2 by icariin via MAPK signaling pathway in vitro Analysis of Uncertainty for Determination of the icariin in Bushen Oral Liquid by HPLC [J] Angiogenic and MMPs modulatory effects of icariin improved
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